海洋源生物活性肽的构效关系与作用机理研究进展

海洋中蕴藏着丰富且独特的生物资源,海洋源蛋白质是开发生物活性肽的良好前体物质,海洋生物活性肽具有来源广泛、高效安全等优势,开发、应用前景广阔。本文综述了海洋源生物活性肽的功能特性,同时从抗氧化肽、抗菌肽、抗冻肽、金属离子螯合肽以及免疫调节肽角度展开详细介绍,阐述了不同海洋源生物活性肽的构效关系和相应的作用机理,提出了海洋源生物活性肽未来研究和发展的趋势,并对海洋源生物活性肽的应用前景进行展望,以期为海洋源生物活性肽的进一步研究提供参考。     

食源活性物质纳米靶向递送系统诱导米色脂肪生成研究进展

肥胖是一种全球性流行病, 与II型糖尿病、癌症和心血管疾病密切相关, 对人类健康构成了严重的威胁。近些年, 多种食源活性物质及其他生物活性因子已被证明可以通过诱导米色脂肪生成促进机体能量消耗, 成为预防和治疗肥胖的新策略。直接服用生物活性因子可能存在生物利用率低、无靶向特异性等缺陷。通过构建纳米靶向递送系统, 将生物活性因子包裹在纳米颗粒中, 靶向递送至脂肪组织, 可有效提高其生物利用率及稳态化，实现精准递送。本文简要介绍了脂肪组织的功能及食源活性物质促进米色脂肪生成的机制, 综述了生物活性因子(食源活性物质、罗格列酮、甲状腺激素、信号通路激活剂/抑制剂)纳米靶向递送系统诱导米色脂肪生成的机制, 并阐述其治疗肥胖的最新研究进展, 以期为食源活性物质在功能性食品中的开发和应用提供理论依据。     

The promise of marine molecules as cosmetic active ingredients

The marine environment represents an underexploited resource for the discovery of novel products, despite its high level of biological and chemical diversity. With increasing awareness of the harmful effects of chronic ultraviolet exposure, and a universal desire to improve cosmetic appearance, the market for new cosmetic ingredients is growing, and current trends have generated a greater demand for products sourced from the environment. A growing number of novel molecules from marine flora and fauna exhibit potent and effective dermatological activities. Secondary metabolites isolated from macroalgae, including carotenoids and polyphenols, have demonstrated antioxidant, anti‐ageing and anti‐inflammatory activities. In addition, marine extremophilic bacteria have recently been shown to produce bioactive exopolymeric molecules, some of which have been commercialized. Available data on their activities show significant antioxidant, moisturizing and anti‐ageing activities, but a more focussed investigation into their mechanisms and applications is required. This review surveys the reported biological activities of an emerging and growing portfolio of marine molecules that show promise in the treatment of cosmetic skin problems including ultraviolet damage, ageing and cutaneous dryness.     

Coffee consumption and disease correlations

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. It has primarily consumed due to its stimulant effect and unique taste since the ancient times. Afterwards, its consumption has been historically associated with a lower risk of some diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease and some type of cancer and thus it has also consumed due to health benefits. It contains many bioactive compounds such as caffeine, chlorogenic acids and diterpenoid alcohols which have so far been associated with many potential health benefits. For example, caffeine reduces risk of developing neurodegenerative disease and chlorogenic acids (CGA) and diterpene alcohols have many health benefits such as antioxidant and chemo-preventive. Coffee also have harmful effects. For example, diterpenoid alcohols increases serum homocysteine and cholesterol levels and thus it has adverse effects on cardiovascular system. Overall, the study that supports the health benefits of coffee is increasing. But, it is thought-provoking that the association with health benefits of coffee consumption and frequency at different levels in each study. For this reason, we aimed to examine the health effect of the coffee and how much consumption is to investigate whether it meets the claimed health benefits.     

海洋生物活性肽的制备、分离纯化及构效关系研究进展

海洋生物活性肽是一类结构多样且具有多种功能和活性的肽类,其制备、分离纯化和生物活性受到了广泛关注。已有不少相关研究证明海洋生物活性肽是一类很具开发潜力的新型药物来源。然而,整合海洋生物活性肽制备技术和生物应用的研究还较缺乏,为此本文综述了近年来海洋生物活性肽制备、分离纯化的方法,并阐述了其原理、优缺点、适用对象和未来发展趋势,介绍了海洋生物活性肽的抗氧化、抗糖尿病、降血压、抗菌、抗癌等功能活性,并深入探讨了其构效关系和未来发展方向,以便为开发新型海洋药物提供有力理论依据。     

