激光熔覆法制备ZrO2-Y2O3涂层的显微组织与性能研究

采用预制粉末式激光熔覆法在钛合金(Ti-6Al-4V)表面制备了纳米ZrO2-8％ Y2O3涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和光学显微镜(OM)对涂层的相组成及组织结构进行分析,同时分析了涂层的显微硬度分布情况.结果表明:在一定功率范围内,涂层气孔随激光功率增大而逐渐减少,裂纹随激光功率增大而增多;ZrO2陶瓷涂层与基体间结合良好,熔覆层微观组织结构主要以细小的树枝晶形态存在.在不同区域表现出不同的组织特征,靠近表面处晶体尺寸相对较小,呈柱状整齐排列在熔覆层表层区域;熔覆层中部主要包含块状晶及少量树枝晶;熔覆层底部主要为树枝晶,其一次品轴方向沿垂直于涂层截面方向生长;熔覆层主要由四方相(t相)ZrO2和立方相(c相)ZrO2组成;熔覆层平均硬度达到1000～ 1300 HV0.2,约为基材硬度的3.5倍.     

碳化钨对激光熔覆层组织和耐磨性的影响

采用激光熔覆的方法在Q235钢板表面得到熔覆层,研究了激光熔覆后显微组织的变化、表层显微硬度的变化趋势及其原因及熔覆层抗磨损性能提高的幅度。结果表明：添加WC,可使熔覆层组织细化,硬度和抗磨损性能得到不同程度的提高。     

TiC添加量对等离子熔覆Ni60–WC复合涂层性能的影响

在45钢上通过等离子熔覆制备了WC?TiC?Ni涂层,对其物相、显微硬度和滑动摩擦磨损行为进行了分析.结果表明:熔覆层与基体材料之间为冶金结合,熔覆层表面无裂纹和气孔.TiWC2的形成使得熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性得到提高.当TiC的添加量为20％(质量分数)时,涂层的平均显微硬度高达1072.5 HV,较WC/Ni熔覆层高了128 HV,此时涂层的耐磨性最好.     

含碳化钨的镍基和铁基合金激光熔覆层的组织结构与耐盐雾腐蚀性能

采用激光熔覆技术在4Cr5Mo SiV1(H13)钢表面制备了含WC的镍基和铁基合金防护层。借助扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和盐雾腐蚀试验箱评价了熔覆层的微观形貌、元素成分、组织结构和耐蚀性。结果表明,H13粉末+20%WC复合熔覆层中WC与H13钢的合金元素发生了化学反应,形成新的碳化物分布于晶界,减少了含氯离子的腐蚀介质的渗透通道,阻止了腐蚀介质渗入熔覆层内,其耐盐雾腐蚀性能优于H13粉末熔覆层及Ni55粉末+20%WC复合熔覆层。     

310S不锈钢表面激光熔覆镍基球形碳化钨复合涂层的抗热震性能

在Inconel 625粉末中添加了质量分数为10%的WC,并以其为材料,采用激光熔覆技术在310S不锈钢基材表面制备了镍基碳化钨(Inconel 625–10%WC)涂层。对熔覆层进行550°C保温2 h的退火处理,并对比退火前后熔覆层的抗热震性能。WC颗粒与Inconel 625基料间以及熔覆层与基材间热膨胀系数的不匹配使热应力集中在界面处,是造成熔覆层开裂失效的主要原因。靠近裂纹处的材料被氧化也加剧了裂纹在熔覆层中的扩展生长。退火处理能缓解熔覆层内部的残余应力,减少位错等缺陷,并强化WC颗粒与Inconel 625基料间的界面结合力,从而提高熔覆层的抗热震性能。     

