A prediction of bursting failure in tube hydroforming process based on plastic instability

Based on plastic instability, an analytical prediction of bursting failure on tube hydroforming processes under combined internal pressure and independent axial feeding is carried out. Bursting is an irrecoverable phenomenon due to local instability under excessive tensile stresses. In order to predict the bursting failure, three different classical necking criteria – diffuse necking criteria for a sheet, and a tube, and a local necking criterion for a sheet – are introduced. The incremental theory of plasticity for an anisotropic material is adopted and the hydroforming limit, as well as a diagram of bursting failure with respect to axial feeding and hydraulic pressure are presented. In addition, the influences of material properties such as anisotropy parameter, strain hardening exponent and strength coefficient on plastic instability and bursting pressure are investigated. As a result of the above approach, the hydroforming limit with respect to bursting failure is verified with experimental results.     

Coupled buckling and plastic instability for tube hydroforming

In this paper, the hydroforming limit of isotropic tubes subjected to internal hydraulic pressure and independent axial load is discussed.Swift's criterion is often used in this case for the prediction of diffuse plastic instability. Here, we first highlight the existence of two different Swift's criteria (for sheets and for tubes).Then, we recall that these types of approaches do not take into account buckling induced by axial loading. In fact, buckling may obviously occur before plastic instability; consequently, Swift's criteria must not be used alone to predict instability in the case of tube hydroforming.Numerical simulation was used to confirm these points and to analyse both the buckling and striction phenomena together. The two types of instability must be treated together in a reasonable approach to the hydroforming process.In this paper, the material verifies a “J2-flow” constitutive rate constitutive law. Jaumann's derivative was chosen and the Prandtl–Reuss equations with von Mises’ yield criterion and the associated flow rule were used. Isotropic hardening was taken into account.     

Analytical and numerical study on plastic instabilities for axisymmetric tube bulging

In this paper, plastic instabilities of elasto–plastic tubes subject to internal pressure are discussed. For diffuse necking prediction, the classical intrinsic criteria for diffuse necking are accurate for long cylindrical tubes. However, for short tubes, geometric changes are important, and the intrinsic criteria become insufficient. For this purpose, a new diffuse necking criteria is proposed including geometric effects in the prediction.On the other hand, for the local necking prediction, the Hill's criterion is not accurate for short tubes, due to the biaxial stretching. As an alternative, a local necking criterion based on a modified Hill's assumption for localized necking is proposed. The numerical calculations carried out for different tube dimensions, explains the geometrical effects on the localization of deformations for pressurized tubes, and improves the accuracy of the proposed criteria.     

Analytical approach to bursting in tube hydroforming using diffuse plastic instability

Analytical studies on onset of bursting failure in tube hydroforming under combined internal pressure and independent axial feeding are carried out. Bursting is irrecoverable phenomenon due to local instability under excessive tensile stress. In this paper, in order to predict the bursting failure diffuse plastic instability based on the Hill's quadratic plastic potential is introduced. The incremental theory of plasticity for anisotropic material is adopted and then the hydroforming limit and bursting failure diagram with respect to axial feeding and hydraulic pressure are presented. The influences of the plastic anisotropy on plastic instability, the limit stress and the bursting pressure are also investigated. Finally, the stress-based hydroforming limit diagram obtained from the above approach is verified with experimental results.     

Experimental study and finite element analysis of simple X- and T-branch tube hydroforming processes

The tube hydroforming process is a relatively complex manufacturing process; the performance of this process depends on various factors and requires proper combination of part design, material selection and boundary conditions. Due to the complex nature of the process, the best method to study the behaviour of the process is by using numerical techniques and advanced explicit finite element (FE) codes. In this work, X- and T-branch components were formed using a tube hydroforming machine and experimental load paths (forming pressure and axial feed) were obtained for the processes via a data acquisition system integrated with the machine. Subsequently, the processes were simulated using LS-DYNA3D explicit FE code using the same experimental boundary, loading conditions and the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the developed branch height and the wall thickness distribution along different planes were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Predicting of plastic instability and forming limit diagrams

An analytical method is presented for predicting forming limit diagrams achieved during sheet metal forming operations for sheets having planar isotropy. This method is based on the three-phase deformation idealization developed by Johns and Gillis. The Johns–Gillis and Pishbin–Gillis model were restricted to the Hill yield criterion which is not suitable for aluminum alloys (R<1). The present work used the Hosford criterion that is widely used for materials with R<1, in conjunction with the power-law, the Tian–Zhang and the Vocé hardening equations. Results from this analysis are compared with the experimental data for AA3105 and AA8011 aluminum alloys. The results indicate good prediction of limit strains for the two alloys when the Vocé and the Tian–Zhang equations are applied.     

