乳酸菌降低过敏食物致敏性的研究进展

食物过敏的患病率在近几十年内急剧上升,越来越多的证据表明机体内微生物的生态失调是引起食物过敏的主要原因,因此乳酸菌等益生菌对过敏症状的潜在预防和治疗效果引起了人们的广泛关注。大量研究表明乳酸菌不仅能够通过发酵降低食物过敏原的致敏性,而且有可能通过调节肠道菌群的平衡在宿主免疫系统的发育和调节中发挥作用,从而改变过敏性疾病的发病风险。本文综述了乳酸菌的分类和生物特性,乳酸菌发酵在降低牛奶、大豆、花生、小麦等主要食物过敏原中发挥的作用,乳酸菌发挥免疫调节作用的主要机制,包括改变抗原递呈细胞的表型、调节Th1/Th2平衡、诱导调节性T细胞、增强肠道屏障功能。以期通过乳酸菌及其发酵作用达到预防和/或治疗食物过敏的效果,为乳酸菌的研究及应用提供参考。     

膳食结构和成分通过调控肠道菌群影响食物过敏的研究进展

越来越多的研究表明,肠道菌群可以通过修饰食物致敏原、调节肠黏膜免疫平衡及屏障功能影响食物过敏的发生和发展。本文综述了饮食结构及膳食成分对肠道菌群的影响,并在此基础上讨论肠道菌群变化与肠上皮免疫反应的关系,揭示膳食成分通过调控肠道特异性微生物影响食物过敏的作用机制。通过了解膳食成分对肠道微生物的调控规律,能够明确饮食习惯及膳食结构在食物过敏发生发展中所起的作用,从而为食物过敏人群提供科学的膳食指导。     

T lymphocytes and food allergy

Food allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to normally harmless substances and involves humoral immune responses, mediated by immunoglobulin (IgE) synthesized by B lymphocytes, and cellular immune responses mediated by T lymphocytes. An IgE-mediated mechanism leads to clinical symptoms occurring immediately after food ingestion, e. g., "the oral allergy syndrome". For delayed reactions involving the gastrointestinal tract or the skin, the underlying immune mechanisms are less clear. In order to elucidate the cellular response to food allergens, human allergen-specific T cell cultures generated in vitro represent helpful tools. The majority of food allergen-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes isolated from food-allergic individuals was found to synthesize high levels of IL-4 and IL-13, two cytokines required for initiation of IgE synthesis. Due to selective homing profiles, food-specific T cells seem also to be involved in defining the target organ of the allergic inflammation. Recent data provide evidence that in addition to IgE-mediated inflammation, food allergen-specific T lymphocytes may also cause inflammatory responses independently of IgE-mediated mechanisms.     

肠道黏膜免疫细胞在食物致敏中的作用研究进展

食物过敏是食品安全的重要问题之一,且大部分食物过敏是在胃肠道消化过程中引发的。食物过敏原蛋白 经胃肠道消化后形成肽段,其中部分消化肽在通过肠上皮组织屏障进入肠道黏膜系统后,被递呈给相关免疫细胞, 从而引发肠道黏膜系统中一系列免疫应答反应。本文阐述了消化肽进入肠道黏膜后,肠上皮细胞、树突状细胞、B 淋巴细胞及CD4＋ T淋巴细胞在黏膜免疫致敏过程中所起的作用,为探讨食物过敏引发胃肠道免疫的工作机制提供 了理论依据。     

乳酪蛋白源免疫调节肽

酪蛋白是乳中最主要的蛋白质 ,除了提供氨基酸和能量的营养功能外 ,酪蛋白还是生物活性肽的重要来源。这些生物活性肽本身以非活性状态存在于蛋白质氨基酸序列之中 ,当用适当的蛋白酶进行体外水解或在胃肠道消化过程中以及食品加工过程中 ,它们的活性就被释放出来 ,并可作为生理功能的重要调节剂。大量证据表明乳酪蛋白中存在大量的免疫调节肽。本文对乳酪蛋白来源的免疫调节肽的序列结构及其对免疫系统的调节机能做一综述。     

食物致敏原表位定位技术的研究进展

食物致敏原是引起食物过敏的元凶，多为蛋白质。抗原表位是在抗原分子中与抗体反应或被抗原受体识别，并引发机体免疫应答的特殊化学基团。从表位水平认识食物致敏原，能揭示食物过敏的物质基础，为解决食物过敏问题提供精准的靶标。本文基于表位结构和定位方法的不同，介绍了食物致敏原表位定位技术的发展，并进一步展望了致敏原表位信息对于改进食物过敏鉴定技术和低致敏食物加工方法的应用前景。     

免疫耐受在牛乳过敏中的研究进展

食物过敏是机体对过敏原产生的一种不良免疫反应,而免疫耐受是指机体对摄入的食物抗原不产生此类免疫应答.近年来,牛乳过敏的发生率越来越高,大部分牛乳过敏的儿童3岁之后出现了免疫耐受.基于此,介绍了牛乳过敏及引发免疫耐受的相关免疫细胞包括树突状细胞、调节性B细胞、调节性T细胞在免疫耐受中的作用及3种诱导免疫耐受的方法.     

