Vibrations of a rotating flexible rod clamped off the axis of rotation

Summary We consider a fourth-order boundary value problem associated with the small vibrations of a uniform flexible rod which is clamped at one end and rotates in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. A significant feature is that the axis of rotation does not pass through the clamped end itself. For rapid rotation rates, the governing equation involves a small parameter and must be treated by singular perturbation techniques. A second parameter fixes the relative location of two turning points. For a range of this second parameter, consistent approximations to the characteristic equation are derived, and the limiting behavior of the eigenvalues is obtained.     

Transverse buckling of a rotating Timoshenko beam

Summary This work considers a group of problems associated with rotating Timoshenko beams. The beam is not assumed to be hubclamped, i.e. the axis of rotation does not necessarily pass through the beam's clamped end. Cases of physical interest involving off-clamped beams include wobbling rotors, impellor blades, and turbine blades.For clamped-free boundary conditions, we seek solutions of the governing equations which correspond to transverse buckling. For the rotor, it is known that Euler-Bernoulli beams do not have buckled modes. By contrast, the Timoshenko beam will have an infinite number of buckled modes. In the impellor blade case, both Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams will have an infinite number of buckled modes. However, the Timoshenko beam will buckle at a lower eigenrotation speed. This is also true for the case of a rotating Timoshenko beam with clamped-clamped boundary conditions, e.g. a turbine blade clamped at both the rim and hub of a rotating platform.Analytic results for both the clamped-free and clamped-clamped cases are augmented by results obtained from numerical solution of the corresponding boundary value problems.     

Prediction of thermal post buckling and deduction of large amplitude vibration behavior of spring–hinged beams

A general energy formulation to predict the thermal post buckling behavior of uniform isotropic beams is presented in this paper. The hinged ends of the beam contain elastic rotational restraints to represent the actual practical support situation. The large amplitude vibration behavior of beams is deduced from the post buckling results. The classical hinged and clamped conditions can be obtained as the limiting cases of the rotational spring stiffness. The numerical results, in the form of the ratios of the post buckling to buckling loads for various maximum deflection ratios, are presented in the digital form. An alternate independent formulation, based on the nonlinear finite element formulation, is also used in this paper to validate the numerical results of the present work. Further, the results for the large amplitude vibrations, deduced from the thermal post buckling results are also presented and these results compare very well with the finite element results, available in the literature, for the large amplitude vibration problem. These comparisons show an excellent agreement not only for the present work on the proposed thermal post buckling formulation but also on the deduced results for the large amplitude vibration of beams with the ends elastically restrained against rotation (spring–hinged beams). The numerical results presented confirm the efficacy of the proposed methodology used for predicting the post buckling behavior and deducing the large amplitude vibration behavior of the spring–hinged beams.     

Buckling of a composite cantilever circular cylindrical shell subjected to uniform external lateral pressure

In this paper a solution is presented for a buckling problem formulated for the cantilever circular cylindrical composite shell subjected to uniform external lateral pressure. The edge of the shell is fully clamped at one end of the cylinder and is free at the open section of the other end. An analytical formula for critical pressure has been derived using the generalised Galerkin method. The approach is illustrated by the buckling analyses of composite, orthotropic and isotropic shells. The results are verified using the finite-element method. It has been shown that the analytical solution provides an accurate estimate of the critical load and does not involve any computationally expensive procedures. This is particularly useful in the design optimisation of composite structures.     

The influence of shear and extensibility on the stability of a heavy rotating rod

We determine the critical rotation speed for a heavy rod, fixed at one and free at the other end, that rotates with constant angular speed about its axis. The constitutive equations of the rod are taken in the form of generalized Bernoulli-Euler theory that takes into account extensibility of the rod axis and the influence of shear stresses. The type of bifurcation pattern at the lowest eigenvalue is determined. The post-critical shape of the rod is determined by numerical integration and a new, interesting property of the equilibrium equations is discovered     

Effects of approximations in analyses of beams of open thin‐walled cross‐section—part I: Flexural–torsional stability

