The conditions for onset of beta oscillations in an extended subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network

The persistence of beta oscillations generated in the basal ganglia is typical pathological characteristic of Parkin-son's disease.In this paper,we construct a new network model,which is mainly composed of the subthalamic nu-cleus and the globus pallidus.Based on theory analysis,we obtained the beta shock conditions in the proposed model.It is shown that numerical simulations are in good agreement with analytical results.At last,the effects of cortex and striatum inputs on the generation of oscillations are also discussed.We hope that the obtained results may find applications to treatment of Parkinson’s disease and study of neural oscillations produced in other parts of the brain neural network.     

Morphology study of oriented SmBCO film deposited by MOCVD

c-axis-oriented SmBa_2Cu_3O_7(SmBCO) films have been deposited on(100)- LaA1O_3(LAO)substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) technique.The effects of deposition temperature(T_(dep)) and total pressure(P_(tot)) on the orientation and microstructure of SmBCO films were investigated.The orientation of SmBCO films transformed from α-axis to c-axis with increasing of T_(dep) from 900 to 1 100℃.At T_(dep)=1 050℃,SmBCO films had c-axis orientation and tetragon surface.At P_(tot)~(dep)=400-800 Pa and T_(dep)=1 050 ℃,totally c-axis-oriented SmBCO films were obtained.The R_(dep) of SmBCO films increased firstly and then decreased with increasing P_(tot).The surface of SmBCO films exhibited tetragon morphology at 1 050 ℃ and400 Pa.Maximum thickness of SmBCO film deposited was 1.2μm at P_(tot)= 600 Pa,and the corresponding R_(dep)was 7.2 μm·h~(-1).     

Effects of annealing processes on Cu<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Si<Subscript>1-<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> thin films

The Cu _x Si_1-x thin films have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with in situ annealing on Si (001) and Si (111), respectively. The transformation of phase was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the as-deposited films were composed of Cu on both Si (001) and Si (111). The annealed thin films consisted of Cu + η”-Cu₃Si on Si (001) while Cu + η’-Cu₃Si on Si (111), respectively, at annealed temperature (T _a) = 300-600 °C. With the further increasing of T _a, at T _a= 700 °C, there was only one main phase, η”-Cu₃Si on Si (001) while η’-Cu₃Si on Si (111), respectively. The annealed thin films transformed from continuous dense structure to scattered-grain morphology with increasing T _a detected by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). It was also showed that the grain size would enlarge with increasing annealing time (t _a).     

Statistical study of magnetotail flux ropes near the lunar orbit

Flux-rope/TCR events near the magnetotail lunar orbit(-67R_E GSM X* -39RE) were studied using magnetic-field and plasma data measured by THEMIS B and C between January 2011 and March 2012. The aberrant coordinate GSM*, where the X* axis is rotated 4° relative to GSM-X, was used to count the occurrence rate. The number ratio of earthward to tailward events was about 3:5. Moreover, the event occurrence rate distribution showed a clear dawn-dusk asymmetry distribution, with dusk-side events accounting for 57.98%. A superposed epoch analysis of the flux-rope events showed that earthward events had a shorter duration in the leading than in the trailing part. Earthward events also displayed a lower temperature and a lower flow speed than tailward events. We studied the relationship between the event occurrence rate and geomagnetic activity level even further. The occurrence rate of tailward flux-rope/TCR events increases with increasing AE-index, whereas earthward events occur mainly in the relatively quiet period of geomagnetic activity(AE ~ 100–300 n T). Flux-rope/TCR events identified within a 10 mm time frame were treated as belonging to a single reconnection event. By comparing the occurrence rates of earthward and tailward events along X*, we estimated the most likely location of the near-Earth reconnection site as X* = -36R_E.     

