Characterisation of novel regenerated cellulosic,viscose, and cotton fibres and the dyeing properties of fabrics

There is a global demand for constant increase in the production of textile fibres. Currently, the market for cellulosic fibres is dominated by cotton and viscose fibres. However, new alternative cellulosic fibres are being sought to meet the growing demand. The dyeing properties of novel fibres aiming at the marketplace are among the properties that determine their applicability to textiles. Recently, a novel process for producing cellulosic fibres, the Biocelsol process, has been scaled up so that the spinning of yarn from Biocelsol fibres is now possible. In this study, the reactive dye Levafix CA Blue was applied to cellulosic fabrics made from viscose, cotton, and Biocelsol yarns. The crystalline structure and morphology of the fibres were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. The crystalline structure and morphology of the Biocelsol fibres resembled those of viscose fibres, but, owing to higher water absorption, the Biocelsol fabric had a higher dye exhaustion. The colour yield of the Biocelsol fabric was 62% and 41% higher than that of cotton and viscose fabrics respectively, suggesting that less dye is needed to gain a shade in Biocelsol fabric than in viscose and cotton fabrics.     

Analysis of Calotropis gigantea,Acacia Caesia and Abelmoschus Ficulneus seeds

The percentage contents of oil and protein in the seeds of Calotropis gigantea Linn. (Asclepiadaceae), Acacia caesia Willd., syn. A. intsia (Leguminosae) and Abelmoschus ficulneus Wight & Arm., syn. Hibiscus ficulneus Linn. (Malvaceae) were 30.8, 8.8 and 14.4, and 19.0, 11.7 and 20.0, respectively. The major fatty acid was 18:1 in C. gigantea and 18:2 in the other two seeds oils. Malvalic, sterculic and dihydrosterculic acids were present in small quantities in A. ficulneus seed oil. The major essential amino acids in the seed proteins were phenylalanine, lysine and histidine in C. gigantea, threonine and arginine in A. caesia and lysine and phenylalanine in A. ficulneus.     

The sensitivity and impact of dye structure and fibre micronaire on the increased dyeability of bioengineered cotton fibres

Previous research reported on a screening method to assess the functionalisation of bioengineered cotton fibres through the absorption of CI Acid Orange 7. The aim of the present paper is to extend this study to different dye classes. Thus the dye absorption of bioengineered cotton fibres containing oligochitin is studied for a series of dye classes. Statistically significant differences were found between cotton lines designed to produce oligochitin in the fibre and their respective controls for all tested dyes, confirming previous results with CI Acid Orange 7. Further, although variations in micronaire influenced dye absorption, it was confirmed for all dyes tested as well as for CI Acid Orange 7 that the oligochitin production had a larger impact on the exhaustion values than the differences in micronaire. The method described in this paper can be applied as a screening tool to meet the challenge of working with small quantities of fibrous materials. Moreover it shows the potential that the incorporated oligochitin has for increasing dyeability with a wide range of dyes and creating fibres with more versatile reactivity.     

Studies on dyeing method and dyeing properties of a sulphur black dye containing carboxylic acid groups on cotton

In this study the dyeing method of a sulphur black dye containing carboxylic acid groups on cotton was investigated. A dip–pad–bake dyeing process was applied and dyeing conditions were examined in detail. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to determine both the baking temperature and the dehydrant selection. Fastness properties of the sulphur black dye containing carboxylic acid groups were tested. It is concluded that the sulphur black dye not only has good dyeing performance, but also possesses good fastness properties.     

Intentional regulation of the structure and properties of cation-exchange fibre composites based on polypropylene fibres

An analysis of the structural features and properties of the developed cation-exchange fibre composites showed that shaped PP fibres, which are chemically inert compounds, actively participate in crosslinking processes in cation-exchange fibre materials (CEFMM) as a result of additional surface modification. Additional cryo treatment of shaped PP fibres improves their transport and sorption properties and increases the proportion of synthesized cation-exchange matrix, which is also responsible for elevated performance properties. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 50–53, November–December, 2005.     

Surface and Internal Lipids of Calotropis gigantea L. Leaves

The surface and internal lipids of Calotropis gigantea L. (Ascelepiadaceae) leaves analysed. The surface lipids (0.8%, dry wt.) consisted of hydrocarbons (22.2%), ester waxes (20.7%), aldehydes (7.9%), triacylglycerols (4.6%), fatty acids (20.0%), sterols (13.2%), diacylglycerols (3.3%), monoacylglycerols (2.9%) and unidentified components (5.2%). The internal lipids (8.3%, dry wt.) contained 52.8, 21.7 and 25.5% non-polar, glyco- and phospholipids, respectively. The internal non-polar lipids were made up of pigments (13.5%), hydrocarbons (6.4%), ester waxes (6.2%), fatty acids (6.7%), sterols (5.7%), diacylglycerols (2.5%) and monoacylglycerols (2.3%). The glycolipids comprised esterified sterylglycosides (2.4%), monogalactosyldiglycerides (8.4%), sterylglycosides (1.7%), cerebrosides (2.3%). digalactosyldiglycerides (4.2%) and sulfoquinovosyldiglycerides (2.7%). The phospholipids were composed of cardiolipin (2.8%), phosphatidylglycerol (5.6%), phosphatidylethanolamine (4.0%), phosphatidylinositol (3.6%), phosphatidylcholine (8.3%) and phosphatidylserine (1.2%). All the internal lipid classes had high contents of linolenic, palmitic and linoleic acid whereas the surface lipids contained palmitic and stearic acids as major components.     

