Slot clock recovery in optical PPM communication systems withavalanche photodiode photodetectors

Slot timing recovery in a direct-detection optical PPM communication system can be achieved by processing the photodetector output waveform with a nonlinear device whose output forms the input to a phase-locked loop. The choice of a simple transition detector as the nonlinearity is shown to give satisfactory synchronization performance. The RMS phase error of the recovered slot clock and the effect of slot timing jitter on the bit error probability were directly measured. The experimental system consisted of an AlGaAs laser diode (λ=834 nm) and a silicon avalanche photodiode photodetector. The system used Q =4 PPM signaling and operated at a source data rate of 25 Mb/s. The mathematical model developed to compute the RMS phase error of the recovered clock is shown to be in good agreement with results of actual measurements of phase errors. The use of the recovered slot clock in the receiver resulted in no significant degradation in receiver sensitivity compared to a system with perfect slot timing. The system achieved a bit error probability of 10^-6 at a received optical signal energy of 55 detected photons per information bit     

Communication systems with PPM signaling

Effect of imperfect slot synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver on optical synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems using pulse position modulation as data modulation (PPM/CDMA) is investigated. Optical orthogonal codes (OOC's) are employed as signature sequences, and parallel optic-fiber delay line encoders and correlators are adopted in the transmitters and the receivers, respectively. The upper bound on the bit error probability of PPM/CDMA is derived under the condition that the receiver slot timing shifts from the transmitter timing clock. The bit error probability performance is evaluated for some values of the number of slots per frame, average signal photocount, and the number of simultaneous users. It is shown that as the number of slots per frame increases, the timing offset should be restricted to be smaller to achieve low bit error probability. Further, when the timing offset is small, the improvement of the bit error probability performance with the increase of the number of slots per frame under the photocount per second constraint is shown to be larger than that under the photocount per symbol constraint     

Trellis-coded pulse-position modulation for optical communicationsystems impaired by pulsewidth inaccuracies

A trellis-coded pulse-position modulation (T-PPM) scheme for direct-detection photon communications over unguided channels is described. The purpose of this signaling method is to combat performance degradation due to the spreading of received signal pulses caused by transmitting laser distortion and the finite area and bandwidth of optical detectors. The T-PPM scheme relies upon use of a set partitioning methodology to increase minimum distance using a simple convolutional encoder. The Viterbi algorithm is used at the receiver to separate the signaling set as part of the demodulation process. It is shown through both analysis and Monte Carlo simulation of an avalanche photodiode based receiver system that T-PPM can restore performance losses due to reduced peak intensity during the detection process. Furthermore, for a large range of background radiation levels, the average number of required signal photons per information bit for T-PPM is smaller than that of uncoded PPM. Specific examples show that for a symbol error rate of 0.001, when the received pulses extend over 4 PPM slot widths, the average laser energy per symbol for 256-ary T-PPM could be reduced by as much as 2 dB     

Pulse-Position Modulation for Transmission Over Optical Fibers with Direct or Heterodyne Detection

The best monomode optical fiber links have bandwidths orders of magnitude greater than that of the information currently transmitted over them. This excess bandwidth can be exploited using digital PPM to improve receiver sensitivity. This paper analyzes the receiver sensitivity of an optical PPM system over a slightly dispersive channel, i.e., where both "wrong slot" and "false alarm" errors are important. It is shown that receiver sensitivity of better than 100 photons per binary bit-time is theoretically possible using direct detection and uncoded PPM. Ideal heterodyne detection should reduce this to below 5 photons per binary bit-time. Timing extraction and a digital modulation method are discussed.     