In formulating a finite element model for the flexural–torsional stability and 3‐D non‐linear analyses of thin‐walled beams, a rotation matrix is usually used to obtain the non‐linear strain–displacement relationships. Because of the coupling between displacements, twist rotations and their derivatives, the components of the rotation matrix are both lengthy and complicated. To facilitate the formulation, approximations have been used to simplify the rotation matrix. A simplified small rotation matrix is often used in the formulation of finite element models for the flexural–torsional stability analysis of thin‐walled beams of open cross‐section. However, the approximations in the small rotation matrix may lead to the loss of some significant terms in the stability stiffness matrix. Without these terms, a finite element line model may predict the incorrect flexural–torsional buckling load of a beam. This paper investigates the effects of approximations in the elastic flexural–torsional stability analysis of thin‐walled beams, while a companion paper investigates the effects of approximations in the 3‐D non‐linear analysis. It is found that a finite element line model based on a small rotation matrix may predict incorrect elastic flexural–torsional buckling loads of beams. To perform a correct flexural–torsional stability analysis of thin‐walled beams, modification of the model is needed, or a finite element model based on a second‐order rotation matrix can be used. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

锥壳的环向剪切屈曲

应用精确的锥壳屈曲分支方程,研究圆锥亮在环向分布剪切力作用下的扭转稳定性,通过分支点屈曲模态的构造和Galerkin变分法的运用,建立相应特征方程,求得铰支与夹支圆锥壳较为理想的全锥度环向剪切屈曲临界值。     

Differential quadrature analysis of functionally graded circular and annular sector plates on elastic foundation

The main purpose of this study is to investigate buckling and free vibration behaviors of radially functionally graded circular and annular sector thin plates subjected to uniform in-plane compressive loads and resting on the Pasternak elastic foundation. In-plane compressive loads may be applied to either radial, circumferential, or all edges of circular/annular sector plates. Based on the classical plate theory (CPT), critical buckling loads and fundamental frequencies of the circular/annular sector plates under simply-supported and clamped boundary conditions are obtained by using differential quadrature method (DQM). The inhomogeneity of the plate is characterized by taking exponential variation of Young’s modulus and mass density of the material along the radial direction whereas Poisson’s ratio is considered to be constant. Convergence study is carried out to demonstrate the stability of the present method. To confirm the excellent accuracy of the present approach, a few comparisons are made for limited cases between the present results and those available in literature. Critical buckling load and fundamental frequency parameters of the circular/annular sector thin plates are computed for different boundary conditions, various values of the material inhomogeneity constants, sector angles, and inner to outer radius ratios.     

Buckling of the SSCF rectangular orthotropic plate subjected to linearly varying in-plane loading

The paper presents the solution of the buckling problem for an orthotropic rectangular plate having two parallel edges simply supported, one edge clamped and the remaining edge free (the SSCF plate). The plate considered is subjected to a linearly varying in-plane load that can take the form of uniform compression, combination of in-plane bending and uniform compression, or pure in-plane bending. The solution technique involves reduction of the relevant variational buckling equation to a one-dimensional form using the Kantorovich procedure and subsequent application of the generalised Galerkin method. The buckling problems are solved for isotropic and orthotropic plates with various aspect ratios. The analytical solution is verified using the finite-element analysis. The comparisons of computational results demonstrate the appropriateness and efficiency of the approach developed in this work for the calculation of critical loads of composite SSCF plates with various dimensional and stiffness parameters.     

Experimental, numerical and analytical results for bending and buckling of rectangular orthotropic plates

