地层冻融过程井壁受力模型试验研究

为进一步探索深厚表土层冻结法凿井井壁融沉附加力的作用规律,开展地层冻融过程井壁受力物理模拟试验,获得地层冻融温度场、井壁融沉附加力等的演化规律.试验结果表明:研制的试验平台可较好模拟实际冻结法凿井工程中冻结壁-井壁的一维冻融过程,模拟试验中井壁周围地层温度梯度变化范围在-70～140℃/m;在无荷载作用下,井壁融沉附加...     

深表土冻结壁变形规律

利用ANSYS软件建立数学模型,分析不同地压、不同冻结壁厚度、不同冻结壁平均温度、不同开挖段高与冻结壁变形之间的关系。通过研究发现,井帮位移随冻结壁平均温度的降低、冻结壁厚度的增大而减小,随施工段高增大、地层地压值的增大而增大,且地压值的变化对冻结壁的变形影响最为显著。据此提出了深表土冻结壁应按变形条件进行设计,且施工段高是影响冻结壁稳定性的极为重要的参数,在施工中应严格控制。研究提出当冻结壁厚度为10 m左右,平均温度达到-20℃时,采取降低冻结壁平均温度的方式比增加冻结壁厚度能更加有效地提高冻结壁的稳定性。研究成果对于指导深表土冻结工程设计与施工,实现矿井冻结工程安全、优质、高效、节能,具有重要的参考价值。     

冻结法凿井中冷冻站合理装机能力的确定

本文在潘集矿区冻结壁形成的试验实测和理论计算的基础上,结合作者长期从事冻结法凿井的体会,对冻结管的单位热流量和影响冷冻站装机能力的主要因素进行了分析研究,提出了冷冻站合理装机能力的确定原则。这样,既能满足井筒开凿的需要,又能大幅度地降低冻结费用。     

非均质材料等效力、热分析综述

实际工程问题中常会涉及非均质材料时间相关的力学、传热分析。这类问题的数值模拟具有重要的工程应用背景与理论探讨价值。一种直接的方式是分别考虑非均质材料组分的物理/几何特性,将问题在空间/时域离散后进行计算,这往往会导致计算量过大,甚至不可行。一个变通的策略是将非均质材料考虑成一种宏观均质材料,进行等效求解,从而大幅降低计算量。分别以粘弹性节理岩体及非均质线性瞬态热传导问题为研究对象,探讨了非均质材料时间相关的等效数值求解方法。     

双向非均质黏性阻尼土中桩基扭转振动频域阻抗解答与分析

基于三维连续黏性阻尼介质理论和径向多圈层复刚度传递模型,综合考虑桩周土径向非均质效应和纵向成层性,建立双向非均质土体中桩基扭转振动简化分析模型。采用拉普拉斯变换和复刚度传递法求解得出土体位移形式解,进而利用桩-土耦合条件将该形式解耦合进桩身动力平衡方程中,并通过扭转阻抗传递法推导得出桩顶扭转阻抗解析解答。将该解退化并分别与均质土及径向非均质土中的解答进行对比验证其合理性。在此基础上,通过参数化分析探讨了桩周土施工扰动程度和扰动范围、扩颈及缩颈缺陷对桩顶扭转阻抗的影响规律,可为具体工程实践提供理论指导和参考作用。     

隧道水平冻结施工过程的数值模拟

地层冻结是一个水、热、力三场耦合的复杂问题,为了直观了解冻结壁形成过程中,土体温度场分布极其随时间的变化规律,得到合适的地层冻结工艺参数和指标,并掌握冻结壁的力学特性,了解开挖隧道对土层稳定性的影响,保证工程的安全,针对某隧道工程,采用准耦合数值分析方法,对其水平冻结施工过程进行了数值模拟,研究表明:地层冻结加固有效地控制了地层和地表的变形,提高了隧道土体的稳定性。计算结果可供类似工程参考,并提供了一种概念清晰、计算简便、实用的水平冻结施工过程的数值模拟方法。     

考虑FGM特性的双排管竖井冻结壁应力场分析

对双排管竖井冻结所形成的冻结壁等效成材料性质沿厚度呈梯形分布的功能梯度材料(FGM)无限长厚壁圆筒,通过求解均布荷载下该类厚壁圆筒的弹性解析解,并利用摩尔-库伦屈服准则求解其弹塑性解析解。根据解析解,进行双排管竖井冻结壁的应力场分析,将分析结果与均质冻结壁模型进行对比,提出对设计施工具有参考价值的建议。     