大型海藻类菌孢素氨基酸提取工艺及定性检测研究

类菌孢素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like amino acids,MAAs)是一类多功能活性化合物,在大型海藻中广泛存在。以海带、裙带菜、羊栖菜、江蓠、石花菜和海萝为原料,通过一系列单因素和正交实验,建立了此6种大型海藻MAAs的适宜提取工艺,并建立了定性检测方法。结果表明,海带、裙带菜、羊栖菜、江蓠、石花菜和海萝MAAs的适宜提取温度、固液比和甲醇体积分数依次为35、30、30、30、30、25 ℃,1:60、1:60、1:60、1:60、1:60、1:50 g/mL,30%、10%、30%、10%、30%、10%。利用上述工艺条件,制备得到6种大型海藻MAAs提取物,得率分别为(39.0±3.80)%、(20.6±2.20)%、(32.8±2.60)%、(5.41±1.20)%、(9.87±0.80)%、(16.2±1.40)%。在此基础上,250~390 nm波长扫描显示6种大型海藻MAAs提取物均在330 nm附近有吸收,表明它们中存在Porphyra-334。进一步,初次确定了海带、裙带菜、羊栖菜、江蓠、石花菜和海萝中Porphyra-334含量,依次为(1.60±0.69)μg/g、(1.96±0.89)μg/g、(3.97±0.82)μg/g、(41.9±3.41)μg/g、(13.2±2.25)μg/g、(8.89±1.29)μg/g。随后,应用硅胶薄层层析,对上述6种大型海藻MAAs提取物进行检测,建立了大型海藻MAAs检测的一种简便方法,可用于大型海藻MAAs的筛选。     

Development and biological activities of marine-derived bioactive peptides: A review

Marine organisms are rich sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed regarding marine-derived bioactive peptides because of their numerous health beneficial effects. Moreover, many studies have reported that marine bioactive peptides can be used as antihypertensive, antioxidative, anticoagulant, and antimicrobial components in functional foods or nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals due to their therapeutic potential in the treatment or prevention of diseases. This contribution presents an overview of the bioactive peptides derived from marine organisms and their biological activities with potential applications in different areas.     

海洋生物活性物质抗衰老作用研究进展

衰老会引起多器官功能衰减,导致各种与衰老相关的代谢、神经系统、心血管疾病的发生和发展,抗衰老已成为现代生命科学领域研究的一个重要课题,开发天然有效的抗衰老食品活性组分对促进人类健康发展具有重要意义。海洋生物活性物质具有良好的生物相容性,且具有易吸收、低毒性等特点,同时有助于机体抗氧化、调节肠道菌群和调控衰老相关基因的表达,因此能够作为开发抗衰老功能性食品的丰富原料。本文主要对衰老的机制学说,海洋来源的多肽、多糖、不饱和脂肪酸和虾青素等生物活性物质的抗衰老功效,以及海洋生物活性物质对衰老的干预机制进行了综述,并对海洋生物活性物质抗衰老的研究方向进行展望,以期为抗衰老海洋活性物质及其功能性食品的研究与开发提供参考。     

Bacterial metabolism as responsible of beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on human health

Abstract

Phytoestrogens (PE) are compounds found in plants such as soy (isoflavones), flax seeds and cereals (lignans) and pomegranates (ellagitannins). PE have shown estrogenic/antiestrogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and apoptotic activities. The human studies are showing promising although inconsistent results about the beneficial effects of PE on ameliorating the menopausal symptoms or reducing the risk of certain cancers, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. The effects of PE on the organism are mediated by the intestinal microbiota, which transforms them into bioactive PE such as genistein, equol, enterolignans and certain urolithins. In this work, we review the most recent findings about the bacteria able to metabolize PE, together with the latest studies on the effects of PE on health. In addition, we describe the possible factors hindering the demonstration of the beneficial effect of PE on health, evincing the importance of measuring the actual circulating PE in order to encompass the variability of PE metabolism due to the intestinal microbiota. With this in mind, we also explore an approach to ensure the access to bioactive PE.     

Ultraviolet radiation affects emission of ozone-depleting substances by marine macroalgae: results from a laboratory incubation study

The depletion of stratospheric ozone due to the effects of ozone-depleting substances, such as volatile organohalogens, emitted into the atmosphere from industrial and natural sources has increased the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface. Especially in the subpolar and polar regions, where stratospheric ozone destruction is the highest, individual organisms and whole ecosystems can be affected. In a laboratory study, several species of marine macroalgae occurring in the polar and northern temperate regions were exposed to elevated levels of ultraviolet radiation. Most of the macroalgae released significantly more chloroform, bromoform, dibromomethane, and methyl iodide-all volatile organohalogens. Calculating on the basis of the release of total chlorine, bromine, and iodine revealed that, except for two macroalgae emitting chlorine and one alga emitting iodine, exposure to ultraviolet radiation caused macroalgae to emit significantly more total chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation due to possible further destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer as a result of ongoing global atmospheric warming may thus increase the future importance of marine macroalgae as a source for the global occurrence of reactive halogen-containing compounds.     