光子探测PPM阵列信号的频偏和相偏预测方法

对于基于脉冲位置调制（PPM）的光子探测阵列接收的深空光通信系统,提出了一种直接预测频偏和初始相偏的PPM时隙同步方法。该方法首先测量每个支路各个光子的到达时间,进而得到每个光子到达时间相对于PPM时隙位置的偏移量,统计得到不同偏移量处的光子分布。然后利用前、后半帧数据光子分布峰值点对应时隙位置差值即半帧数据频偏累积值的原理对频偏进行估计;根据频率估计值修正光子达到时间数据后,再根据修正后一帧数据光子分布统计图峰值位置相对于理想同步位置的偏移量大小估计出初始相偏。仿真结果表明,在计数时钟频率大于等于四倍时隙时钟频率情况下,该方法均能实现时隙同步。     

LDPC-Coded Optical Coherent State Quantum Communications

The problem of communication using optical coherent quantum states, in the presence of background radiation, is considered. Two modulation formats are studied, on-off keying (OOK) and M-ary pulse-position modulation (PPM). The bit-error-rate performance improvement due to low-density parity-check coding is reported. For OOK, it is assumed that the coherent state signal has a random phase. For an average number of noise photons N = 0.1, the required number of signal photons per information bit is six in the case of coded quantum OOK. For the same level of noise (N = 0.1) and assuming that signal phase is known, coded 16-ary PPM requires only 1.21 of signal photons per information bit.     

Coherent homodyne optical communication receivers withphotorefractive optical beam combiners

The principles of operation and the results of performance measurements are reported of a new type of coherent optical receiver that used a dynamic volume index of refraction grating formed inside a photorefractive material to coherently combine signal and local oscillator light prior to photodetection. Because the refractive index grating is formed by the interference pattern generated where mutually coherent optical beams overlap, the receiver can automatically adjust to changes in angle of arrival or optical wavefront profiles which occur on time scales longer than the grating formation time. The grating appears stationary to high-speed phase modulation imposed on the signal beam and coherently diffracts local oscillator light into the signal beam direction. Performance measurements are reported for a prototype system that used two independent Nd:YAG lasers at 1.064 μm, an iron-doped indium phosphide photorefractive crystal, and a four-slot phase modulation signal format. A receiver BER of 10^-6 was obtained at received signal powers that corresponded to an average of 70 detected signal photons per bit at a source data rate of 50 Mb/s, 130 detected signal photons/bit at 220 Mb/s, and about 400 detected signal photons/bit at a 325 Mb/s source data rate. Quantum-limited operation corresponds to an average of six detected signal photons per transmitted information bit for this signal format     

Synchronization Using Pulse Edge Tracking in Optical Pulse-Position Modulated Communication Systems

A pulse-position modulated (PPM) optical communication system using narrow pulses of light for data transmission requires accurate time synchronization between transmitter and receiver. The presence of signal energy in the form of optical pulses suggests the use of a pulse edge-tracking method of maintaining the necessary timing. In this report the edge-tracking operation in a binary PPM system is examined, taking into account the quantum nature of the optical transmissions. Consideration is given first to "pure" synchronization using a periodic pulsed intensity, then extended to the case where position modulation is present and auxiliary bit decisioning is needed to aid the tracking operation. Performance analysis is made in terms of timing error and its associated statistics. Timing error variances are shown as a function of system signal-to-noise ratio.     

Delay-and-multiply clock regeneration in APD-based direct-detectionoptical OOK communication systems

A clock recovery scheme for direct-detection optical on-off keying (OOK) communication systems with nonreturn-to-zero pulse shaping is proposed and investigated. In the suggested model, the optical field is detected with the aid of an avalanche photodiode (APD) photodetector, which is followed by a clock regeneration subsystem. The proposed clock recovery subsystem consists of a delay-and-multiply nonlinearity followed by a conventional phase-locked loop (PLL), tuned to the slot frequency of the desired optical OOK signal. Performance of the proposed system is obtained in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR_L) of the linearized PLL device (or, equivalently, the inverse of phase, or timing, error variance) when background noise and receiver thermal noise are present. Numerical results are presented in order to explain the influence of noise processes on the performance of the proposed clock recovery subsystem. The performance of this system is also compared to that of an early-late gate and square-law symbol synchronizers     

An Experimental Microprocessor-Implemented 4800 Bit/s Limited Distance Voice Band PSK Modem

A low-cost 4800 bit/s modem is described which is applicable to limited distance, direct-copper channels. The modulation technique is eight-phase PSK and both the transmitter and receiver algorithms are aimed at economy of implementation in digital circuitry. The transmitter uses digitally stored waveform elements, and the detection and clock recovery techniques are based on received signal polarity. The implementation of the transmitter and receiver algorithms in a 6800 microprocessor is described. Some experimental results are given.     