学术动态

中国制冷学会第五学组于1980年10月到11月间先后举行了四个专业的学术活动。一、“深井冻结”学术讨论会在安徽省太平-黄山地区举行。有施工、设计、科研和有关高等院校四十一个单位90名代表参加了会议。在会上宣读和交流的论文报告有十八篇。会议就冻结压力,冻土的流变特性,冻结壁温度场分析,用超声波检测冻结壁的形成,冻结壁厚度理论计算等几个问题进行了专题讨论。二、“混凝土坝温度控制技术”交流会在浙江金华召开。这次交流会上发表的论文和报告的内容反映了我国当前混凝土坝温度控制技术的实际水平如“风冷骨料”,是降低混凝土出机口温度的重要措施;“流     

非均质表皮层径向双层承压井流数学模型的半解析解

考虑表皮层和未扰动承压层的非均质性、各向异性以及竖向越流补给作用,建立了径向双层承压三维井流的数学模型,采用Laplace变换和矩阵理论求得表皮层和未扰动承压层的水头降以及井壁流量的半解析解.应用所求解编制计算程序,分析了表皮层沿竖向随机变化的渗透性对承压层井流的影响,结果表明:表皮层非均质变化形态决定了表皮层内和其附近处的水头降以及井壁流量的竖向分布规律,表皮层对承压层渗流产生的影响范围与承压层的竖向渗透系数大小有关;改善井周岩土介质渗透性或增大"负表皮层"厚度可提高抽水井产量;表皮层径向渗透系数较小时,承压层的水头降幅度主要取决于承压层径向渗透系数的大小,而当表皮层径向渗透系数较大时,承压层径向渗透系数和竖向渗透系数均对承压层水头降有较大影响.     

论我国深井快速建井综合技术

[摘要]文章结合深井快速建井的几个代表性工程介绍钻井法和冻结法凿井技术在深井建设中的应用,探讨了深井建设中支护技术、通风降温技术、防治水技术、施工工艺与装备技术等问题。     

带法兰椭圆形封头的有限元设计分析

传统带法兰椭圆形封头设计方法设计周期长、试错成本高。本文采用ANSYS有限元应力分析技术对带法兰椭圆形封头进行建模仿真分析,并与其他研究人员进行的带法兰椭圆形封头的验证性实验结果进行对比,结果表明有限元应力分析技术可以满足工程应用要求。最后利用ANSYS软件中的优化设计功能,对带法兰椭圆形封头的壁厚进行设计优化,壁厚为8.03 mm时,最大等效应力和最小总质量分别为312.3 MPa和26.2 kg,相比壁厚为10 mm时最小总质量下降了16.5%,可以达到节省工程材料、提高经济效益的目标。     

The effect of supercooling on ice structure in tuna meat observed by using X-ray computed tomography

Several studies have reported that freezing a homogeneous food such as soy bean curd with deep supercooling (supercooled freezing) results in the formation of many particle ice and homogenous ice structure. However, ice crystal morphology may be affected by the cellular structure of the food. In this study, the ice crystal structure in tuna meat, a cellular food, frozen by the supercooled freezing method was investigated by X-ray computed tomography and compared with ice structures in tuna meat frozen by conventional freezing methods. The results showed that rod-like ice crystals grew parallel with the myofibers, and inhomogeneous ice structures formed in tuna meat frozen by the supercooled freezing method regardless of the degree of supercooling, in contrast to the ice structure in frozen soy bean curds. These ice crystals linked with each other to form rod-like ice structures due to mobility limitations imposed by the cellular structure.     

水库护坡静冰压力及断裂韧度测试研究

该文结合典型水库的实际工程问题,将断裂力学引入进来,从断裂力学的角度分析了该水库护坡产生冰冻破坏的主要原因,针对冰体材料对应变速率反应敏感的特性,在满足条件下,对其进行了符合脆性破坏的断裂力学试验,并分别得到相应的断裂韧度值K_IC和G_C。同时,将其同采用半解析有限元法计算所得到的数值解相比较,两者结果相近、规律相同,进而说明该理论模型及其研究方法是合理有效的。为季节性冻土地区水库护坡抗冰冻破坏问题的研究进行了有意义的尝试,并为其设计提供了参考和依据。     

带喷嘴的连续冻结隧道装置的设计及其冻结效果分析

本文以一个冻结能力为800 kg/h的网带速冻装置为原型,对现有连续冻结隧道装置增设喷射结构,经过静压箱均混的气流再经喷嘴射流后,吹风速度加快,食品冻结时间缩短.理论计算表明:本设计的冻结时间减少到原来的65.3%,单位时间内冻结量提高了53%.     