Solid unstiffened, sandwich and hat-stiffened rectangular orthotropic fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) plates were tested for buckling by in-plane compression and for stresses and deflections under uniform out-of-plane pressure. The solid unstiffened and hat-stiffened plates were 154 × 77 cm (1 × w) (72 × 36 in), while the sandwich plates were 102 × 77 cm (1 × w) (48 × 36 in). Balsa core was used in the sandwich plates and in the hat-stiffeners. The two short edges of the unstiffened and sandwich plates were clamped, while the two long edges were simply supported. The two long edges of the hat-stiffened plates were free, while the short edges were clamped. The buckling load, as well as stresses and deflections from the tests, were then compared to those from finite element analysis (FEA) and analytic solutions. There was reasonably good agreement between FEA, analytic, and experimental buckling stresses for the unstiffened solid plates. There was reasonable agreement in buckling stresses between FEA and experimental results for the hat-stiffened plate. There was poor agreement between FEA, analytic, and experimental elastic buckling results for the sandwich plates because they failed in local buckling prior to global buckling. Under out-of-plane uniform pressure, FEA and analytic solutions of the stresses and deflections for the unstiffened solid plates agreed well with experimental results. There was poor agreement between FEA and experimental results for stresses and deflections of the hat-stiffened or sandwich plates. Experimental error could be traced, in part,to plate fabrication, the method of applying out-of-plane pressure, edge support, and instrumentation accuracy.     

Buckling of sheared and compressed microfibrils

In this paper, we study the stability of an initially straight elastic fibril clamped at one end, while the other end is subjected to a constant normal compressive force and a prescribed shear displacement. We found the buckling load of a sheared fibril to be always less than the Euler buckling load. Furthermore, if the end of the fibril loses adhesion, then the buckling load can be considerably less. Our result suggests that the static friction of microfibre arrays can decrease with increasing normal compressive load and, in some cases, friction force can actually become negative.     

Investigating the flow of rod-like particles in a horizontal rotating drum using DEM simulation

Understanding the flow and mixing of rod-like particles is fundamental because of the widespread use of rods in the process industry. In this paper, discrete element method is used to investigate the flow and mixing of rod-like particles in a horizontal rotating drum, with rod-like particles being modeled by super-ellipsoids. The influence of the aspect ratio of the rod and the rotation speed of the drum on the flow of rod-like particles is studied. The investigation of spherical particles is also included in this paper to reveal the differences between rod-like and spherical particles. The simulation results show that the flow of rods is more intermittent than that of spheres and that there is more intermittent flow for rod-like particles with larger aspect ratios. Both the aspect ratio of the rod and the rotation speed of the drum considerably influence particle mixing. The mixing rate, as quantified by the slope of the variation in the mixing index with respect to drum revolution, increases as rotation speed and aspect ratio decrease. The study of particle orientation indicates that rod-like particles have a preferred orientation during rotation of the drum: the major axis of the rod inclines to be parallel to the end plate of the drum.     

Bending,buckling and vibration of size-dependent functionally graded annular microplates

The bending, buckling and free vibration of annular microplates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are investigated in this paper based on the modified couple stress theory and Mindlin plate theory. This microplate model incorporates the material length scale parameter that can capture the size effect in FGMs. The material properties of the FGM microplates are assumed to vary in the thickness direction and are estimated through the Mori–Tanaka homogenization technique. The higher-order governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by using Hamilton’s principle. The differential quadrature (DQ) method is employed to discretize the governing equations and to determine the deflection, critical buckling load and natural frequencies of FGM microplates. A parametric study is then conducted to investigate the influences of the length scale parameter, gradient index and inner-to-outer radius ratio on the bending, buckling and vibration characteristics of FGM microplates with hinged–hinged and clamped–clamped supports. The results show that the size effect on the bending, buckling and vibration characteristics is significant when the ratio of the microplate thickness to the material length scale parameter is smaller than 10.     

圆弧拱平面外弹性弯扭屈曲临界荷载分析

该文从采用经典平衡理论推导了双轴对称纯压、纯弯圆弧拱的平面外弯扭屈曲方程,给出了两铰圆弧拱的平面外屈曲荷载解析解,其中考虑了截面翘曲刚度、荷载作用位置等参数的影响。推导中进行适当的近似,使过程更加简化和直观。对3 种不同形式均布径向荷载的情况进行了讨论,并与有限元结果进行了对比。研究表明,3 种均布径向荷载中以静水压力作用下屈曲荷载最高,该文提出的双轴对称截面纯压、纯弯两铰圆弧拱的平面外屈曲荷载解析解与有限元数值解吻合良好。     

Stability of a twisted and compressed clamped rod

We consider the problem of determining the stability boundary of an elastic rod clamped at both ends and loaded by a compressive force and a couple. The constitutive equations of the rod are such that both shear of the cross section and compressibility of the rod axis are considered. The stability boundary is given by the bifurcation points of a system of eight nonlinear first-order differential equations, obtained by using the first integrals. Depending on the parameter values the type of bifurcation is determined. The post-critical shape of the rod is obtained by the numerical integration of a system of 12 nonlinear first-order differential equations.     