Crystal growth,structure and properties of bismuth triborate BiB<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> crystal

BiB₃O₆ (BIBO) single crystals with size of 46×23×10 mm³ and weight of 26.0 g have been successfully grown by top-seeded method. Problems encountered in the growth process of this crystal have been discussed in detail, and the methods of growing high-quality large crystals have been put forward. The relationship between their structure and properties is studied. The space group of monoclinic BiB₃O₆ is C2 and the cell parameters are a=7.1203(7) Å, b=4.9948(7) Å, c=6.5077(7) Å, β=105.586(8)″, and V=222.93(5) ų. The density of BIBO is 4.8965 g/cm³. The Mohs’s scale of hardness is 5.5–6. There is no cleavage face in the crystal. The transmittance of BIBO is about 80 percent in the range from visible coherent light to near-infrared light. The ultraviolet cutoff wavelength is at 276 nm. BiB₃O₆ is a biaxial crystal and has two sets of axes, and the relative orientation of (X, Y, Z) with regard to (a, b, c) is: X//b, (Y, c)=47.2°, (Z, a)=31.6°, determined by X-ray analysis combined with polarized microscopy. Second-harmonic-generation (SHG) experiments were carried out for the first time. In type I phase-matching (PM) directions (11.1°, 90°) and (168.9°, 90°), SHG conversion efficiencies of two directions for 1.064 μm light are up to 67.7% and 58%, respectively. We have also obtained the third-harmonic-generation (THG) of 1.064 μm. The comparative experiments between BIBO and KTP were carried out on conversion efficiency, transmittance and hardness. All the above results indicate that BiB₃O₆ is a kind of excellent nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal.     

Microstructure and growth kinetics of silicide coatings for TiAl alloy

In order to improve the oxidation resistance of Ti Al alloy, silicide coatings were prepared by pack cementation method at 1273, 1323, and 1373 K for 1-3 hours. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were employed to investigate the microstructures and phase constitutions of the coatings. The experimental results show that all silicon deposition coatings have multi-layer structure. The microstructure and composition of silicide coatings strongly depend on siliconizing temperatures. In order to investigate the rate controlling step of pack siliconizing on Ti Al alloy, coating growth kinetics was analyzed by measuring the mass gains per unit area of silicided samples as a function of time and temperature. The results showed that the rate controlling step was gas-phase diffusion step and the growth rate constant(k) ranged from 1.53 mg~2/(cm~4·h~2) to 2.3 mg~2/(cm~4·h~2). Activation energy(Q) for the process was calculated as 109 k J/mol, determined by Arrhenius' equation: k = k0 exp[–Q/(RT)].     

Microscopic evidence of destroying the order of magnetic sequence in CuO2 chain by Zn, Ni, Co Doping in Sr14Cu24O41 compound

The Zn2＋, Ni2＋ and Co3＋ doped Sr14Cu24041 compounds were synthesized by standard solid state method. X-ray diffraction results show that the changes in lattice parameters are very small. Selected area electron diffraction patterns （EDPs） show that the diffraction spots corresponding to the CuO2 chain substructure are extended to streaks along a＊ and b＊ directions for all the samples, while the diffraction spots produced merely by the Cu203 ladder substructure are still very sharp. This means that the periodicities of chains in a＊ and b＊ directions are partially destroyed upon doping ofZn, Ni and Co due to that the initial phase of each chain becomes a random variable. The temperature dependence of magnetic properties was measured for every sample. And the number of dimers in CuO2 chain per formula unit （f.u.） and dimer coupling constant are obtained by fitting the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility. It is found that the degree of initial phase disorder is related to the order degree of magnetic sequence in CuO2 chain. For the un-doped sample, the decoupling of dimers is weak, the magnetic sequence is slightly destroyed, and the streaks in EDP are also very weak, which implies the degree of initial phase disorder in CuO2 chain is very low. When Zn2~ and Ni2＋ ions are doped, the number of dimers per f.u. decreases, and the intensity of diffraction streaks increases in comparison with the corresponding spots. Furthermore, when the high spin magnetic ions Co3＋ are doped, the number of holes in Sr14Cu24041 decreases, the magnetic sequence is destroyed very seriously, and the spots in EDP are extended to streaks almost completely. The phenomenon that the diffraction spots ofCuO2 chain extend to streaks in EDP appears as evidence that the magnetic sequence in the CuO2 chain is destroyed by doping of Zn, Ni, Co.     

