Comparison of extraction methods and detection systems in the gas chromatographic analysis of volatile carbonyl compounds

High-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) with electron-capture detection (ECD), nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), flame ionization detection (FID) or with mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (MS-SIM) was used in the analysis of volatile carbonyl compounds. Eighteen carbonyl compounds that are typically produced during lipid peroxidation were derivatized quantitatively with pentafluorophenylhydrazine (PFPH) at room temperature, to afford their corresponding water-insoluble hydrazones. These derivatives were extracted into non-polar phases by means of either liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (hexane) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) on 3 ml C18 octadecyl-bonded phase cartridges. Detection limits of 10(-14) and 10(-12) mol/ml per aldehyde were achieved with the ECD and MS-SIM systems, respectively. The effects of extraction conditions on sensitivity and recovery were determined by performing parallel HRGC-ECD and HRGC-MS-SIM analyses of pentafluorophenylhydrazones of the eighteen compounds under study. Recoveries of 51.4-78.9 +/- 1.2-4.5 and 80.9-98.3 +/- 1.0-3.5% were obtained with LLE and SPE, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of the volatile carbonyl compounds in various heated vegetable oils (corn, palm or sunflower) and to the analysis of volatile aldehydes in human urine.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定煤气中萘

采用特制采样瓶收集煤气后,应用固相微萃取(SPME)对样品进行前处理,采用气相色谱(GC)对煤气中的萘进行测定。通过试验确定了SPME的最佳萃取条件为:采用100 μm聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)萃取涂层,于转速为800 r/min时室温下萃取5 min,气相色谱解吸时间为3 min。在丙酮溶剂峰存在的情况下,基线平稳,丙酮峰对萘的测定并无影响。实验结果表明,萘在5～200 mg/m³范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 9。方法检出限为0.08 mg/m³。实验方法用于煤气中萘的测定,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为2.6%～4.9%,加标回收率为85%～108%。     

气相色谱质谱法测定饮用水源中60种半挥发性有机物

在碱性、中性和酸性三种条件下,采用二氯甲烷萃取水中半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）,气相色谱质谱法测定饮用水源地水中的60种SVOCs。结果表明,60种SVOCs的回收率为88 %~96 %,相对标准偏差为1.1 %~4.8 %,具有较好的正确度和精密度。目标SVOCs在 0.05~1.00 μg/mL范围内有较好的线性关系,线性相关系数R2>0.99。     

Determination of cannabinoids in water and human saliva by solid-phase microextraction and quadrupole ion trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is applied to the determination of cannabidiol, delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 8-THC), delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), and cannabinol in pure water and human saliva. The inherent extraction behavior of the cannabinoids in pure water is evaluated along with optimization of the method in human saliva. The commercially available poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) SPME fibers were found to be the best class for the cannabinoid analysis. Partition coefficients were found to be extremely large for all of the cannabinoids (log K > 4.0). Equilibrium times for the 7- and 30-micron PDMS fibers were 50 and 240 min, respectively. A shorter extraction time of 10 min with the 30-micron PDMS fiber may be used for multiple extractions from the same vial, thus conserving the sample necessary for analysis and speeding up the total analysis time. Recoveries for the cannabinoids in saliva, relative to pure water, were dramatically improved by a method developed in our laboratory involving addition of glacial acetic acid to the sample vial prior to performing SPME. Using this method, recoveries relative to SPME in pure water ranged from 21 to 47% depending on the cannabinoid. The linear range for spiked saliva samples was established at 5-500 ng/mL (r2 > 0.994) with precisions between 11 and 20% RSD. The ultimate level of detection by SPME for the cannabinoids in saliva was 1.0 ng/mL, with signal-to-noise values of > or = 12. A saliva sample collected 30 min after marijuana smoking was subject to SPME and traditional liquid-liquid extraction analysis. Internal standard quantitation results for delta 9-THC by both methods yielded comparable results, indicating that the SPME method of analysis is highly accurate and precise. The level of delta 9-THC by SPME was found to be 9.54 ng/mL for the saliva sample.     