Influence of Eri silk fibre on the physical characteristics and dyeing properties of Eri silk/cotton blended yarn

Different blending ratios of Eri silk and cotton fibres were prepared. The optimum bleaching condition chosen for the blends containing 0–25% silk content was the oxidative bleaching method, whereas the blends at 50–100% should be bleached using the two‐stage bleaching method (oxidative bleaching followed by reductive bleaching). These conditions did affect the force–displacement characteristics of the fibres with no yield point. X‐Ray diffraction results showed that the percentage of crystallinity of the cotton yarn tended to increase after bleaching, whereas the percentage of crystallinity of the Eri yarn decreased marginally. Dyeing properties of the blended yarns were investigated using warm‐dyeing reactive dyes. Percentage exhaustion and the colour yield of the blends tended to decrease with the increasing silk content. Shade variation was observed on the yarns at different blend ratios. This was expected to be caused by the different physical nature of Eri silk and cotton fibres. Consequently, the dye uptake and visual shade of each dye on the two fibres were different.     

Reactive dyeing of cationized cotton: Effects on the dyeing yield and the fastness properties

The cationization of cotton fibers is emerging as an effective tool for solving the environmental problems associated with the dyeing of cotton fabrics with anionic dyes. In this study, the dyeing performance of cationizing agents (Rucomor Bur, Kemifix REA, Optifix F, and Optifix RSL) were examined, and we found that this method had better results compared with normal or existing methods of reactive dyeing. The dye‐bath exhaustion and fixation were determined by the help of an ultraviolet–visible absorbance spectrophotometer on the basis of the maximum absorbance wavelength. Better fixation values were found with the cationizing process than with salty dyeing. The washing and rubbing fastness results were as the same as those of traditional dyeing. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Synthesis and dyeing properties of polyvinylamine dyes for cotton

Novel polyvinylamine dyes were designed and synthesised from poly(N‐vinylformamide‐co‐vinylamine) and reactive dyes, then used to dye cotton fibres by the dip‐pad‐steam process, with the dyeing methods being examined in detail. Each polyvinylamine dye was fixed to cotton without a crosslinking agent through covalent bonds formed between the reactive group of the dye and the cotton fibres. A fixation of 99% was achieved, with grades of 4 and 4‐5 wash and dry‐rub fastness, respectively.     

Mathematical relationship between the colour shade depth and the fibre count for disperse dyeing of polyester fibres

The colour shade depth of dyed microfibres is lighter than that of dyed conventional fibres even if there is no difference between the absorbed dye quantities ( M _t) within the fibre. This difference is due to the different light reflectance on the fibre surface for microfibre and conventional fibre, which have a different specific surface area. In this study, the simple mathematical relationship between the colour shade depth, the fibre counts (0.22, 0.56 and 1.46 dtex) and the adsorbed dye quantity is developed for disperse dyeing. The experimental dyeing results and the obtained dyeing results from the simple mathematical relationship were compared for different fibre counts.     

Plasma modification on wool fibre: effect on the dyeing properties

The dyeing properties of wool fibre treated with low-temperature plasma (LTP) were investigated kinetically and thermodynamically. Three non-polymerising gases, namely oxygen, nitrogen and a 25% hydrogen/75% nitrogen gas mixture, were used for the LTP treatment. It was found that the dyeing rate, dye uptake, standard affinity, heat of dyeing, entropy of dyeing and activation energy of diffusion were improved after the treatment.     

Investigation of Pesticidal and Anti-biofilm Potential of Calotropis gigantea Latex Encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazole Nanoframeworks

Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials - Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) are multifunctional and biocompatible material for biomedical applications. Herein we report...     