Influence of deposition pressure on properties of ZnO: Al films fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering

Transparent conductive aluminum doped zinc oxide(ZnO:Al,AZO) films were prepared on glass substrates by rf(radio frequency) magnetron sputtering from ZnO: 3wt% Al_2O_3 ceramic target. The effect of argon gas pressure(PAr) was investigated with small variations to understand the influence on the electrical, optical and structural properties of the films. Structural examinations using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) showed that the ZnO:Al thin films were(002) oriented. The resistivity values were measured by four-point probe with the lowest resistivity of 5.76×10~(-4) Ω?cm(sheet resistance=9.6 Ω/sq. for a thickness=600 nm) obtained at the PAr of 0.3 Pa. The transmittance was achieved from ultravioletvisible(UV-VIS) spectrophotometer, 84% higher than that in the visible region for all AZO thin films. The properties of deposited thin films showed a significant dependence on the PAr.     

Structural Properties and Energy Analysis of ZrxCu90-xAl10Ternary Metallic Glasses

Classical molecular dynamics(MD) were conducted to study the structure and energy distribution of Zr_xCu_90-xAl₁₀(x=20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70) ternary alloys. When the Zr composition is 30%, the glass transition temperature reaches the maximum value and the Zr₃₀Cu₆₀Al₁₀ owns high glass forming ability(GFA). Analysis of the short-range structure shows that there are more low-energy Zr-centered polyhedron with high coordination number(CN...     

Properties of Al-doped Copper Nitride Films Prepared by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

Cu3N and Al Cu3N films were prepared with reactive magnetron sputtering method. The two films were deposited on glass substrates at 0.8 Pa N2 partial pressure and 100 ℃ substrate temperature by using a pure Cu and AI target, respectively. X-ray diffraction （XRD） measurements show that the un-doped film was composed of Cu3N crystallites with anti-ReO3 structure and adopted [111] preferred orientation. XRD shows that the growth of Al-doped copper nitride films （AlxCu3N） was affected strongly by doping AI, the intensity of [111] peak decreases with increasing the concentration of Al and the high concentration of Al could prevent the Cu3N from crystallization. AFM shows that the surface of AlCu3N film is smoother than that of Cu3N film. Compared with the Cu3N films, the resistivities of the Al-doped copper nitride films （AlxCu3N） have been reduced, and the microhardness has been enhanced.     

Synthesis of MnxZn（1-x）Fe2O4 Nanopartieles by Ball-milling Hydrothermal Method

SMnxZn1-xFe2O4 （x=1,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6,0.5,0.25,0） nanoparticles were prepared by ball-milling hydrothermal and investigated by X-ray diffraction, DTG and TEM. Nanocrystallite grain size was determined by X-ray linewidth to be from 63 A to 274 A. The thermal properties indicate absorbed water still remain at low temperature, crystalline wate will be decomposed from 230 ℃ to 260 ℃, partial Mn^2＋ will be oxidized near 730 ℃. TEM shows the ferrite particles pocess a spherical morphology and uniform nanosize.     

Controlled preparation of monodisperse CoFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles by a facile method

CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by coprecipitation method using FeCl3·6H2O and CoCl2·6H2O as precursors.The synthesized conditions were optimized,such as added means of precipitator,quantity of precipitator,the mol ratio of Fe 3+ to Co2+,reaction temperature and pH value.The synthesized material was characterized by XRD,TEM,FTIR,EDS,Raman and its magnetic properties were studied by VSM.The experimental results confirm that the sample is cubic spinel structure CoFe2O4 with a narrow size distribution and a good dispersion feature.CoFe2O4 NPs with well-controlled shape and size was obtained at 70℃.The magnetic properties indicate superparamagnetic behavior and good saturated magnetization.     