A Standalone Receiver With Multiple Access Interference Rejection, Clock and Data Recovery, and FEC for 2-D$lambda -t$OCDMA

We demonstrate a standalone (no global clock) receiver for two-dimensional wavelength-time optical code-division multiple-access. The receiver provides the following functions: quantization (to eliminate multiple access interference), clock and data recovery, return-to-zero to nonreturn-to-zero conversion (for optical code-division multiple-access compatibility with digital logic), framing (for byte synchronization), and forward-error correction (FEC) using a (255, 239) Reed–Solomon decoder. The receiver more than doubles the number of supported users at a bit-error rate$≪ 10 ^-10$. The receiver supports an information rate of 156.25 Mb/s. We performed the measurements at a bit rate of 167.4 Mb/s and a chip rate of 1.339 Gb/s (eight chips per bit) to account for FEC overhead.     

Slot Synchronization in Optical PPM Communications

Maintaining slot clock synchronization in a baseband pulse position modulated (PPM) communication link is vital to its performance. This paper examines the slot clocking design associated with a direct detection, photodetecting optical PPM system. Although theoretical PPM synchronizers for optical links have been derived in the past, there is still interest in finding more practical, simpler, and easier-to-implement clocking subsystems. In this paper several types of practical slot synchronizers are considered. A basic design involving analog correlators and slot gating is presented, along with an indication of its performance. Several alternative designs are also presented, including digital synchronizers in which time samples are used for loop control. The advantage in digital systems is that more extensive processing can be handled in software, allowing the loop to perform closer to the ideal. Design procedures for digital clocking are presented, and optimal laser pulse shaping and filtering are discussed. Performance in terms of loop models and tracking error variance is included.     

A 0.8-μm CMOS 2.5 Gb/s oversampling receiver and transmitter forserial links

A receiver targeting OC-48 (2.488 Gb/s) serial data link has been designed and integrated in a 0.8-μm CMOS process. An experimental receiving front-end circuit demonstrates the viability of using multiple phased clocks to overcome the intrinsic gate-speed limitations in the demultiplexing (receiving) and multiplexing (transmitting) of serial data. To perform clock recovery, data is 3× oversampled so that transitions can be detected to determine bit boundaries. The design of a transmitter for the high-speed serial data is also described. The complete transceiver occupies a die area of ~3×3 mm²     

560 Mb/s optical PSK synchronous heterodyne experiment

A phase-locked optical heterodyne receiver constructed using a 1320-nm diode-pumped miniature Nd:YAG ring laser is discussed. Using this receiver and a transmitter based on another Nd:YAG laser, a 560-Mb/s phase-shift keying (PSK) synchronous heterodyne transmission was demonstrated over 78 km of single-mode fiber. With an optical phase-locked loop (PLL) natural frequency of 32 kHz and a damping factor of 1.46, the receiver sensitivity, measured at the output of the transmission link, was -48.7 dBm, or 159 photons/b. The corresponding detected sensitivity, measured on the surface of the p-i-n diode, was -51.8 dBm or 78 photons/b. This result suggests that the receiver sensitivity would have been about 82 photons/b if a balanced receiver with 0.2-dB excess coupler loss had been used. The impact of the finite intermediate frequency (IF) on heterodyne system performance was investigated; it was found that an IF of at least twice the bit rate is needed for a negligibly small penalty     

高速光突发模式接收机设计

介绍了一种高速光突发模式接收机。整形电路采用直流耦合跨阻抗前馈式结构。突发同步恢复电路采用一种新颖的固定相位调节振荡器。仿真表明：在传输速率为1．25Gb／s，误码率BER≤10^-9时，接收灵敏度为-25dBm（平均光功率）。最大可接收光功率-1dBm，动态范围可高达24dB，两分组信号保护时间为20ns。对速率为5Gb／s的NRZ突发数据可在10ps之内建立比特同步。     

