Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of a Journal Bearing in a Turbulent Flow Regime—Part II: Application to an Axial Groove Bearing

The governing equations developed in (1), where a perturbation method is applied in the equation of motion and the energy equation is linearized, are used to study journal bearings of finite length operating in turbulent flow regimes. The thermohydrodynamic solutions are obtained for a journal bearing with four axial grooves. Heshmat and Pinkus' mixing theory (2) is used to evaluate the inlet temperature of each sector. These governing equations are solved to yield pressure, mass-mean velocity and temperature distributions, the mixing temperature at the inlet and the flow rates at the entry and exit of each sector, and the fictional forces.     

双流道泵内非定常流动数值模拟及粒子图像测速测量

为探讨双流道泵内部的非定常流动机理,采用Fluent软件,基于滑移网格技术、 湍流模型计算了一双流道泵在不同工况下的内部流动,并将计算结果与粒子图像测速仪(Particle image velocimeter, PIV)实测结果进行比较。结果表明：计算所得双流道泵内部流场符合叶轮机械内部流动的一般规律,且与PIV实测结果总体变化趋势一致;由于双流道泵结构特殊,其进口处的流动状态与普通叶轮相差较大,出口处的流动状态与普通叶轮类似;叶轮进口处,流体基本沿流道吸力面流动,流道工作面上的相对速度很小,存在严重的脱流和旋涡;叶轮出口处,压力面和吸力面的速度趋于相等,射流—尾迹现象并不明显;由于叶轮—蜗壳动静干涉,两个叶轮流道内的静压分布有所不同;同一流道内,静压随着半径的增加而逐步增大,压力面侧静压大于吸力面侧;蜗壳流道内静压随半径增大,最大静压值在隔舌处。此项研究不仅加深了人们对双流道泵内非定常流动图画的理解,从而进一步完善双流道泵设计方法,同时也可为其他类型泵的内流研究提供借鉴。     

轴流式水泵非定常湍流数值模拟的若干关键问题

为准确捕捉轴流式水泵不稳定流场特征,采用雷诺时均法和大涡模拟方法对轴流泵非定常湍流进行数值模拟,并就相关问题进行深入研究。研究发现,与其他湍流分析方法相比较,大涡模拟方法在轴流泵非定常流场分析中具有更高的计算精度;同时将轴流泵进水流道与泵段一起进行流场计算后,发现叶轮进口的流动是极不均匀的,靠近弯肘形流道内侧的速度明显大于其他部位,这一现象与通常假定的轴流泵进口流动是均匀的设计与分析理论有很大区别。研究还发现,为了获得轴流泵流场内不同压力脉动频率成份,脉动计算的采用样时间应不少于8个旋转周期;轴流泵内部的水压力脉动幅值在叶轮附近区域沿半径逐渐增大,而在导叶出口之后沿半径逐渐减小。     

基于湍流模型的碳环密封泄漏特性数值计算

为探究工况参数对湍流效应下不同轴径碳环密封泄漏特性的影响规律,在层流动力润滑研究的基础上,建立湍流动力润滑理论模型,选用Ng-Pan湍流系数表达式,采用有限差分法对介质流体压力控制方程进行迭代求解,分析碳环密封的泄漏特性。研究表明：在湍流状态下碳环密封的动压效应更加凸显,但在湍流状态下其密封性能劣于层流状态;随着转速增加,2种流态的流场最高压力值均呈非线性发散式增大,而泄漏率整体增加但增幅缓慢;随进口压力增加,2种流态下流场最高压力呈线性收敛式增大,而泄漏率均近似呈相对平行的线性趋势增加;随偏心率增大,流场最大压力均呈现指数式增加,而泄漏率均呈非线性方式增加;在大轴径条件下,考虑湍流效应才更加贴近实际流动状态。     

脉冲进气对径流涡轮转子通道内部流场影响研究

基于车用增压器涡轮的进口压力和温度是脉动变化的,本文采用Numeca软件求解进口边界条件为给定脉动总压总温的三维非定常Navier-Stokes方程组,并对相同进口条件下的涡轮转子内部流场进行分析。研究结果表明,脉冲进气条件下的涡轮特性具有强烈的非定常特征。     

