Attaining the liquid helium temperature with a compact pulse tube cryocooler for space applications

Recent breakthroughs in space science have motivated space exploration programs in many countries including China. Cryocoolers, which provide the mandatory low-temperature environment for many sensitive yet delicate space detectors, are crucial for the proper functioning of various systems. One benchmark for the cryocooler performance is attaining the liquid helium temperature. However, even with complex configurations and multiple driving sources, only a few cryocoolers to date can achieve this goal. Here we report a high-frequency pulse tube cryocooler(HPTC) driven by a single non-oil-lubrication compressor which is capable of reaching the liquid helium temperature while offering other advantages such as high compactness, excellent reliability and high efficiency. The HPTC obtains a no-load temperature of 4.4 K, which is the first realization of cooling below the4 He critical point with a gas-coupled two-stage arrangement. The prototype can provide a cooling power of 87 mW at 8 K, and 5.2 mW at 5 K with a 425 W input electric power, showing leading-level efficiency. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability of the cryocooler to simultaneously provide cooling power at different temperature levels to meet different requirements. Therefore, the prototype developed here could be a promising cryocooler for space applications and beyond.     

G-M制冷机冷却的超导磁体研制及性能试验

针对超导磁体液氦易挥发、需要不断补充的问题,为研制的超导磁体加装了G-M制冷机.为了使磁体漏热量与制冷机的两级制冷量相匹配,对系统液氦和液氮温区的传导漏热、辐射漏热和对流漏热3种热载荷进行了计算,对制冷机单独进行了制冷量和最低温度的测试,结果表明磁体漏热量与制冷机制冷量相匹配.制冷机与磁体杜瓦装配后用制冷机冷却磁体,5 d时间将磁体温度冷却到4.2K.向磁体输入液氦并励磁,3 d时间内超导液面计数值下降不明显,表明磁体可实现自供液氦和零蒸发,装置在无补液情况下可长期运行.     

磁共振成像低温超导磁体冷却系统设计及数值分析

为了减小冷却磁共振成像（MRI）低温超导磁体的资源消耗和经济成本,设计可快速冷却室温磁体至60 K以下的系统,并通过建立数学物理模型进行数值模拟,对系统进行优化设计和深入分析. 系统以自主研发的大冷量单级斯特林制冷机为冷源,包括低温风机、低温调控阀和氦气罐等组成部分. 研究表明,优化系统运行参数可以显著提高冷却性能,其中系统内氦气的压力和流速尤为关键,因为两者能够显著影响压降与换热,进而影响冷却时间以及磁体最终所能达到的冷却温度. 此外,当前斯特林制冷机的冷端换热器性能尚有提升空间. 通过参数优化,系统在氦气压力为0.3 MPa、流速为13 m/s时能够达到较快的冷却速率,可在73.5 h内将质量为2 t的室温超导磁体冷却至60 K以下,有潜力在实际应用中实现MRI低温超导磁体的低能耗高效冷却.     

制冷机传导冷却的超导磁体冷却系统研究进展

回顾并总结了低温制冷机传导冷却的超导磁体系统的发展历程和最新研究进展.与传统的液氦浸泡冷却方式不同,低温制冷机传导冷却系统主要依靠低温下固体之间的热传导对超导磁体线圈进行冷却.基于小型低温制冷机的研究进展,集中讨论超导磁体中的制冷机传导冷却系统;结合传导冷却的超导磁体应用,讨论传导冷却中低温制冷机性能、低温恒温器传热以及加速冷却等技术要点,对低温制冷机传导冷却磁体系统的发展进行了展望.     