Vacuum degree effects on betavoltaics irradiated by <Superscript>63</Superscript>Ni with differently apparent activity densities

For many current betavoltaics, beta sources and PN junction energy conversion units are separated. The air gap between the two parts could stop part of decay beta particles, which results in inefficient performance of the betavoltaic. By employing ⁶³Ni with an apparent emission activity density of 7.26×10⁷ and 1.81×10⁸ Bq cm^?2, betavoltaic performance levels were calculated at a vacuum degree range of 1×10⁵ to 1×10^?1 Pa and measured at 1.0×10⁵ and 1.0×10⁴ Pa, respectively. Results show that betavoltaic performance levels improve significantly as the vacuum degree increases. The maximum output power (P _max) exhibits the largest change, followed by short-circuit current (I _sc), open-circuit voltage (V _oc), and fill factor. The vacuum degree effects on I _sc, V _oc, and P _max of the betavoltaic with low apparent activity density ⁶³Ni are more significant than those of the betavoltaic with high apparent activity density ⁶³Ni. Moreover, the improved efficiencies of the measured performances are larger than the calculated efficiencies because of the low ratio of I _sc and reverse saturation current (I ₀). The values of I ₀, ideality factor, and shunt resistance were estimated to modify the equivalent circuit model. The calculation results based on this model are closer to the measurement results. The results of this research can provide a theoretical foundation and experimental reference for the study of vacuum degree effects on betavoltaics of the same kind.     

Enhanced Ferroelectric Polarization in Laser-ablated Bi<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> Thin Films by Controlling Preferred Orientation

Polycrystalline Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ thin films with various fractions of a-axis, c-axis and random orientations have been grown on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates by laser-ablation under different kinetic growth conditions. The relationship between the structure and ferroelectric property of the films was investigated, so as to explore the possibility of enhancing ferroelectric polarization by controlling the preferred orientation. The structural characterization indicated that the large growth rate and high oxygen background pressure were both favorable for the growth of non-c-axis oriented grains in the Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ thin films. The films with high fractions of a-axis and random orientations, i e, f (a-sxis) = 28.3% and f (random) = 69.6%, could be obtained at the deposition temperature of 973 K, oxygen partial pressure of 15 Pa and laser fluence of 4.6 J/cm², respectively. It was also noted that the variation of ferroelectric polarization was in accordance with the evolution non-c-axis orientation. A large value of remanent polarization (2Pr = 35.5 μC/cm²) was obtained for the Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ thin films with significant non-c-axis orientation, even higher than that of rare-earth-doped Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ films.     

Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of LiBiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Doped with V,Nb, and Ta

The crystal structure, band structure, density of states, Mulliken charge, bond population and optical properties for LiBi_1-xM_xO₃ (M=V, Nb, and Ta) were investigated using hybrid density functional theory. It was found that LiBiO₃ doped with V, Nb, and Ta presented distinctly stronger covalent interactions in M-O (M=V, Nb, and Ta) than Bi-O, thus resulting in mild distortion of the structure and facilitating the separation of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the hybridizations of Bi-6s, M-d (M=V, Nb, and Ta) and O-2p widened the valence and conduction bands, which promoted transmission of photogenerated carriers in the band edge and thus caused better photocatalytic performance.     

氯氧化铋/氧化亚铜复合材料的制备及其可见光催化性能

通过水热法成功制备了BiOCl/Cu₂O 复合材料, 是一种良好的可见光响应的光催化剂。通过X 射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis) 和电化学阻抗谱(EIS) 等分析方法对BiOCl/Cu₂O 复合材料进行表征分析。以酸性橙(AO7) 为目标污染物进行光催化降解实验, 探究了BiOCl/Cu₂O 复合材料的光催化性能和降解机制。XRD 结果表明, 随着BiOCl 含量的增多, BiOCl 的衍射强度逐渐上升。SEM 结果表明, BiOCl 小纳米片附着在相对较大的八面体Cu₂O 表面形成复合结构。通过UV-vis 和EIS 分析结果可知, 复合材料的带隙相较于Cu₂O 略微增大但其阻抗明显变小。降解实验结果表明, 质量比为3 : 5 的BiOCl/Cu₂O 复合材料在90 min时的可见光催化降解率(56.8%) 明显高于Cu₂O 的降解率(26.3%), 其降解速率常数(0.009 3 min^-1) 是纯Cu₂O(0.003 3 min^-1) 的2.8 倍。自由基捕获实验表明BiOCl/Cu₂O 复合材料光催化过程中起主要作用的活性物种是超氧自由基(·O_{2^- )。6 次循环降解实验后光催化剂BiOCl/Cu2O(3 : 5) 对AO7 的降解率仍可达到48.3%。BiOCl 与Cu2O形成的异质结构在一定程度上降低了表面转移电阻, 加快了光催化过程中光生电子的转移速率, 提高了光生电子和空穴的分离率, 增强了光催化效果。}     