S形下卧式轴伸贯流泵装置叶片区压力脉动特性研究

为研究S形下卧式轴伸贯流泵装置叶片区压力脉动特性,采用非定常CFD方法对不同工况时泵装置进行了全流道三维非定常流场数值计算,通过在叶片区设置监测点以获得叶片区关键位置的压力脉动数据,并进行频谱分析。通过与实测泵装置扬程和效率对比,证明该方法能较准确地反映泵装置内部非定常流动特征。研究表明:高效工况和大流量工况时,转轮进口和出口的脉动幅值从轮缘向轮毂侧逐渐减小,小流量工况时未呈现该规律,各工况时转轮进口和出口脉动主频受叶频控制。流量系数KQ在(0.368~0.552)范围内转轮进口处同一监测点的压力脉动幅值随流量增大而降低,转轮与导叶体间的脉动幅值随流量的增加先减小后增大,在高效工况附近脉动相对最小。导叶体出口的压力脉动主频受叶频的影响较小,未与导叶体叶片数成规律。     

Numerical simulation of cavitation surge and vortical flows in a diffuser with swirling flow

The strong swirling flow at the exit of the runner of a Francis turbine at part load causes flow instabilities and cavitation surges in the draft tube, deteriorating the performance of the hydraulic power system. The unsteady cavitating turbulent flow in the draft tube is simplified and modeled by a diffuser with swirling flow using the Scale-adaptive simulation method. Unsteady characteristics of the vortex rope structure and the underlying mechanisms for the interactions between the cavitation and the vortices are both revealed. The generation and evolution of the vortex rope structures are demonstrated with the help of the iso-surfaces of the vapor volume fraction and the Qcriterion. Analysis based on the vorticity transport equation suggests that the vortex dilatation term is much larger along the cavity interface in the diffuser inlet and modifies the vorticity field in regions with high density and pressure gradients. The present work is validated by comparing two types of cavitation surges observed experimentally in the literature with further interpretations based on simulations.     

Influence of flow coefficient on unsteady impeller loading induced by impeller-diffuser interaction

Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation has been conducted to investigate how the flow coefficient affects unsteady impeller loading. Simulations have been carried out at three flow coefficients — near stall, design, and near choke conditions — for a centrifugal compressor with a radial gap of 1.04. For computational efficiency, the unsteady simulation has been conducted for two impeller and diffuser passages via the Fourier transformation method. Unsteady loading is the largest at the near stall condition; second largest at the near choke condition; and smallest at the design condition. Relative to the design condition, the near stall condition shows lower minimum loading, and the near choke condition shows higher maximum loading. Thus, both off-design conditions result in higher unsteady loading than at the design condition. Such increases at off-design conditions stem from the variations in the pitch-wise static pressure at the diffuser vane inlet caused by the diffuser vane incidence.

     

Inlet Recirculation Influence to the Flow Structure of Centrifugal Impeller

Inlet recirculation is proved as an effective way for centrifugal compressor surge margin extension,and is successively used in some engineering applications.Unfortunately its working mechanism is still not being well understood,which leads to redesigning of inlet recirculation mostly by experience.Also,most study about inlet recirculation is steady to date.It is necessary to study surge margin extension mechanism about inlet recirculation.To expose the mechanism in detail,steady and unsteady numerical simulations were performed on a centrifugal compressor with and without inlet recirculation.The results showed that,with inlet recirculation,the inlet axial velocity is augmented,relative Mach number around blade tip leading edge area is significantly reduced and so is the flow angle.As the flow angle decreased,the incidence angle reduced which greatly improves the flow field inside the impeller.Moreover,inlet recirculation changes the blade loading around blade tip and restrains the flow separation on the blade suction side at the leading edge area.The unsteady results of static pressure around blade surface,entropy at inlet crossflow section and vorticity distributions at near tip span surface indicated that,at near stall condition,strong fluctuation exists in the vicinity of tip area due to the interaction between tip leakage flow and core flow.By inlet recirculation these strong flow fluctuations are eliminated so the flow stability is greatly enhanced.All these improvements mentioned above are the reason for inlet recirculation delays compressor stall.This research reveals the surge margin extension reason of inlet recirculation from an unsteady flow viewpoint and provides important reference for inlet recirculation structure design.     