Bimodal optimization of a compressed rotating rod

Summary. By using Pontryagins maximum principle we determine the shape of the lightest compressed rotating rod, stable against buckling. It is assumed that boundary conditions correspond to clamped ends. This boundary condition leads to a bimodal optimization problem. The necessary conditions of optimality, given by Eq. (17), are derived. In the special case when the rod is not rotating, this optimality conditions reduce to the previously obtained condition for the compressed rod only. It is shown that the cross-sectional area as a function of arc-length is determined from the solution of a nonlinear boundary value problem. A first integral for the system of equations is constructed. The optimal cross-sectional area and the post-buckling shape are determined by numerical integration. The stability of the bifurcation branches is investigated by use of the energy method.     

基于弹性扭转约束边界的波形钢板整体剪切屈曲分析

波形钢板的整体剪切屈曲对波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁桥的竖向抗剪设计有重要意义。该文在正交各向异性薄板理论的基础上,利用势能驻值原理和瑞利-里兹法,推导了基于弹性扭转约束边界的波形钢板弹性整体剪切屈曲荷载的分析方法,并给出了几种特殊边界条件下的简化计算公式。计算结果表明:对于四边简支板和四边嵌固板,该方法与现有公式计算结果一致;波形钢板强抗弯刚度方向上的约束条件是影响其整体剪切屈曲的决定性因素,随着该方向上约束的增强,屈曲模式将从四边简支情况向四边嵌固情况过渡;弱抗弯刚度方向上约束条件的影响很小,可以忽略。最后给出了将波形钢板在实际梁结构中受到的边界约束等效为弹性扭转弹簧的方法。     

Improving finite element predictions of modes of vibration

A technique is presented whereby the standard finite element approximations used in vibration analysis are modified in order to allow them to accurately predict the frequencies of the higher modes. This is done by using the results of dispersion analysis of the numerical approximations. The method is applied to the longitudinal vibration of a bar, and is shown to give good results for a uniform bar, a bar with continuously varying properties, and a bar with a step change in properties. Dispersion correction gives improved accuracy for the flexural vibration of a beam. The results of the method are also applied to the mode superposition method of dynamic analysis, and again a marked improvement in performance is obtained.     

Analytical results for the plectonemic response of supercoiled DNA

The DNA molecule is modeled as an elastic rod with bending and twisting rigidities, subjected to external tension and twist applied at one end, the other end being clamped. We study the plectonemic equilibrium of such a rod, taking into account the impenetrability constraint. Numerical solutions of this boundary value problem have previously shown that purely elastic models can reproduce the supercoiling response of the DNA molecule. Using a variational approach, we derive analytical formulae for the elastic response of the filament, and extend former numerical results.     

Behavior of a Light Solid in a Rotating Horizontal Cylinder with Liquid Under Vibration

Dynamics of a cylindrical body in a rotating cavity is experimentally studied under transversal translational vibrations of the cavity rotation axis. Experiments are run at high rotation rate, when under the action of centrifugal force the body shifts to the rotation axis (the centrifuged state). In the absence of vibrations, the lagging rotation of the body is observed, due to the body radial shift from the axis of rotation caused by gravity. The body average rotation regime depends on the cavity rotation rate. The vibrations lead to the excitation of different regimes of body differential rotation (leading or lagging) associated with the excitation of its inertial oscillations. The dependence of the differential speed of the body rotation on the vibration frequency is investigated. The body dynamics has a complex character depending on the dimensionless vibration frequency. The analysis of body oscillation trajectory revealed that the body oscillatory motion consists of several modes, which contribute to the averaged dynamics of the body and the flows in the cavity.