Indigenous marine diatoms as novel sources of bioactive peptides with antihypertensive and antioxidant properties

Several bioactive compounds from microalgae have demonstrated diverse biological activities with positive effects on human health. However, the potential of bioactive peptides as functional foods is still undervalued. Therefore, the exploration of microalgae strains as sources of bioactive peptides could reveal strong and unique bioactivities, especially when these marine sources have never been explored before. For this aim, protein extracts from six indigenous marine diatoms were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using four proteases (flavourzyme, pepsin, papain and trypsin). The hydrolysates were then tested for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory, antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. Results showed that papain hydrolysates from all microalgae strains exhibited strong ACE-inhibitory activities and antioxidant properties. In particular, protein hydrolysates from Bellerochea malleus were found to reduce blood pressure properties of 17 mmHg after 5 days of oral administration to SHR animals. These results revealed the potential of bioactive peptides from indigenous marine diatoms for use as functional foods or nutraceuticals.     

Saffron: a promising natural medicine in the treatment of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a disorder which encompasses obesity, high blood glucose, high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. Moreover, metabolic syndrome is considered as the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality in the world for both men and women. Several chemical drugs are available to treat metabolic risk factors, but because of the safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects, nowadays herbal therapy has a critical role in the treatment of these CVD risk factors. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is a perennial herb that belongs to the Iridaceae family. Saffron is an extensively used food additive for its colour and taste and has been widely used in traditional as well as modern medicine to treat several illnesses including cardiovascular diseases. Most of the unique properties of this plant are attributed to the presence of three major components, including crocin, safranal and crocetin. It has been proved that saffron has an important role in the management of metabolic syndrome because of its marvelous activities including anti‐diabetic, anti‐obesity, hypotensive and hypolipidaemic properties. In this review article, we discuss the beneficial properties of saffron and its active components to treat different components of metabolic syndrome and most relevant animal and human studies regarding the use of this plant in cardiovascular disease, with focus on the metabolic risk factors. This review also suggests that after randomised clinical trials, saffron may be implicated as a preventive or therapeutic agent against metabolic syndrome. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effects of food essential oils on cardiovascular diseases: A review

Essential oils (EO) are complex secondary metabolites, which are produced by aromatic plants and identified by their powerful odors. Present studies on EO and their isolated ingredients have drawn the attention of researchers to screen these natural products and evaluate their effect on the cardiovascular system. Some EO, and their active ingredients, have been reported to improve the cardiovascular system significantly by affecting vaso-relaxation, and decreasing the heart rate and exert a hypotension activity. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the role of EO and their main active components in promoting the health of the cardiovascular system. The objective of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on the functional role of EO extracted from plants for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and their mechanisms of action. Research on EO has the potential to identify new bioactive compounds and formulate new functional products for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction.     

Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Traditional Risk Factors

A strict adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has repeatedly been linked to a low risk of cardiovascular disease in several situations. Initially, the mechanisms considered as possible causes of this were based on the effects of this dietary pattern on the so-called traditional risk factors (especially lipids and blood pressure). However, the high relative reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were not proportional to the limited findings about regulation of those traditional risk factors. In addition to several studies confirming the above effects, current research on the MedDiet is being focused on defining its effects on non-traditional risk factors, such as endothelial function, inflammation, oxidative stress, or on controlling the conditions which predispose people to cardiovascular events, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the current article, after briefly reviewing the known effects of the MedDiet on the traditional risk factors, we will mainly focus on reviewing the current evidence about the effects that this dietary pattern exerts on alternative factors, including postprandial lipemia or coagulation, among others, as well as providing a short review on future directions.     

Health effects and metabolism of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a long chain fatty acid of the n-3 series, is found in marine foods. Beneficial effects of these foods containing EPA on factors associated with cardiovascular disease risk and arterial thrombosis have been demonstrated. More recently, studies have suggested that EPA may also have a favourable effect on other human diseases such as arthritis, renal disorders, psoriasis and possibly also cancer. EPA is metabolized in a manner generally similar to that of arachidonic acid (AA) although some significant differences between the two are apparent. The metabolic fate of dietary EPA in human subjects is reviewed herein with inclusion of information from animal studies where human data is not available. The metabolism of EPA in the phospholipids of human platelets is emphasized to some extent. Effects of EPA on AA metabolism are also described.     