IC封装CAE分析塑料工艺数据的编辑

介绍Mold Adviser 5.0中相关塑料工艺和性能参数,探索数据文件的编辑以及建立有多种塑料工艺性能参数数据库的方法。将一套国产的IC塑封模所用塑料的实际工艺性能参数调入CAE系统。     

自动软管截断机的设计与应用

介绍了自动软管截断机的结构特点,叙述了主机的研制、调试及在生产中的应用.该专机用于加工一次性静脉输液器上的塑料软管.     

Analytical model for planar tube hydroforming: Prediction of formed shape, corner fill, wall thinning, and forming pressure

An analytical model for planar tube hydroforming based on deformation theory has been developed. This analytical model can be used to predict hydroformed shape, corner fill, wall thinning, and forming pressure. As the model is based on a mechanistic approach with bending effects included, local strain and stress distribution across the wall thickness can be determined. This includes strain and stress distributions for the outer layer, inside layer, and middle layer. The model is validated using finite element analysis and tube hydroforming experiments on irregular triangular, irregular quadrilateral, and pentagonal hydroformed shapes.     

Multi-objective optimization of forming parameters for tube hydroforming process based on the Taguchi method

Tube hydroforming is an attractive manufacturing technology which is now widely used in many industries, especially the automobile industry. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to analyze the effects of the forming parameters on the quality of part formability and determine the optimal combination of the forming parameters for the process. The effects of the forming parameters on the tube hydroforming process are studied by finite element analysis and the Taguchi method. The Taguchi method is applied to design an orthogonal experimental array, and the virtual experiments are analyzed by the use of the finite element method (FEM). The predicted results are then analyzed by the use of the Taguchi method from which the effect of each parameter on the hydroformed tube is given. In this work, a free bulging tube hydroforming process is employed to find the optimal forming parameters combination for the highest bulge ratio and the lowest thinning ratio. A multi-objective optimization approach is proposed by simultaneously maximizing the bulge ratio and minimizing the thinning ratio. The optimization problem is solved by using a goal attainment method. An example is given to illustrate the practicality of this approach and ease of use by the designers and process engineers.     

Numerical analysis and design for tubular hydroforming

To get an optimum deformation path for tubular hydroforming, the hydroforming limit of isotropic and anisotropic tubes subjected to internal hydraulic pressure, independent axial load or torque is firstly proposed based on the Hill's general theory for the uniqueness to the boundary value problem and compared with those of the conventional sheet forming. The influences of the deformation path, the material properties and the active length–diameter ratio on the nucleation and the development of wrinkling during the free tubular hydroforming are also investigated. The above theory is used as a criterion and implemented with some new functions in our ITAS3D, an in-house finite element code for simulating the sheet forming, to control the materials flow and to prevent the final failure modes from occurring. Finally, the tubular hydroforming of an automobile differential gear box is taken as an example to show the efficiency and usefulness of the algorithm.     

Investigation of T-Shape Tube Hydroforming with Finite Element Method

In this paper, the finite element method is used to investigate the cold hydroforming process of a T-shape tube. A series of simulations on hydraulic expansion, axial feeding and the counterforce of the tubes was carried out using the program DEFORM-3D. The influences of the process parameters such as the internal pressure, the fillet radius, and counterforce on the minimum wall thickness of formed tube are examined. A suitable range of the process parameters for producing an acceptable T-shape tube that fulfils the industrial demand was also found. ID="A1"Correspondance and offprint requests to: Dr C.-T. Kwan, Department of Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, National Huwei Institute of Technology, 64 Wunhua Road, Huwei, Yunlin, 632, Taiwan. E-mail: ctkwan@sunws.nhit.edu.tw     