工质非理想性对非金属低温制冷机性能的影响

当制冷机的制冷温度低于20K时,工质氦的非理想性逐趋明显。本文初步探讨了氦工质的非理想性对非金属制冷机的制冷量和制冷温度的影响,分析了冷(?)由于进气和排气过程压力不平(?)引起的失焓现象,给出了计算公式和计算结果,并且对低温下回热器性能恶化和失焓效应对制冷性能的综合影响进行了扼要讨论。     

空间液氦温区机械式制冷技术发展现状及趋势

在介绍已发射和在研液氦温区低温探测器的任务目标和对低温系统性能要求的基础上,分析了空间用液氦温区机械式制冷技术的设计方法和工作性能,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.当前空间液氦温区机械式制冷技术主要采用线性压缩机驱动的预冷型4He和3He J-T节流制冷技术,而对于提供预冷的斯特林制冷机、吸附制冷机和高频脉管制冷机而言,进一步提高制冷效率是实现整机高效运行的关键.     

120 Hz单级脉管制冷机理论与实验

为了研究百赫兹以上的高频回热器的特性及其对脉管制冷机性能的影响,采用回热器数值计算程序REGEN3-2对高频回热器的尺寸参数和运行参数进行优化设计,并研制出一台运行频率为120 Hz的斯特林型脉管制冷机,其无负荷制冷温度为47.8 K,在78.6 K有8.0 W制冷量.初步证明配合使用更高的充气压力、采用小水力直径的回热填料以及缩短回热器长度,能够使得回热器在百赫兹以上的高频下仍然保持较高的效率.另外,实验显示该百赫兹高频脉管制冷机能够实现快速降温,脉管方向性问题也得到较好的抑制.     

35K两级高频脉管制冷研究:Ⅰ.理论分析

针对空间35K温区探测器的冷却需要,基于回热器数值计算软件REGEN3.2,成功设计了一台两级高频脉管制冷机.该制冷机采用热耦合的级间布置和惯性管调相方式,其中第二级脉管热端的惯性管和气库置于第一级脉管的冷头下,即冷惯性管,较好地解决了第二级脉管内小声功流条件下相位调节的难题.给出了第二级脉管制冷机的详细设计方法,讨论了第二级回热器填料、长度、充气压力对脉管制冷机性能的影响.计算表明,在80～35K,40Hz下,采用500目不锈钢丝网作为回热器时的制冷性能优于铅丸回热材料,充气压力在1.25MPa下可以获得较好的制冷性能.     

35K两级高频脉管制冷研究：Ⅱ.实验验证

针对空间35K温区探测器的冷却需要,结合回热器数值计算软件REGEN3.2的计算分析,自行研制了一台第二级脉管采用低温惯性管和低温气库的热耦合型两级高频脉管制冷机.实验研究了充气压力、工作频率、输入功率等对第二级脉管制冷机性能的影响.实验得到35K下最佳充气压力为1.26MPa,最佳工作频率为40Hz,从而验证了理论计算结果.实验结果表明,在充气压力为1.26MPa,工作频率为45Hz,输入功率为135W的条件下,获得了27.4K的最低无负荷制冷温度;在充气压力为1.36MPa,工作频率为40Hz,输入功率为205W的条件下,制冷机在35K获得了0.45W的制冷量.     

氦冷驱动电机转子端部温度场仿真

主氦风机驱动电机是高温气冷堆一回路中唯一的动力设备,其依靠氦气进行通风冷却.氦气在0~3 000℃、0.1~10 MPa时非常接近理想气体,其定压比热容和绝热指数几乎为常数.为了研究氦气的冷却性能,以驱动电机转子端部为研究对象,建立电机端部三维物理模型;根据氦气的物理特性,计算端部的通风损耗;并基于流体力学和工程热力学原理,采用流固耦合法对转子端部温度场进行数值计算.得出靠近氦气入口端转子端部温度场分布结果,计算的结果表明,氦气在冷却方面有优势,其通风损耗小,冷却效果好,安全性高,可为以后相关的氦气冷却设计提供依据.     

The third type DC flow in pulse tube cryocooler

New phenomena discovered in the experimental research of the ultra-high frequency pulse tube cryocooler were presented. The cause of the new phenomena was analyzed and the third type DC flow was discovered in the pulse tube cryocooler. The third type DC flow not only deteriorated cooling capacity but also led to temperature instability of the pulse tube cryocooler. From the fluid network theory and the simple regenerator model, the root of the third type DC flow was concisely investigated in theory. The asymmetric resistance of oscillating flow in pulse tube cryocooler was the key mechanism of the third type DC flow. Some suppression methods were briefly discussed.     