Effects of the annealing heating rate on sputtered aluminum oxide films

Al_xO_y films by DC reactive magnetron sputtering were annealed in air ambient at 500 ℃for 1 h with different heating rates of 5,15,and 25 ℃/min.Then heat treatments at 900 ℃ were carried out on these 500 ℃-annealed films to simulate the high-temperature application environment.Effects of the annealing heating rate on structure and properties of both 500 ℃-annealed and 900 ℃-heated films were investigated systematically.It was found that distinct γ-Al_2O_3 crystallization was observed in the 900 ℃-heated films only when the annealing heating rates are 15 and 25 ℃/min.The 500 ℃-annealed film possessed the most compact surface morphology in the case of 25 ℃/min.The highest microhardness of both 500 ℃-annealed and 900℃-heated films were obtained when the annealing heating rate was 15 ℃/min.     

Dynamic Rheological Behavior of Low Water-to-binder Ratio Mortars under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS)

This work focuses on the dynamic rheological behavior of low water-to-binder ratio cement mortars blended with fly ash microspheres (FAM) or silica fume (SF). The initial slump flow of each group has been controlled at similar values by adjusting the superplasticizer dosages. With the help of a coaxial cylinder rheometer, the dynamic rheological behaviors of these mortars are investigated by frequency sweeping in the range of 0–2 Hz under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). Based on the systematical elaboration of dynamic rheological testing theory, the experimental data are processed according to Lissajous plot fitting to reveal the viscoelastic characteristics. The nonlinearity of response signals is further assessed with Fourier transform (FT) analysis. The parameters, storage modulus G', loss modulus G" and relative amplitude I₃/I₁ are proposed to clarify the influences of FAM and SF on the stability and energy consumption of local structures and nonlinearity of response torques. The hydration characteristics of various groups well confirmed the rheological phenomenon. This study is beneficial for the preparation and optimization of flow state concrete such as pumping concrete and self-compacting concrete.     

Reaction mechanism and microstructure evolution of reaction sintered <Emphasis Type="Italic">h</Emphasis>-BN

Hexagonal boron nitride ceramic (h-BN) based on the nitridation of B powders was obtained by reaction sintering method. The effects of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the resultant products were investigated and the reaction mechanism was discussed. Results showed that the reaction between B and N₂ occurred vigorously at temperatures ranging from 1 000 °C to 1 300 °C, which resulted in the generation of t-BN. When the temperature exceeded 1 450 °C, transformation from t-BN to h-BN began to occur. As the sintering temperature increased, the spherical particles of t-BN gradually transformed into fine sheet particles of h-BN. These particles subsequently displayed a compact arrangement to achieve a more uniform microstructure, thereby increasing the strength.     

金融科技水平影响企业非CO2温室气体排放的实证研究

针对企业非CO₂温室气体排放,以2011—2019年中国内地203个地级市面板数据为样本,构建面板门限回归模型,分析企业金融科技发展水平与非CO₂温室气体之间的关系.本文验证了金融科技水平影响企业非CO₂温室气体排放的结构特征及区域异质性影响.本研究的主要发现包括三个方面：1)金融科技的发展呈现出显著的污染减排效果,能够抑制非CO₂温室气体排放.企业的金融科技较低时,其工业二氧化硫减排作用较强,但更一般的情况是,在企业的金融科技水平较高时企业的工业氮氧化物减排效果大多呈现好转的态势.2)企业金融科技发展水平对企业污染减排的作用存在结构效应.金融科技覆盖广度对企业非CO₂温室气体的减排强度显著强于金融科技使用深度和金融数字化程度.3)金融科技对非CO₂温室气体减排作用存在区域差异,整体来看,中部地区显著高于东西部地区.研究结果对于各地实行差异化金融科技发展策略,推动社会经济发展全面绿色转型,实现“双碳”目标具有一定的指导价值.