分散液相微萃取光度法测定水中痕量铜

以氯仿为萃取剂,甲醇为分散剂,铜试剂(二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠)为鳌合剂,建立了分散液相微萃取-分光光度法测定水中痕量铜的新方法。于50 mL离心试管中加入一定量的Cu²⁺标准溶液、50 μL 1.0 g/L铜试剂溶液,加水稀释至近50 mL,用1 mol/L盐酸调节pH值为3.0,定容。然后将3.25 mL由氯仿与无水甲醇组成的体积比为3∶10的混合液快速打入该离心管中,使之混合形成均匀浊相,萃取4 min后在3 000 r/min的条件下离心分离2 min,再抽取下层萃取液置于光程为1 cm的微型石英比色皿中。以空白试剂为参比,在波长为440 nm处测定其吸光度,结果表明,铜质量浓度在0.5~10 μg/L范围内与其对应的吸光度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.993 9,方法检出限为0.069 μg/L。将实验方法应用于水样中痕量铜的测定,测得结果与火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为3.1%~4.0%。     

Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of ampicillin

A method was developed for the quantitative gas chromatographic (GC) determination of ampicillin. The procedure requires silylation iwth hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylsilylimidazole and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide in pyridine and subsequent GC on an OV-17 column, using 5 alpha-cholestane as an internal standard. The method was applied to the determination of ampicillin in some pharmaceutical products. The characteristics of the mass spectra and the derivatization GC of ampicillin are also discussed.     

Analysis of dissolved methane, ethane, and ethylene in ground water by a standard gas chromatographic technique

The measurement of dissolved gases such as methane, ethane, and ethylene in ground water is important in determining whether intrinsic bioremediation is occurring in a fuel- or solvent-contaminated aquifer. A simple procedure is described for the collection and subsequent analysis of ground water samples for these analytes. A helium headspace is generated above a water-filled bottle. Gases that are dissolved in the water partition between the gas and liquid phases and equilibrate rapidly. An aliquot of this headspace is analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the gases concentration in this phase. The concentration of the gas dissolved in the water can then be calculated based on its partitioning properties, as indicated by its Henry's Law constant.     

液-液微萃取分光光度法测定钢铁及合金中钒

结合自行设计的50 μL液滴吸光度测定的分光光度计,建立了液-液微萃取分光光度法测定钢铁及合金中钒的分析方法。当萃取剂(三氯甲烷)用量为0.50 mL,萃取时间为60 s,钽试剂三氯甲烷的浓度为2.0 g/L,测定效果最佳。实验表明,钒在0.025~0.5 μg/mL范围内与其对应的吸光度呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为A=4.135 ρ,线性相关系数r=0.999,方法检出限为0.002 μg/mL。方法应用于钢铁及合金标准物质中钒的测定,结果与认定值相同,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.5%~4.1%。     

微波萃取-衍生化-气相色谱质谱联用法测定土壤中酚类化合物

土壤样品基质复杂且酚类化合物含量很低,未经衍生的酚在气相色谱中峰型和稳定性较差,灵敏度较低,应用衍生化的方法时流程复杂,耗时长。用二氯甲烷和正己烷混合溶剂(2∶1,V/V)作为溶剂,75 ℃微波20 min提取土壤中的酚类化合物,在提取液中加入pH>12的强碱性水,使得酚类化合物生成对应的盐溶于水,弃去有机相后,将得到的水相调节至pH<12,用二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯混合溶剂(4∶1,V/V)萃取酚类化合物。提取液经五氟苄基溴衍生后采用气相色谱质谱联用法检测,内标法定量,建立了微波萃取-衍生化-气相色谱质谱联用法测定土壤中14种酚类化合物的方法。在最佳的衍生条件下,以10 g土壤样品计,方法中酚类化合物的检出限为0.002~0.006 mg/kg。按照实验方法测定土壤样品,加标回收率为73.2%～119%,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为3.0%～9.5%。方法简化了衍生化步骤,有效改善了各酚类化合物峰形,增强了检测的灵敏度和稳定性,可用于土壤中酚类化合物的测定。     

Determination of acids and volatile compounds in red Txakoli wine by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography

The Txakoli is a wine from the north of Spain with acid characteristics and medium ethanol content. We report the comparative results obtained from red Txakoli elaborated with different grape varieties. We have used chromatographic methods for the characterization of this wine. The volatile compounds were analyzed the means of gas chromatography and the organic acid content was determined by a newly validated liquid chromatographic procedure. The aim of this study is to characterize the red Txakoli and to know the major differences between Hondarrabi Beltza grape variety and the other varieties. Hondarrabi Beltza grape variety is the one which was awarded the Generic Label. The major differences observed in the samples obtained from Hondarrabi Beltza variety are their higher contents in ethanol, propanol, ethyl acetate and tartaric and malic acids.     