锂离子电池液冷管路优化

锂离子电池热管理系统是提高冷却效率的关键。针对车载锂离子电池的液冷通道管路,对其进行设计优化,建立了相应的数值模型,并通过实验验证了数值模型的可行性。研究结果表明：微通道冷却系统在高倍率放电下,可以将电池的温差从9.74 K降低至4.71 K,最高温度从309.74 K降低至305.13 K,都在最佳工作范围之内。通过对冷却液温度的研究发现,只通过降低冷却液温度并不能改善电池的温度环境,需要一个合适的温度来保障电池的温差,并且冷却液温度与电池的温差呈现出线性关系,电池的温差随着冷却液的温度降低而增大。     

液氦量子效应的路径积分蒙特卡罗模拟

为研究液氦中的量子效应,采用路径积分蒙特卡罗(PIMC)的方法对液氦体系进行模拟.在pimc++的平台上计算了体系中发生交换的原子数、对关联函数、结构因子以及超流分数等物理量.模拟的结果表明:对关联函数以及结构因子的值与实验数据符合得很好,PIMC可以对液氦中原子的微观排布进行精确的模拟.在4K的范围内,随着温度的降低,发生交换的粒子数目越来越多,体系的量子效应越来越明显.温度在临界温度2.17K左右的时候,体系出现超流,超流分数随着温度的降低而升高.路径积分蒙特卡罗可以精确地模拟液氦的结构,并且反映出全同粒子交换和超流相变等量子效应.     

Comparison of Geotextiles by Aeration Vacuum Rapid Dewatering Technique on Dredged Sludge

In order to accelerate the consolidation of the dredged sludge and look for an effective material for mud-water separation,the study on the comparison of geotextiles is carried on. It is based on the laboratory model test of aeration vacuum rapid mud- water separating( AVMWS) technique and evaluated by the cumulative weight of pumping water,the decrease of moisture content and the stable pumping speed. The results show that woven fabric is the best anti- clogging aeration vacuum material,followed by machine-woven fabric and non-woven fabric is the worst. The analysis has been proposed from two aspects of geotextile weaving technology and aeration vacuum condition.     

柴油机排气余热的有机朗肯循环发电系统

针对柴油机排气余热的特点设计了有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统.在该系统中,采用R245fa(1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷)作为循环工质,针对其不同蒸发温度以及冷凝温度,通过模拟计算研究了最终排气温度、系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率的变化规律.研究结果表明,当蒸发温度低于367.46 K时应采用一级膨胀系统;当蒸发温度高于367.46 K低于404.6 K时应采用二级膨胀系统;冷凝温度恒定时,最终排气温度随蒸发温度的升高而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随蒸发温度的升高而升高;蒸发温度恒定时,最终排气温度随冷凝温度的降低而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随冷凝温度的降低而升高.     

Overall optimization of Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines considering the cooling power consumption

The Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines has been regarded as a promising technique to reduce fuel consumption. Its heat dissipation in the condensation process, however, should be taken away in time, which is an energy-consuming process. A fan-assisted auxiliary water-cooling system is employed in this paper. Results at 1300 r/min and 50% load indicate that the cooling pump and cooling fan together consume 7.66% of the recovered power. What’s worse for the heavy load, cooling accessories may deplete of all the recovered power of the Rankine cycle system. Afterwards, effects of the condensing pressure and water feeding temperature are investigated, based on which a cooling power consumption model is established. Finally, an overall efficiency optimization is conducted to balance the electric power generation and cooling power consumption, taking condensing pressure, pressure ratio and exhaust bypass valve as major variables. The research suggests that the priority is to increase condensing pressure and open exhaust bypass valve appropriately at high speed and heavy load to reduce the cooling power consumption, while at low speed and light load, a lower condensing pressure is favored and the exhaust bypass valve should be closed making the waste heat recovered as much as possible. Within the sub-critical region, a larger pressure ratio yields higher overall efficiency improvement at medium-low speed and load. But the effects taper off at high speed and heavy load. For a given vehicular heavy-duty diesel engine, the overall efficiency can be improved by 3.37% at 1300 r/min and 25% load using a Rankine cycle system to recover exhaust energy. The improvement becomes smaller as engine speed and load become higher.     