Numerical modeling of internal flow in a fluidic oscillator

A numerical investigation of a fluidic oscillator was performed to understand the unsteady internal flow field and geometrical effects on the performance using three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Effects of the two geometrical parameters, i.e., the inlet width of the mixing chamber and outlet throat width, on peak jet velocity ratio at the exit and pressure drop through the oscillator, were evaluated. The unsteady simulation was performed using shear stress transport turbulence model with air as working fluid at Reynolds number 30000. Computational results showed good qualitative and quantitative agreements with available experimental results for the flow structure and frequency of the oscillating jet. Results of the parametric study suggested that the inlet width affected significantly the flow in the fluidic oscillator, while effects of the throat width on the performance parameters were not remarkable.     

集流器结构对多翼离心风机性能的影响

采用CFD方法对3种采用不同结构型式集流器的风机进行整机模拟计算,以考察集流器型式的变化对柜式空调用多翼离心风机内部流场以及风机整体性能的影响。第一种为出口截面直径小于叶轮内径的收敛型集流器,第二种为出口截面直径大于叶轮内径的收敛型集流器,第三种为出口截面直径大于叶轮内径的渐扩型集流器。研究表明,第一种集流器有助于提高叶轮对气流的利用率,并减小蜗壳内部侧的泄漏气流对主气流流动状态的影响;第三种集流器则有助于减小其背部的涡流区域;综合考虑上述因素,采用第二种集流器的风机具有最优性能。     

Analysis of transient flow in a pump-turbine during the load rejection process

The transient flow in pump-turbines during the load rejection process is very complex. However, few studies have been conducted on three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulation. Hence, we simulated 3-D transient turbulent flow in a pump-turbine during the load rejection process using the calculation method of coupling the flow with the rotor motion of rigid body. To simulate the unsteady boundary conditions, the dynamic closing process of the guide vanes was simulated with the dynamic mesh technology. The boundary conditions at the spiral-casing inlet and the draft tube outlet were determined using the user defined functions (UDF) according to the experimental data. The numerical results of the rotational speeds show a good agreement with the experimental data. Then, the complex transient flow in the pump-turbine during the load rejection process was analyzed based on the numerical results. The results show that there are severe unsteady vortex flows in the vaneless space near the conditions under which the hydraulic torque on the runner equals to zero. When the pump-turbine operates into the maximum reverse discharge condition in the reverse pump operating process, the unsteady vortex flows in the vaneless space are instantaneously impacted into the region between the guide vanes and the stay vanes by the sudden reverse flows. The formation and development mechanism of the unsteady vortex flow in the vaneless space is associated with the distribution characteristic of the velocity field.     

The characteristics investigation under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump

Numerical simulation and experimental method are combined to investigate the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations, the vibration characteristics and the internal flow instabilities under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump. It is found that the unsteady cavitation starts to generate as the NPSHa is lower than 5.93 m. Apparent asymmetric and uneven cavity volume distribution on each blade and in the impeller can be observed as the NPSHa decreases from 4.39 m to 1.44 m, which includes the cavitation develops from cavitation surge, rotating cavitation to asymmetric cavitation. The flow vortexes in each blade channel are produced in the cavity trailing edges by the shedding and collapse of cavitation, which interfere with each other and aggravate the flow instabilities. The dominant frequencies of the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations are the shaft frequency and blade passing frequency under the unsteady cavitation conditions, respectively. Broadband pulses are obtained from both the pump inlet and outlet pressure pulsations, which results from the random shedding and collapse of unsteady cavitation bubbles. Obvious corresponding relationship between the root mean squares of the vibration measured in different positions and the suction performance curve is found under both the non-cavitation and unsteady cavitation conditions.