Evaluation of cellular mobile telephone data receivers

Some measurement techniques and results employed to evaluate advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) data receivers being driven by a Rayleigh fading channel are described. These performance measurements were used as a mechanism for comparing the design effectiveness of various bit clock recovery systems. Of five data receiver types evaluated, two models employed a full-wave rectifier in the bit clock recovery system. In this system nominal diode unbalance may cause the derived bit clock to lock 180° from the phase required to properly decode the incoming bit stream. This condition may even occur at high carrier-to-noise ratios when message structures containing long strings of ones or zeros are received. The other data receiver types employed digital signal processing for clock recovery to circumvent this phase ambiguity problem. The performance data of five data receivers are compared to noncoherent frequency-shift keying (FSK) as a model. In most cases, the test results are in good agreement with this model. The performance measurements presented include derived clock jitter and single and average bit error rates as a function of average carrier-to-noise ratios. The implementation of test instrumentation and the interpretation of test results are discussed. The objective is to stress the capability of simulation measurements to evaluate mobile receiver designs in a laboratory environment.     

弱湍流信道MIMO-FSO系统误时隙率分析

分析了在弱湍流信道模型下基于开关键控(OOK)、脉冲位置调制(PPM)、差分脉冲位置调制(DPPM)和数字脉冲间隔调制(DPIM)方式的多输入多输出自由空间光(MIMO-FSO)通信系统模型。首先推导了各调制方式下单输入单输出(SISO)系统的误时隙率(SER)计算公式,以此作为参考,在独立同分布的条件下,推导出MIMO-FSO系统的平均SER计算公式,并用数值仿真的方法,分析了它们的平均SER性能。仿真结果表明,在弱湍流信道模型下,PPM可获得最好的SER性能,采用MIMO方法能有效提高FSO系统的平均SER性能。     

Pilot-aided sampling frequency offset estimation and compensation using DSP technique in DD-OOFDM systems

To improve the outage performance of an optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system under the frequency offset between the sampling clocks in the transmitter and receiver, a pilot-aided sampling frequency offset (SFO) estimation and compensation scheme for the optical OFDM system with intensity-modulation and direct-detection (DD-OOFDM) is experimentally demonstrated. The experimental and simulated results show that the scheme can work effectively even with large sampling frequency offsets. In addition, it can achieve a good bit error rate (BER) performance without the sampling clock frequency synchronization in the receiver.     

Optical digital transmission of HDTV signals for `contribution' use

The key technologies for a 1.2 Gb/s HDTV optical digital transmission system for contribution service use are addressed. A wide-dynamic-range optical receiver is described. Attained average received optical power for an error rate of 10^-9 was from -6 dBm to -38 dBm, with an optical dynamic range of 32 dB. This system provides for transmission lengths from a few meters to up to 80 km. It was confirmed that the system developed is available for interconnecting HDTV equipment within a studio and for dispatching HDTV programs from a production site to a postproduction studio. Scrambled-8B1C NRZ line coding was used to keep clock recovery reliable in the receiver. The line-coding circuit satisfies the BSI (bit sequence independent) property and can be easily implemented using commercial high speed ECL devices     

水下无线光通信中的FDPIM性能研究

为了改善脉冲位置调制需要符号同步和数字脉冲间隔调制、双头脉冲间隔调制、多幅度脉冲间隔调制符号长度不固定所引起的接收发机结构复杂和调制器速率不固定等问题,提出将定长数字脉冲间隔调制应用于水下无线光通信系统。分析了带宽需求、传输容量,并与其它调制方式进行了比较;在给出水下无线光通信信道模型的基础上,推导了该信道中定长数字脉冲间隔调制方式的误包率表达式。结果表明,定长数字脉冲间隔调制适用于水下无线光通信系统。