高应变率下Ni-Ti合金力学性能及微观组织

利用INSTRON5985电子材料万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆冲击加载装置对Ni-Ti形状记忆合金棒材进行准静态和动态力学性能研究,并通过XRD、OM、SEM等微观分析方法对不同状态下的微观组织结构进行分析。结果表明:Ni-Ti合金原始组织存在B2奥氏体相、B19’马氏体相、Ni_4Ti_3相,晶粒细小且呈等轴分布;准静态压缩和动态压缩均发生应力诱发马氏体相变,但动态压缩应力-应变曲线无屈服平台出现,存在应变率硬化效应;在一定的应变率范围内,随着应变率的提高,晶粒内部平行条纹状组织增多,应力诱发马氏体相变程度增大。     

析出相形态对Ni-Ti形状记忆合金力学性能的影响

对室温奥氏体相NiTi形状记忆合金进行热处理,在300和500℃时效温度下,分别获得具有粒状和针状Ni4Ti3析出相的组织特征,对两种组织的合金进行准静态和动态力学性能研究,对比分析析出相形态对奥氏体NiTi形状记忆合金静动态力学行为的影响规律。结果表明,准静态拉伸加载下,随应变率的提高,两种组织的应力诱发马氏体相变过程均呈现明显的应变率效应,对比分析发现,针状组织的NiTi合金发生应力诱发马氏体相变的初始应力值低,材料塑性好,抗拉强度高;准静态压缩加载时,两种组织的力学性能相近;动态压缩加载时,针状组织的动态压缩屈服强度显著高于粒状组织,但是由于粒状组织马氏体塑性变形阶段表现出更强的应变硬化效应,导致二者的动态抗压强度值相近。论文对相关机理进行了讨论和分析。     

基于平面应变压缩下的镍钛铁形状记忆合金的机械诱发马氏体相变（英文）

基于等通道模具压缩,镍钛铁形状记忆合金经历平面应变压缩变形。通过大塑性变形,可以形成机械诱发马氏体、纳米晶和非晶相。机械诱发马氏体相变明显不同于传统的应力诱发马氏体相变。机械诱发马氏体经常发生在位错滑移之后,而应力诱发马氏体相变发生在位错滑移之前。B19'马氏体的出现有助于镍钛铁形状记忆合金后续塑性变形的协调性。局部高应力场的存在导致部分机械诱发B19'马氏体的稳定,因而在卸载条件下,B19'马氏体无法逆相转变成B2奥氏体。     

Ni-Ti形状记忆合金侵彻变形与断裂研究

研究了Ni-Ti形状记忆合金在高速冲击条件下的侵彻过程。利用光学显微镜对Ni-Ti形状记忆合金在高速冲击后的微观组织进行考察,分析Ni-Ti合金板材的损伤和断裂。结果表明:奥氏体相为基的Ni-Ti形状记忆合金板材,在高速冲击过程中,发生应力诱发马氏体相变;板材内形成剪切带、微裂纹等形式的损伤,导致材料发生变形和破坏;裂纹按着微孔洞聚集型机制扩展。     

不同原始组织TC6钛合金高温变形微结构演化及其力学性能

采用gleeble-1500热模拟试验机和Hopkinson压杆,对具有4种典型组织的TC6钛合金分别进行了高温准静态压缩和室温动态压缩试验,结合TEM观察,研究了不同原始组织的TC6钛合金高温变形微结构演化及其力学性能。结果表明:具有4种典型组织的TC6钛合金高温变形时随温度升高微结构的演化可分为等轴型组织演化和网篮型组织演化,前者演化过程为:等轴α相的拉长变形—动态再结晶—动态再结晶晶粒长大—α/β相变;后者演化过程为:板条状α相弯曲变形—板条状α相断裂—动态再结晶—动态再结晶晶粒长大—α/β相变,板条状α相变成短棒状。位错活动及动态再结晶是控制4种组织的TC6合金在高温变形过程中组织演化和力学性能的重要因素;网篮组织晶界众多,位错运动障碍较多,在高温下具有较其余3种组织更高的流变应力;等轴组织α相晶粒较大,位错运动障碍较少,其流变应力在4种组织中最低;双态组织、固溶时效组织的流变应力介于等轴组织与网篮组织之间。4种组织的TC6钛合金的室温动态力学性能均对应变率较敏感。4种组织的TC6钛合金在室温及应变率为2500～4000s-1动态压缩条件下,塑性由大到小依次为:等轴组织、双态组织、固溶时效组织和网篮组织,流变应力由大到小依次为:固溶时效组织、双态组织、网篮组织和等轴组织。     