Effect of chemical modification of cotton fabrics on dyeing properties

The presented research deals with modifying the chemical structure of the cellulosic cotton fabrics by introducing amino groups as new active centers. The properties of the resulting aminated cotton, dimethylaminoethyl (DMAE)‐cotton, are evaluated and discussed by studying the dyeability, light fastness characteristics, and fading kinetics. The goal of this study was achieved. The modification succeeded in saving energy by decreasing both the dyeing time and temperature, and the dyeability and light fastness characteristics were improved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1897–1903, 2002     

Dyeing properties of cotton fibres treated with liquid ammonia

Both scoured and sodium hydroxide mercerised cotton fibres have been treated with liquid ammonia atndash33.4°C using commercial operating equipment and then the ammonia removed at 130°C in a hot drum. The moisture regain and water absorbency of the fibres treated with liquid ammonia were increased compared with values on untreated fibres, whereas both these parameters on mercerised cotton fibres were decreased by subsequent liquid ammonia treatment. The fibres were dyed with CI Direct Red 2 and CI Direct Blue 1. Liquid ammonia treatment of the scoured cotton fibres increased the rate of dyeing, equilibrium dye adsorption, standard affinity, heat of dyeing and change of entropy, while the dyeing properties of mercerised cotton were adversely affected by subsequent liquid ammonia treatment.     

Non‐aqueous dyeing of cotton fibre with reactive dyes: A review

This study reviews the evolution of and recent developments in non‐aqueous reactive dyeing systems for cotton fibre. As conventional water‐based reactive dyeing causes adverse effects to the environment because of the need for huge quantities of water and chemicals, as well as generating a substantial amount of effluents, one of the alternative ways to alleviate pressure on the environment is to switch the dyeing medium from an aqueous water‐based approach to a non‐aqueous solvent‐assisted approach. Among a wide variety of non‐aqueous dyeing methods, this review focuses on several non‐aqueous dyeing systems, including dyeing textile fibres with chlorinated solvents, dyeing cotton with the use of reverse micellar systems, a dye/solvent suspension system and a non‐nucleophilic solvent‐assisted dyeing system.     

Foam properties and application in dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes

The foam dyeing of cotton fabric with CI Reactive Red 120 has been studied as a low‐add‐on technology. The foamability of different types of foaming agent and the stability of foam stabilisers were compared. Factors influencing foam dyeing, including wet pick‐up, fixation agent, foam stabiliser, and blow ratio, were evaluated by colour strength and dye fixation rate. Wet pick‐up, fixation agent, and foam stabiliser were found to be the main factors in the foam dyeing process. The comparative build‐up properties, dyeing properties, and total consumption between foam dyeing and conventional dyeing were assessed. The results indicate that, in foam dyeing, the dyestuff has a better build‐up property, the dyed fabric has excellent wash and rub fastness, and large amounts of water and energy are saved. Moreover, foam dyeing requires smaller dosages of chemical agents and reduces the difficulty of effluent treatment.     

多元羧酸与指甲醌染料交联染棉的结构及性能

为了提高天然染料对棉纤维的染色固色性能,以聚马来酸（PMA）和柠檬酸（CA）为交联剂应用于天然染料指甲醌对棉织物的交联染色。采用FTIR、SEM和XRD分析了染色前后棉织物的表面形态及结构,探讨了酯交联对棉织物性能的影响以及多元羧酸复配交联染色机理。结果表明,染色前后棉织物表面差别不大,各纤维间不粘连;直接染色后的棉纤维表面变化不明显,仅有少量染料附着,而交联染色后的棉纤维表面负载较多的染料导致其粗糙度增加,酯化反应主要发生在纤维的非晶态区。与直接染色棉织物相比,交联染色棉织物的染色深度（K/S）和上染率分别提高了88%和38%;染品的绿光、黄光增加,颜色饱和度提高;摩擦色牢度提高了1~2级;耐洗色牢度提高了1~2级;交联染色后棉织物的折皱回复角（WRA）提高了约60%,UPF值达到了50+,具有优异的抗紫外性能。     

Cetylpyridinium chloride cationic finishing improves the dyeing and antibacterial properties of madder dyed cotton

In this work, after cationic pretreatment of cotton fabric with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), the compound of citric acid (CA) and succinic acid (SUA) were used as crosslinking agents to dye cotton fabrics with natural madder dye to improve the dyeing and antibacterial properties and realise the multifunctional finishing of cotton fabric. The effects of mordant dyeing, CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing, and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing on the microstructure and properties of cotton fabrics were compared. The dyeing by the three processes occurred primarily in the amorphous zone of the fibres, and all kept the original crystalline form of the cotton. CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing increased the thermal stability of the cotton fabric. CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton obtained excellent dyeing results with the colour depth value (K/S) of 12.3 and rubbing fastness and washing fastness of levels 4–5, and the levelness and dye permeability were acceptable. Furthermore, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) reached 50+. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased by 55% compared with raw cotton. This showed that CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton had excellent antibacterial, anti-ultraviolet, and anti-wrinkle performances.     

Composition and specific properties of carbon fibre sorbents based on polyacrylonitrile fibres

Conclusions -- Fibrous carbon adsorbents based on polyacrylonitrile have been synthesized in the form of tow and of a nonwoven material, with high-strength characteristics.-- Surface nitrogen-containing compounds have been determined and their connection with the sorptive and catalytic properties of the materials obtained have been defined.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 19–22, September–October, 1990.