Effect of prior dietary exposure to cows' milk protein on antigen-specific and nonspecific cellular proliferation in mice

The impact of dietary components on the immune system is gaining increased attention in the effort to develop safe food products, some even with health-promoting potential, as well as to improve the basic understanding of the immunomodulatory potential of common food components. In such studies, which are mainly based on experiments in vitro, it is important to be able to differentiate nonspecific activation of immune cells induced by dietary components from ex vivo restimulation of antigen-specific cells that might be present in cell cultures owing to prior dietary exposure to the antigens in cell donors. Focusing on the immunostimulatory potential of cows' milk proteins and peptides, we studied the impact of prior dietary exposure to cows' milk on proliferation of murine immune cells upon ex vivo stimulation with bovine milk proteins. Nonspecific proliferation induced by beta-casein peptides was further assessed on cells from mice bred on a cows'-milk-free diet. Regarding the dietary effect, we found that prior oral intake of cows' milk proteins affected cell proliferation induced by culturing with cows' milk proteins in vitro, as spleen cells from mice fed a milk-containing diet showed a significantly greater proliferative response than did cells from mice bred on a cows'-milk-free diet. Studies of immune enhancing potentials of beta-casein peptides showed that some peptides stimulate proliferation of immune cells nonspecifically. In conclusion, these findings stress the importance of employing immune cells from mice unexposed to cows' milk for studies of the immunomodulating capacity of cows' milk proteins and peptides, in order to rule out the interference caused by antigen-specific immune responses. By using such cells, we here show that some beta-casein peptides possess the potential to induce proliferation in immune cells in a nonspecific manner.     

益生菌改善牛乳蛋白过敏性的研究进展

牛奶蛋白过敏是儿童早期最常见的食物过敏反应之一,通常会持续到成年期。益生菌影响肠道微生物群并调节免疫反应。因此,它可能是可以缓解某些涉及肠道免疫系统疾病的工具,例如尚无治疗方法的牛乳蛋白过敏。本文中探讨了牛奶蛋白过敏的重要研究进展,介绍了牛乳蛋白过敏原和过敏机理。重点强调了益生菌在牛奶蛋白过敏方面取得的最新进展,通过调节肠道菌群和提高肠道免疫来改善牛乳蛋白过敏。最后阐述了低致敏性产品的研究现状,提出了研究及应用中面临的主要问题。益生菌改善牛乳蛋白过敏性的深入研究是过敏领域的重大突破,为缓解牛乳过敏提供理论依据。     

Influence of functional food components on gut health

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the gastrointestinal tract establish a barrier between external environments and the internal milieu. An intact intestinal barrier maintains gut health and overall good health of the body by preventing from tissue injury, pathogen infection and disease development. When the intestinal barrier function is compromised, bacterial translocation can occur. Our gut microbiota also plays a fundamentally important role in health, for example, by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, metabolism and modulating the immune system, etc. Any disruption of gut microbiota composition (also termed dysbiosis) can lead to various pathological conditions. In short, intestinal barrier and gut microbiota are two crucial factors affecting gut health. The gastrointestinal tract is a complex environment exposed to many dietary components and commensal bacteria. Dietary components are increasingly recognized to play various beneficial roles beyond basic nutrition, resulting in the development of the functional food concepts. Various dietary modifiers, including the consumption of live bacteria (probiotics) and ingestible food constituents such as prebiotics, as well as polyphenols or synbiotics (combinations of probiotics and prebiotics) are the most well characterized dietary bioactive compounds and have been demonstrated to beneficially impact the gut health and the overall well-being of the host. In this review we depict the roles of intestinal epithelium and gut microbiota in mucosal defence responses and the influence of certain functional food components on the modulation of gut health, with a particular focus on probiotics, prebiotics and polyphenols.     