海洋真菌活性代谢产物的研究进展

海洋微生物是天然生物活性物质的丰富源泉,从海洋微生物中寻找和开发活性代谢产物是当今天然药物化学的研究热点,海洋真菌活性代谢产物是海洋微生物代谢产物的重要分支之一。本文对海洋真菌的特点、培养条件以及目前在国内外发现的主要生物活性代谢产物进行了介绍,这将为今后海洋真菌活性代谢产物的研究起到参考作用。     

Arsenic occurrence and species in near-shore macroalgae-feeding marine animals

This study was undertaken to improve the understanding of arsenic species and their pathways of formation in marine animals: fish (Odax cyanomelas), abalone (Haliotis rubra), and sea urchins (Heliocidaris erythrogramma and Centrostephanus rodgersii) that are directly exposed through their diets to dimethyl arsenoriboses in macroalgae (Phyllospora comosa and Halopteris platycena). The identification of dimethyl arsenoriboses (phosphate, sulfonate, and glycerol) in both dominant macroalgae species, and especially digestive tissues of marine animals that consume them, suggests these arsenic species, are to some degree accumulated directly from their diets without degradation or conversion. An unknown arsenic species in H. rubra intestinal tissue was identified using tandem mass spectrometry as 2',3'-dihydroxypropyl 5-deoxy-5-trimethyl arsonioriboside (trimethyl glycerol arsenoribose). The concentration of trimethyl glycerol arsenoribose in H. rubra intestinal tissue was estimated to account for 28% (5.0 microg g(-1) dry mass) of the methanol-water-soluble arsenic fraction. The presence of a trimethyl glycerol arsenoribose in marine animal tissues may be due to microbial-mediated processes that promote the reduction and methylation of dimethyl arsenoriboses released during the breakdown of macroalgae in their diets. Arsenobetaine formation may then occur in the lumen of the digestive tract (i.e., mediated by microorganisms) or in the liver catalyzed by enzymes. The identification of a large amount of trimethyl glycerol arsenoribose in H. rubra intestinal tissue suggests this species is a main constituent in the pathway for arsenic in this marine animal.     

Design and development of meat-based functional foods with walnut: Technological,nutritional and health impact

With growing understanding of the relationship between diet and health has come the emergence of so-called functional foods. The idea of using food for health purposes and not merely as a source of nutrients opens up a whole new field in the meat industry. In addition to traditional presentations, there a number of ways in which the meat sector can modify the qualitative and quantitative composition of meat and meat product components and produce designer foods with specific properties. This entails addressing quality factors associated with different product properties (sensory and technological properties, hygiene, convenience, stability, etc.), nutritional value (balanced composition and bioactive substances) and their effects on physiological function and health. This article reviews a comprehensive model for the development of meat-based functional foods based on a presentation of the research achieved in terms of the design and development of qualitatively and quantitatively modified meat products (through reformulation) in nutrients associated with cardiovascular risk (walnut as a source of bioactive substances). It also discusses their bioavailability and the effect of their consumption on intermediate cardiovascular risk markers in humans.     

Potential impact of strawberries on human health: a review of the science

Epidemiological studies have noted a consistent association between the consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables and a lower risk for chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease. There is accumulating evidence that much of the health-promoting potential of these plant foods may come from phytochemicals, bioactive compounds not designated as traditional nutrients. In strawberries, the most abundant of these are ellagic acid, and certain flavonoids: anthocyanin, catechin, quercetin and kaempferol. These compounds in strawberries have potent antioxidant power. Antioxidants help lower risk of cardiovascular events by inhibition of LDL-cholesterol oxidation, promotion of plaque stability, improved vascular endothelial function, and decreased tendency for thrombosis. Furthermore, strawberry extracts have been shown to inhibit COX enzymes in vitro, which would modulate the inflammatory process. Individual compounds in strawberries have demonstrated anticancer activity in several different experimental systems, blocking initiation of carcinogenesis, and suppressing progression and proliferation of tumors. Preliminary animal studies have indicated that diets rich in strawberries may also have the potential to provide benefits to the aging brain.     

海绵生物活性肽

海绵生物是种类繁多的共生体,其生存环境复杂、代谢途径独特,其次生代谢产物丰富多样.目前,海绵生物活性肽的研究极为活跃.本文在分析海绵生物活性肽分子结构的基础上,综述了从海绵中发现的肽具有各种生物活性,包括抗肿瘤活性、抗病毒活性、抗菌活性以及其它很多种不同的活性.指出海绵动物是一个极大的药物库,展望了海绵生物活性肽的应用前景.