激光熔覆技术制备新型Al-TiC复合涂层的研究

采用预置激光熔覆技术,将Al-Ti-C混合粉末预置于铝合金基体表面,并在氩气保护下,利用YAG激光器实现了在铝合金表面原位形成Al-TiC复合熔覆层。通过改变激光束能量密度和激光束扫描速度等工艺参数,获得了不同工艺条件下的激光熔覆层,并对其显微组织、物相分布及耐磨性能进行比较研究。结果表明由于激光能量密度和激光束扫描速度不同,所形成的熔覆层中TiC的分布状态有很大差别。随着激光能量密度的增大,TiC分布趋于均匀。当激光束扫描速度为2.5mm/s、激光束能量密度为6.09 J/mm2时,熔覆层具有最高的耐磨性能。     

Preparation of AI-TiC Composite Coating by Laser Cladding Technology

采用预置激光熔覆技术,将Al-Ti-C混合粉末预置于铝合金基体表面,并在氩气保护下,利用YAG激光器实现了在铝合金表面原位形成Al -TiC复合熔覆层.通过改变激光束能量密度和激光束扫描速度等工艺参数,获得了不同工艺条件下的激光熔覆层,并对其显微组织、物相分布及耐磨性能进行比较研究.结果表明由于激光能量密度和激光束扫描速度不同,所形成的熔覆层中TiC的分布状态有很大差别.随着激光能量密度的增大,TiC分布趋于均匀.当激光束扫描速度为2.5mm/s、激光束能量密度为6.09 J/mm2时,熔覆层具有最高的耐磨性能.     

等离子喷涂Ni包WC陶瓷涂层激光重熔研究

利用X射线衍射、金相显微镜及显微硬度计研究了等离子喷涂Ni包WC陶瓷涂层激光重熔后的组织结构和硬度变化特征。结果表明:利用激光重熔Ni包WC陶瓷涂层,能够有效提高涂层的致密度,减少孔隙率,XRD显示WC相在激光重熔后分解为W2C相,而显微硬度稍有提高。     

汽车用AZ91镁合金的表面激光改性研究

为了解决压铸AZ91镁合金耐蚀和耐磨性能较差的问题,采用激光熔覆的方法在汽车用压铸AZ91镁合金表面制备了激光熔覆层,研究了激光功率和激光扫描速度对熔覆层成型、截面和表面形貌、物相组成、耐蚀和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,过小/过大激光功率或者过大扫描速度会使得熔覆层中产生气孔、熔坑等缺陷;不同激光功率和扫描速度下,熔覆层与AZ91镁合金基体结合良好,AZ91镁合金表面激光熔覆层都主要由α-Mg、Mg₁₇Al₁₂、AlCu₄、Al₄MgY和MgAl相组成;随着激光功率增加,熔覆层表面晶界间距离和晶粒尺寸增大,熔覆层平均维氏硬度会逐渐减小;随着激光扫描速度增加,熔覆层厚度和熔覆层晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。激光熔覆层的耐蚀性和耐磨性都优于AZ91镁合金基体,Al-Cu/Y₂O₃熔覆层适宜的激光熔覆工艺为：激光功率1100 W、扫描速度500 mm/min,此时激光熔覆层与基体结合良好,熔覆层致密、晶粒细小、硬度较高,具有良好的耐蚀性和耐磨性。     

不同等离子熔覆铁基合金涂层在阀门密封面上的应用

在阀门密封面上用等离子熔覆技术制备了Fe45、Fe313和Fe316三种铁基合金涂层.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪表征了熔覆层的显微组织和物相组成.采用维氏硬度计测试了熔覆层的显微硬度,并使用电化学工作站和全浸腐蚀试验测试了它们的耐蚀性.结果表明,Fe45熔覆层呈现均匀的等轴晶组织,Fe313和Fe316熔覆层在与基体接触的区域形成了细晶粒区,而在熔覆层的中部出现了柱状晶组织.3种熔覆层的主要硬质相均为M7C3型碳化物,其中存在固溶相(Fe,Cr).3种熔覆层的显微硬度都高于基体,Fe45、Fe313和Fe316熔覆层的平均显微硬度为629.76、550.51和408.91 HV.Fe316熔覆层的耐蚀性最佳,Fe45熔覆层的耐蚀性最差.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。