Milk allergens, their characteristics and their detection in food: A review

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies in childhood. This allergy is normally outgrown in the first year of life, however 15% of allergic children remain allergic. Many studies have been carried out to define and characterise the allergens involved in CMA and described two major allergens: casein (αs1-CN) and β-lactoglobulin. In addition to this, many other milk proteins are antigenic and capable of inducing immune responses. Milk from sheep or goats differs from cow's milk (CM) in terms of composition and allergenic properties. Food processing such as heating affects the stability, structure and intermolecular interactions of CM proteins, thereby changing the allergenic capacity. Chemical and proteolytic treatments of milk to obtain milk hydrolysates have been developed to reduce allergic reactions. Prevention of CMA largely relies on avoidance of all food products containing cow's milk. To achieve this, interest has focused on the development of various technologies for detecting and measuring the presence of milk allergens in food products by immunoassays or proteomic approaches. This review describes the technologies implemented for the analysis of milk allergens (allergenicity, biochemistry) as well as their potential detection in food matrices.     

Effect of 3 lactobacilli on immunoregulation and intestinal microbiota in a β-lactoglobulin–induced allergic mouse model

Milk is one of the earliest and most common allergen sources in the world, with β-lactoglobulin representing a major allergen protein. Numerous studies have reported that probiotics exert antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we examined the effects of 3 strains of Lactobacillus on immunomodulatory functions, intestinal barrier functions, and intestinal microbiota through a β-lactoglobulin–induced allergic mouse model. We found that the oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY2013 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG suppressed allergic response, attenuating serum IgE and relieving anaphylaxis symptoms. The 3 strains of Lactobacillus could induce T helper (Th) 1 or T regulatory cells to differentiate to inhibit the Th2-biased response for regulating Th1/Th2 immune balance. Furthermore, L. plantarum ZDY2013 and L. rhamnosus GG enhanced intestinal barrier function through the regulation of tight junction. We also found that L. plantarum ZDY2013 and L. plantarum WLPL04 could regulate alterations in intestinal microbiota caused by allergies. In particular, Rikenella, Ruminiclostridium, and Lachnospiraceae UCG-006 were considerably reduced after treatment with L. plantarum ZDY2013 and L. plantarum WLPL04. These results suggested that 3 Lactobacillus strains may serve as an effective tool for the treatment of food allergies by regulating immune and gut microbiota.     

Immunological Properties of Inulin-Type Fructans

Beneficial effects of inulin-type fructans are discussed in view of studies that applied the oligosaccharides in colon cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, vaccination efficacy, and prevention of infection and allergy. In the present paper, we discuss their immunomodulating effects. It is suggested that immunomodulation is elicited through indirect and direct mechanisms. Indirect mechanisms encompass stimulation of growth and activity of lactic acid bacteria, but can also be caused by fermentation products of these bacteria, i.e., short chain fatty acids. Evidence for direct effects on the immune system generally remains to be confirmed. It is suggested that inulin-type fructans can be detected by gut dendritic cells (DCs), through receptor ligation of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain containing proteins (NODs), C-type lectin receptors, and galectins, eventually inducing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. DCs may also exert antigen presenting capacity toward effector cells, such as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells locally, or in the spleen. Inulin-type fructans may also ligate PRRs expressed on gut epithelium, which could influence its barrier function. Inulin-type fructans are potent immunomodulating food components that hold many promises for prevention of disease. However, more studies into the mechanisms, dose-effect relations, and structure-function studies are required.     

食品过敏原检测技术研究进展

目前食物过敏在人群中的収生率呈明显上升趋势,食物过敏已成为突出的食品安全问题。食物过敏事敀最有敁的预防方式是过敏者避克食用过敏食物,因此检测不同食物中是否含有过敏原其有十分重要的意义。本文比较了食品法具委员会、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、欧盟、日本、南非、美国对食品过敏原标识管理的情况,综述了基于蛋白水平的酶联克疫(enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, ELISA)法、克疫层析技术和基于核酸水平的实时荧光定量PCR技术、环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)检测食物过敏原的方法,探讨了质谱法以及生物芯片、生物传感器等兵他新关检测技术在过敏原检测领域的应用,有利于加强食品质量监管的力度,确保食品安全。     

Evidence for the effects of yogurt on gut health and obesity

Obesity is associated with increased risk for chronic diseases, and affects both developed and developing nations. Yogurt is a nutrient-dense food that may benefit individuals with lactose intolerance, constipation and diarrheal diseases, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that yogurt consumption might also improve the health of obese individuals. Obesity is often accompanied by chronic, low-grade inflammation perpetuated by adipose tissue and the gut. In the gut, obesity-associated dysregulation of microbiota and impaired gut barrier function may increase endotoxin exposure. Intestinal barrier function can be compromised by pathogens, inflammatory cytokines, endocannabinoids, diet, exercise, and gastrointestinal peptides. Yogurt consumption may improve gut health and reduce chronic inflammation by enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses, intestinal barrier function, lipid profiles, and by regulating appetite. While this evidence suggests that yogurt consumption is beneficial for obese individuals, randomized-controlled trials are needed to further support this hypothesis.     