An experimental and numerical study of necking initiation in aluminium alloy tubes during hydroforming

In this paper, a combined experimental and numerical investigation of free hydroforming of aluminium alloy tubes is conducted. The tubes are subjected to different loading histories involving axial compression and internal pressure. The circumferential and axial strains experienced by the tubes are continuously recorded along with the pressure and axial load. The numerical simulations are carried out using both 2D axisymmetric and 3D finite-element formulations by applying the experimentally recorded axial load and internal pressure. In the latter, a geometric imperfection is introduced in the form of wall thickness reduction at the tube mid-length in order to trigger necking which happens after significant bulging and beyond the stage of peak pressure. The strain histories and peak pressures obtained from the simulations agree well with those determined from the experiments. Further, the forming limit curve predicted by the simulations as well as from a M–K analysis incorporating the computed strain paths corroborate well with the experimental data. The role of nonproportional straining on the mechanics of failure of the tubes due to bulging and necking is studied in detail.     

Hydroforming of aluminum extrusion tubes for automotive applications. Part II: process window diagram

Based on the mathematical formulations for predicting forming limits induced by buckling, wrinkling and bursting of free-expansion tube hydroforming, a theoretical “Process Window Diagram” (PWD) is proposed and established in this paper. The theory developed in the first part of the present work was formulated within the context of free-expansion tube hydroforming with both combined internal pressure and end feeding. The PWD is designed to provide a quick assessment of part producibility for tube hydroforming. The predicted PWD is validated against experimental results conducted for 6260-T4 60×2×320 (mm) aluminum tubes. An optimal loading path is also proposed in the PWD with an attempt to define the ideal forming process for aluminum tube hydroforming. Parametric studies show that the PWD has a strong dependency on tube geometry, material property and process parameters. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt that a PWD is being formulated theoretically. Such a concept can be advantageous in deriving design solutions and determining optimal process parameters for tube hydroforming processes.     

基于DASYLab的管材轴压胀形的加载控制

内压与轴向压力的合理匹配是管材轴压胀形成败的关键因素。本文利用数据采集与处理软件 DASYL ab实现了轴向压力基于内压的线性加载控制 ,为进一步研究更为复杂的管材轴压胀形的加载控制关系奠定了实验基础     

基于径压胀形确定管材的摩擦因数

摩擦对管材液压成形有极大的影响,管材摩擦因数的确定是一项极其重要的工作。在分析比较现有测试方法的基础上,基于径压胀形原理及其变形规律提出确定管材液压成形胀形区摩擦因数的新模型。该模型以恒定内压力下圆形管材径压胀形成方形断面后,以断面对角线长度差作为确定摩擦因数的测量指标。对比对角线长度差的有限元数值模拟结果及实测结果,以此确定管材液压成形时胀形区的摩擦因数。对低碳钢及不锈钢管的有限元数值模拟分析表明：对角线长度差与摩擦因数及内压力均成指数关系,该长度差对摩擦力很敏感且可方便测量,也可作为针对管材液压成形胀形区润滑剂特性的评定指标。所提出的新模型具有简单、实用等优点。     

模具设计中塑件模型的处理

模具设计的主要依据是客户提供的塑件模型资料,如果所用软件不同,在导入塑件模型时,由于可能存在的几何缺陷会导致分模失败.因此在模具设计前,对塑件模型资料进行正确的处理非常重要,它直接关系到模具设计的成败,所以设计者应该熟练掌握.     

我国塑料模具钢的发展和应用

介绍了我国新研制的塑料模具用钢的性能和应用概况，并与国内外常用的塑料模具钢材进行了比较，以便在不同使用状态下合理选用模具材料。     

基于工程塑料件的加工研究

介绍了塑料制品的三种加工方法及工艺.时塑料零件的连接方法和表面处理工艺作了扼要说明;对塑料的主要特性.机械加工及工艺方法进行了阐述;对加工塑料制品时的冷却剂选用作了说明.     

塑性微成形技术的发展

阐述了塑性微成形研究的目的和意义，重点从尺寸效应、本构模型、摩擦规律、冲压性能和超塑性微成形等5个方面描述了国外塑性微成形技术的发展现状，简单概括了国内微成形技术的发展状况，指出了这一技术面临的挑战和发展趋势。