液氮冻结食品冻结时间的计算方法及实验验证

冻结时间是评价冻结食品质量的重要指标,正确计算冻结时间是食品冻结装置优化设计及运行的关键。本文通过建立液氮速冻实验平台,测试了食品的冻结时间,介绍了现有的理论模型,选择了几种典型的计算方法应用于食品冻结,并将各模型的理论结果与实验值进行比较,分析各偏差原因,获得计算食品冻结时间最准确的方法。以有限长圆柱状食品为例,通过研究发现在整个氮气温度场中国际制冷学会模型计算结果与实验值最相近,平均偏差为8.86%,分段计算法次之,平均偏差小于15%。     

Reversed Brayton cycle for food freezing at very low temperatures: Energy performance and optimisation

Freezing is a valuable method to increase food shelf life and to ensure high quality standards during long-term storage. Additional benefits to frozen food quality can be achieved by freezing at very low temperatures (< −50 °C): small ice crystal formation during fast freezing reduces food cell wall rupture, preventing water and texture loss during thawing. This paper presents the design of an innovative food freezing system operating at very low temperatures, based on a modified reversed Brayton cycle (rB cycle). The plant is composed of two interconnected sub-systems: a primary thermodynamic closed loop, operated by an rB cycle, and a secondary airflow loop which is devoted to food freezing by batch process. Relevant features of the designed rB cycle rely on the adopted environmentally safe working fluid, the optimised thermodynamics working conditions and the innovative cycle layout. A modelling framework for the system was developed to identify and design efficient operative settings for the plant components (turbo-machineries, heat exchangers, etc.) and to assess, via sensitivity analysis, the influence of the main design parameters on the global energy performance. The proposed system configuration, designed to maximise the coefficient of performance (CoP) value of the plant, was determined by means of nonlinear multivariable optimisation. In addition, the energy performance of the system can be increased by recovering waste heat available from the rB cycle.     

Evolution of high-frequency ground-penetrating radar direct ground wave propagation during thin frozen soil layer development

High frequency ground-penetrating radar direct ground waves were used to monitor the seasonal development of a thin, high velocity frozen soil layer over a wet low velocity unfrozen substratum. During the freezing process, the progressive attenuation of a low velocity direct ground wave and the subsequent development of a high velocity direct ground wave were observed. Numerical simulations showed that low velocity direct wave event occurring after freezing commences is due to energy leaking across the frozen layer from the spherical body wave in the unfrozen half space. This leaky phase progressively dissipates until the frozen layer reaches a thickness equivalent to one quarter of the dominant wavelength in the frozen ground. The appearance of the high velocity direct wave is governed by its destructive interference with the reflection events from the base of the frozen layer. This interference obscures the high velocity direct wave event until the frozen layer thickness reached one half of the dominant wavelength in the frozen ground. These changes in direct wave transmission permit frozen layer monitoring for thicknesses that are significantly less than those feasible using the reflection event from the frozen–unfrozen boundary.     

The adsorption force theory of frost heaving

Presented in this paper are the theorization of a traditional concept of the mechanics of frost heaving, as well as a critical review of the recent developments in this field. The key to the theorization is the following: (1) the film water adsorbed on soil particles can build up an internal solid-like stress, and (2) the flow of film water is different from the conventionally accepted flow of pore water. It is expected that modern continuum mechanics will, in the future, improve the theory of film water which, in this paper, has been formulated by use of the classical method.The freezing film water, trying to retrieve the loss of its thickness to the frozen ice, generates a suction force that draws water to the freezing front where the frost-heaving pressure pushes up the overburden. The temperature of the freezing film water that has generated the solid-like stress, is lower than the temperature of the freezing pore water. This distribution of freezing temperatures in the region of film and pore waters explains the observation that the freezing front causing frost heaving is not a planar surface but a three-dimensional zone diffused in the direction of heat transfer. Frost-heaving pressure can be derived as part of the solution of the boundary-value problem of the frost-heaving differential equations.