肠道菌群调控下的食物过敏机制研究进展

随着过敏人群数量的快速增加,食物过敏日益受到人们的关注。肠道微生物在机体免疫系统的形成和发展 中扮演着重要角色,越来越多的研究表明,抗生素的使用、膳食结构的改变等因素所引起的肠道菌群紊乱将会增加 人群患食物过敏的机率。本文将从细胞和分子水平综述目前对口服耐受的产生及因其缺失而引起食物过敏的相关机 理的研究,并在此基础上讨论肠道微生物调节食物过敏的潜在通路,最后概述有关益生菌缓解食物过敏的应用及机 制研究。通过了解肠道微生物与宿主黏膜系统的相互作用,可为预防及治疗食物过敏提供新的调控靶点和研究思 路,并为益生菌缓解食物过敏提供理论依据和改进方案,从而减少食物过敏的发生。     

基于动物模型的大豆球蛋白诱导肠黏膜过敏反应机理研究

目的:探究大豆球蛋白诱导小鼠肠黏膜过敏反应的调控机理。方法:以大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白为试验材料,Balb/c小鼠为受试动物,采用连续灌胃的方式建立肠道过敏动物模型。研究了小鼠小肠绒毛T、B淋巴细胞的数量、肠细胞凋亡率和固有层IgA+浆细胞的数量及小肠液中sIgA的含量。结果:与对照组相比,大豆球蛋白组小肠绒毛固有层淋巴细胞CD3^+、CD4^+数量显著高于对照组(P<0.01);大豆β-伴球蛋白组小肠绒毛固有层及肠上皮细胞中CD3^+、CD8^+、CD4^+及整合素α4β7的数量均显著高于对照。高倍镜下观察显示试验组小鼠小肠固有层中可见大量浆细胞及淋巴细胞等炎性细胞浸润;试验组小鼠小肠固有层IgA+浆细胞呈现明显的阳性染色。结论:大豆球蛋白可以介导细胞免疫为主的过敏反应发生,肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡亢进是造成肠道通透性加强,进而破坏肠黏膜屏障功能的重要原因。     

模拟消化方法在食物过敏原潜在致敏性评价中的应用进展

食物过敏已成为全球范围内日益严重的食品安全问题。对食物过敏原的潜在致敏性进行评价有助于更好地了解食物过敏原自身特性及其对过敏人群免疫系统的影响。模拟消化实验是食物过敏原潜在致敏性评价的有力手段。食物过敏原蛋白的消化稳定性为其潜在致敏性评价结果提供了重要参考依据,但并非所有食物过敏原均具有较强的消化稳定性。食物过敏原的潜在致敏性一方面取决于过敏原蛋白在通过消化道时的消化稳定性,另一方面取决于消化产物中具有免疫刺激能力的过敏原表位的丰度。不同模拟消化方法的应用对食物过敏原的消化结果及潜在致敏性评价结果的真实性和可比性具有重要影响。本文系统地介绍了体内及体外模拟消化方法的优缺点及在食物过敏原潜在致敏性评价中的应用研究进展,并综述了食物过敏原消化稳定性与其潜在致敏性评价结果的关系。以期对食物过敏原致敏性评价体系的进一步完善和发展有所帮助。     

抗菌肽对于病原微生物的抗菌及耐药机制

抗菌肽作为多种生物抵抗病原体的第一道防线,可以作为生物体内的天然免疫屏障,也可以在食品工业中用作天然防腐剂。该文叙述了抗菌肽杀灭细菌的作用机制以及微生物耐受抗菌肽的基本原理。无论是抗菌肽对病原微生物的抗菌作用还是病原微生物的耐抗性,其主要机制都与膜的生理功能和胞质成分变化有关。对于抗菌,主要是通过阻碍或破坏细胞壁的形成、与胞内靶位点结合以及抑制主要的脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）复制酶从而达到抗菌效果。微生物对于抗菌肽耐药性的实现主要是有机体通过先天的组成型抗性和后期的诱导型抗性。这些信息可能有助于选择最佳的抗菌肽,并建立有效的使用途径。     

食品中常见过敏原及检测技术研究进展

近年来，食物过敏发生率呈现上升趋势，由食物过敏引发的食品安全问题引起广泛关注。目前对于食物过敏尚无有效治疗手段，避免摄入含过敏原食物是最有效的预防方式。因此，过敏原检测与标识对过敏人群具有重要的警示意义。本文介绍了8 类常见致敏食品中主要过敏原的结构与致敏特点，综述了现阶段用于过敏原检测的主要技术，包括基于蛋白水平的免疫学检测技术、基因水平的分子生物学检测技术以及质谱技术，分析了各方法的优势与局限性，并对过敏原检测技术的发展方向进行了展望。