An introduction to the novel vacuum plume effects experimental system

This paper introduces a newly developed vacuum Plume effects Experimental System(PES) used for plume effect tests of rocket engines and vacuum heat tests of satellites. The design level, manufacturing technique, and testing capabilities of the PES have reached a highly advanced level at home and abroad. The PES mainly consists of a vacuum chamber, vacuum acquisition system, nitrogen system, helium system, and parameter measurement system. A breakthrough was obtained on the Large Scale Cryo-Pumping System, which was based on a combined liquid nitrogen and liquid helium heat sink. An internal cryopump with a limiting temperature of 4.2 K and an efficient absorption area of 305 m2 was developed. The absorption capability of the cryopump was above 7×107 L/s. Vacuum plume tests were performed in the temperature ranges of ambient temperature, liquid nitrogen, and liquid helium. The experimental results showed that the plume test capability of PES is higher than that of similar foreign equipment STG and CHAFF-4. For 2 g/s and 117 N rocket engines, the dynamic vacuum degree of environment was 8.0×10?4 Pa(approximately 137 km height) and 1.1×10?2 Pa(approximately 106 km height), respectively.     

利用Moldflow软件优化畚斗的冷却系统

利用Moldflow软件对畚斗的冷却过程进行模拟,根据制品原始方案的冷却分析结果,通过调整冷却水路布置、改变冷却液的温度、更改制品型芯材料,对冷却系统进行优化,得到了优化的冷却系统,从而使制品达到均匀冷却,减少翘曲变形.通过进一步调整充填+保压+冷却时间,优化了冷却时间,缩短了成型周期,提高了制品质量.制品达到了均匀冷却,减少冷却时间的目的.     

Study on cyclic characteristics of the solar-powered adsorption cooling system

According to the typical variable heat source of solar energy and the unsteady adsorption process of adsorption chiller, the research of cyclic transient characteristics of the solar-powered adsorption cooling system is presented in this work. A mathematic model of the whole system including the model of adsorption chiller, which reveals the transient operation process of the solar-powered adsorption cooling system, is developed and verified by experimental data. On the basis of the simulated results, the transient characteristics and the overall performance of the system, not only in the traditional open cycle mode but also in closed cycle mode, are both analyzed theoretically. Furthermore, the influence of parameters matching of components configuration and operation process on the cyclic characteristics of the system, such as the solar collector area, the water tank capacity and the chiller startup temperature, are discussed. The research in this work may play a very important role in optimizing the system cyclic process and improving the system adaptability especially under the condition of variable heat source. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50676060)     

液冷系统中均热板气液相变的热质传输模拟

为提高电池热管理液冷系统的均温性,研究一种铝槽式均热板和直流式液冷板相结合的复合液冷系统,并建立相应的三维传热模型。采用Volume-of-fluid(VOF)多相流模型,模拟均热板槽道内丙酮工质的气液相变过程,以及与液冷流道的耦合传热过程,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,验证了模型的正确性。研究结果显示,均热板可以提高液冷系统散热过程中的均温性,加热表面的温差可以控制在2.72 K以内。通过机理分析发现,其原因与均热板内部气液工质的热质传输过程有关。在液冷系统冷却液沿程温升的影响下,均热板腔室中的丙酮气相工质在长度方向上存在定向输运现象,相变产生的蒸汽会携带热量从高温区往低温区流动,从而抑制液冷板低温冷却水对加热表面温度分布的影响,提高了均温性能。