     

Analysis and measurement of the impact of diffuser width on rotating stall in centrifugal compressors

In compression systems, instability has long been an important issue. However, compared to axial machines, relatively little work has been done on the stability of centrifugal machines. Especially, many analytical models of stabilities have been developed to predict and control rotating stall, using compressor characteristic. However, stability models for centrifugal compressors are not scarce. Much research on compressor stability has focused on stalling flow coefficient and rotating stall phenomenon at the stalling flow coefficient. Given this situation, this paper presents a stability analysis of centrifugal compressors to predict rotating stall inception as well as the speed and number of cells. This analysis involves the use of compressor geometries, a steady compressor characteristic, and threedimensional flow analysis in the diffuser. The flow field perturbations at the axial inlet duct, impeller, and radial exit duct are determined via an eigenvalue analysis. The predictions are validated against experimental results from compressors with three different diffuser widths. The model accurately predicts the rotating stall inception flow coefficient. As the compressor characteristic becomes less steep with increasing diffuser width, the stalling flow coefficient increases. Also, experiment validates the model prediction that, depending on the dominant mode of flow perturbation, the number of rotating stall cells can be changed from three to two cells in the tested configurations. Furthermore, the cell speed increases as the flow coefficient decreases for a given number of stall cells. However, when the stall cell number is reduced, the cell speed decreases.     

Numerical investigation of two-phase flow characteristics in multiphase pump with split vane impellers

Multiphase pump is a cost-effective option for subsea oil and gas field development. The ability to handle different inlet gas volume fractions (GVFs) especially high inlet GVF is critical to the development of pump performance. In this study, the two-phase flow characteristics in normal impeller and split vane impeller at different inlet GVFs were investigated by steady numerical simulations. The gas distribution on blade-to-blade plane and meridional flow channel at different inlet GVFs were analyzed and compared. Gas accumulation area and movement characteristics of the gas-liquid flow in impeller flow passage were also pointed out by unsteady simulations. Experimental results of the pump differential pressure were compared with the numerical simulation results, to validate the accuracy of numerical simulation method. The flow characteristics in pump with modified impeller and its performance at different inlet GVFs were both compared with that of the normal impeller. The steady simulation results of normal impeller in different inlet GVFs show that gas concentrating area in the flow passage increases as inlet GVF grows. The unsteady simulation results indicate that gas pocket firstly occurs on the pressure side of impeller, then moves to the suction side in the middle area of blade and finally transfers to outlet of impeller and disappears. The errors between numerical simulation results and experiment data are below 10 %, which validated the feasibility of the numerical simulation method. Simulation results on the split vane impeller demonstrate that the gas accumulation area in flow passage of the modified impeller is dramatically decreased compared to that of the normal impeller. The performance of the modified impeller is generally better than the normal impeller especially in high inlet GVF conditions.

     

Numerical investigation of the aerodynamic performance affected by spiral inlet and outlet in a positive displacement blower

The flow in the positive displacement blower is very complex.The existing two-dimensional numerical simulation cannot provide the detailed flow information,especially flow characteristics along the axial direction,which is unfavorable to improve the performance of positive displacement blower.To investigate the effects of spiral inlet and outlet on the aerodynamic performance of positive displacement blower,three-dimensional unsteady flow characteristics in a three-lobe positive displacement blower with and without the spiral inlet and outlet are simulated by solving Navier-Stokes equations coupled with RNG k-ε turbulent model.In the numerical simulation,the dynamic mesh technique and overset mesh updating method are used.The computational results are compared with the experimental measurements on the variation of flow rate with the outlet pressure to verify the validity of the numerical method presented.The results show that the mass flow rate with the change of pressure is slightly affected by the application of spiral inlet and outlet,but the internal flow state is largely affected.In the exhaust region,the fluctuations of pressure,velocity and temperature as well as the average values of velocity are significantly reduced.This illustrates that the spiral outlet can effectively suppress the fluctuations of pressure,thus reducing reflux shock and energy dissipation.In the intake area,the average value of pressure,velocity and temperature are slightly declined,but the fluctuations of them are significantly reduced,indicating that the spiral inlet plays the role in making the flow more stable.The numerical results obtained reveal the three-dimensional flow characteristics of the positive displacement blower with spiral inlet and outlet,and provide useful reference to improve performance and empirical correction in the noise-reduction design of the positive displacement blowers.     