Determination of total fat in foods and feeds by the caviezel method, based on a gas chromatographic technique

This peer-verified method specifies a fast, easy, and reliable quantitative method to determine total fat in foods and feeds in compliance with the new definition of fat from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The method takes into consideration all fatty acids, from C4 to C24, and when fat is present at 0.3-100%. The validation study included 9 matrixes, with fat levels ranging from 1 to 79%. Sample and internal standard (IS; tridecanoic acid) are added to solvent (n-butyl alcohol). Fat is extracted and simultaneously saponified by potassium hydroxide. The fatty acid potassium salts are converted to fatty acids by adding an acidic aqueous salt solution, which produces a 2-phase system. The upper phase, containing the fatty acids and IS, is injected into the fat determination system. After gas chromatographic separation, the fat content is calculated from IS and fatty acid peak areas. The fat content is automatically converted to triglyceride content with a pre-determined factor. Ten replicates of 9 different food samples, which cover the whole range of different contents in fat, proteins, and carbohydrates, were analyzed by the submitting and the peer laboratories. Repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) values ranged from 0.47 to 4.62%. Reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) values ranged from 0.85 to 9.52%. These estimates include between-run variability. The method shows good accuracy. Values for standard reference materials (SRMs) are in agreement with certified values. Regression analysis of the correlation between observed fat and certified value over all matrixes and fat levels indicated good precision and absence of method bias (5 SRMs; 1-30% fat; correlation coefficient, R2 = 99.98%).     

液滴微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中痕量镉

以双硫腙 CCl4作为萃取体系,采用液滴微萃取方式分离富集镉,建立了以液滴微萃取富集石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了环境水样中痕量镉的分析方法。考察了不同萃取条件及仪器条件对测定的影响,并对各项实验条件进行优化。结果表明,方法的检出限为0.82×10-2 ng/ mL,线性范围为0.02~0.60 ng/ mL,一般环境水体中的常见共存离子对测定没有影响。方法应用于实际水样中痕量镉的测定,结果与其他方法的测定值相吻合,加标回收率在95.6 %~97.9 %之间。     

Solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for monitoring herbicides in drinking water

A multiresidue analytical method based on C18 solid-phase extraction and one-run HPLC determination has been developed for the analysis of eleven acidic, neutral and weak basic herbicides in drinking water. A 1-1 sample of water was preconcentrated by passage through a 500-mg C18 solid phase extraction column. The retained compounds were eluted from the column with 1 ml of methanol. After concentration of the extract the pesticides were separated and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. Bentazone, 2,4-D, MCPA, fluazifop-acid, metoxuron, monolinuron, metobromuron, diuron, linuron, atrazine and simazine were determined simultaneously in a single run on a C18 HPLC column. Reanalyses of the sample extracts on a second cyano column were used to confirm the identity of the neutral and basic compounds. The limit of determination, defined as four times the baseline noise, varied between 0.01 microgram/l and 0.1 microgram/l depending on the compound, the detection sensitivity of the instrument and the type of HPLC column used.     

双水相气浮浮选光度法测定天然水中痕量镉

提出了双水相(乙醇、正丙醇等作溶剂)气浮溶剂浮选分离/富集光度法测定天然水中痕量镉的新方法。利用自制的浮选装置,选择正丙醇作溶剂、氯化钠作分相剂、抗坏血酸作掩蔽剂,在pH5.4的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液存在下,将镉与碘化钾、罗丹明B(RhB+)形成的疏水性缔合物浮选至有机相,浮选完毕后在592 nm处测定有机相吸光度。线性回归方程为A=2.027×105c+0.051 8,表观摩尔吸光系数ε=2.027×105L.mol-1.cm-1,镉浓度线性范围为1.10×10-7~1.52×10-5mol/L,方法检出限为4.93×10-8mol/L,用于环境天然水中痕量镉的测定,回收率为100%~101%。     

配位体交换-流动注射分析法测定水中有效氰化物

研究了采用配位体交换试剂和CNSolution FS 3100氰化物分析系统检测水中有效氰化物（即CN^-、HCN（aq）以及锌、铜、镉、汞、镍和银的氰络合物的总和）的分析方法。在反应模块中生成的气态HCN通过气体扩散膜片(GD)进入碱性吸收液中并转换为CN^-,然后进入流动检测池由安培计检测。考察了甲醛类化合物、苯酚化合物、次氯酸钠及硫化物等对CN^-测定的干扰及消除方法。实验结果表明,CN^-浓度在2.0~1 000 μg/L范围内,线性相关系数r>0.999 6;检出限为0.6 μg/L;RSD (n=5)     

Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of nerve agents using large volume injections

The use of large volume injections has been studied for the verification of intact organophosphorus chemical warfare agents in water samples. As the use of ethyl acetate caused severe detection problems new potential solvents were evaluated. With the developed procedure, the nerve agents sarin, tabun, soman, DFP and VX can be determined in freshly prepared water samples at ppt levels. Except for the nerve agent tabun all other agents added to the water samples were still present after 8 days at 20-60% levels, if the pH of the water sample is adjusted to ca. 5 shortly after sampling and adjusted to pH 7 for analysis.     

The gas chromatographic analysis of the higher fatty acids of bile lipids

The method of performing of abdominoanal rectal resection with anal hemiresection for tumor, localized in inferoampullar rectal portion and spreading on anus.