304不锈钢棘轮变形过程中应变诱发马氏体相变行为研究

利用OM, SEM和XRD对单轴非对称应力循环下304不锈钢棘轮变形过程中的微观组织变化进行了实验观察. 结果表明: 304不锈钢棘轮变形过程中,当棘轮应变达到一定值后会 产生应变诱发马氏体相变, 形成板条状 马氏体,并且随循环周次的增加, 形成的应变诱发 马氏体相对量逐渐增加.因马氏体相变而诱发的塑性变形对总的棘轮变形量产生一定的影响,材料的棘轮应变应由两部分组成, 即应力引起的塑性应变和相变诱发的塑性应变.     

高温退火对Ti-50.84at%Ni合金紧箍环组织及性能的影响

用示差扫描热分析(DSC)、XRD、光学显微镜等方法研究了850 ℃退火对Ti-50.84at%Ni合金紧箍环显微组织、相变特征和形状恢复率的影响.结果表明,Ti-50.84at%Ni合金锻造态和退火态组织都以Ni-Ti基体母相(B2)为主,而锻造后深冷处理则以Ni-Ti基体马氏体相(B19')为主,3种状态都含有少量的Ni4Ti3相.850℃退火后,合金中Ni4Ti3相减少且细小弥散,产生了较大的反相变应力,并增加了基体中的Ni含量,使得合金的马氏体转变温度(Ms)明显降低,且与R相变分离.高温退火消除了合金中的位错等缺陷有利于马氏体逆相变的进行,从而提高了紧箍环的形状恢复率和恢复力.     

应变速率对β固溶Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金应力诱发马氏体相变的影响

研究应变速率对β固溶处理的Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金应力诱发马氏体相变的影响。结果表明,随着应变速率由5×10-4 s-1增加到1 500 s-1,合金都发生应力诱发马氏体转变,且诱发应力随着应变速率的增加而增加。金相形貌及XRD分析显示,在所有的应变率下,合金拉伸后的微观组织均由针片状α″相和β基体相组成。应用热激活界面运动模型及拉伸过程的温度升高解释了随着应变速率的增加,诱发应力增加的现象。     

47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V合金的应力诱发马氏体转变行为研究

本文采用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机和D/MAX-2500/PC型X射线衍射仪研究了亚稳态β相47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V合金室温压缩变形过程中的应力诱发马氏体转变行为。结果表明,在压缩变形过程中,应力诱发马氏体的数量随应变速率和初始β相晶粒尺寸的降低而增加。随应变速率和初始β相晶粒尺寸的增加,应力诱发马氏体的触发应力逐渐增加,而抗压强度逐渐降低。加工硬化率随真应力的变化曲线可分为三个阶段,第二和第三阶段的加工硬化率随应变速率和初始β相晶粒尺寸的降低而增加。     

无压浸渗制备Si3N4/Al-AlN复合材料的动态性能

利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置对无压浸渗制备的Si3N4/Al-AlN复合材料进行不同应变速率下的动态压缩实验,并与准静态压缩实验相比较;利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分析了复合材料的相组成和断口形貌.结果表明:Si3N4/Al-AlN复合材料的准静态压缩强度和断裂应变均高于动态压缩,分别达到1 748MPa和10.87%;在动态压缩中,当应变率从740提高到1 850,压缩强度稍有提高,断裂应变则增大1倍,达到7.6%,具有明显的应变率效应.准静态压缩中复合材料发生粉碎性解体而动态压缩中主要为劈裂,断裂面平整;微观断裂机制为解理脆断和韧性撕裂,随着应变率增加,断口上韧性撕裂形貌增加.复合材料内Si3N4与Al-Mg合金熔体的置换反应产物AlN相的大量存在是复合材料在高应变率冲击压缩载荷下显现由脆至韧转变的重要原因.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.