A cavitating device for mini quantitative liquid addition

To improve accuracy and stability of mini quantitative liquid adding, a new cavitating venturi device is proposed and investigated experimentally. Cavity cloud initiates at the throat exit where the velocity gradient is the highest and the local pressure is the lowest. Since the suction inlet is set at the throat exit, it is easily covered by the cavity cloud in which the pressure remains at saturation vapor pressure. Once cavity cloud dominates the suction inlet, both working and suction flow rate remains constant and independent of downstream pressure. Therefore, the proposed device can be used as an adding device and a flow meter simultaneously when it is under cavitation condition. The critical pressure ratio exceeds 0.6 when flow ratio is below 2%, which is over 50% higher than present jet pumps. The critical pressure ratio rises with the decreasing of adding ratio, which makes the proposed adding device especially applicable for mini quantitative adding. Moreover, the working range of the proposed device is hardly changed when sucked water is replaced by high-viscosity foaming agent.     

电动汽车涡旋压缩机内油气分离器的研究

通过数值模拟的方法研究了电动汽车涡旋压缩机在不同转速工况下,进口结构对油气分离器的流场和性能的影响.采用RSM模型对油气分离器内的气相流场进行模拟计算,同时利用DPM模型对4种分离器的油滴轨迹进行追踪.研究结果表明:进口结构变窄将促使油气分离器内部流场具有良好的对称性,并随着转速的提高,不同进口结构分离器的压降都呈抛物...     

Average Velocity Measurements in Six Automotive Torque Converters Part II: Turbine Measurements

The internal flow fields of two automotive Plexiglas torque converter turbines with three different pumps were examined. A laser velocimeter was utilized to measure the velocity flow field at the turbine inlet and mid-planes in the six different geometry combinations; the stator was the same for all combinations. The turbine geometries differed only by the inlet blade angle, while the pump geometries differed only by the exit blade angle. The torque converter was operated at three different turbine/pump rotational speed ratios: 0.065 (near stall), 0.600, and 0.800 (near coupling point). For all geometries at the inlet plane the flow is fairly uniform in the blade-to-blade direction at all speed ratios. Velocities are most uniform in the core-to-shell direction at high speed ratios, but high velocities move near the shell at lower speed ratios. At the mid-plane, at low speed ratios the velocities are significantly higher near the pressure surface but as the speed ratio increases, the gradient decreases. At low speed ratios velocities are higher near the shell but this distribution becomes uniform at higher speed ratios. In general the flow became more uniform as the speed ratio increased. Variations in the pump exit blade angle had effects on both inlet and mid-plane velocity distributions and are documented. Variations in turbine inlet blade angle altered the inlet and mid-plane flow fields, but less so than the pump variations. A clockwise circulatory secondary flow pattern at the turbine inlet plane was observed for all geometries and, conversely, counter-clockwise circulatory secondary flow patterns at the mid-plane were recorded. Resulting vorticities were found to depend on geometries and speed ratios. The turbine leading edge incidence angles were found to strongly depend on the speed ratio, ranging from positive to negative, as well as pump and turbine blade angles.     

空化对低温浮动环密封流场和密封特性的影响

为探究典型工况下单相和两相空化流动的流场及密封特性,对考虑过渡段的低温浮动环密封进行数值仿真,对比分析转子面、密封间隙轴向及周向的压力分布特点,并探究单相和两相流动条件下进口压力、进口温度、转子偏心率以及转子转速对泄漏量、进口损失系数、密封力和偏位角的影响.研究结果表明:同心状态下,单相流和两相流的流场均具有对称性;偏...