夏季空调冷凝水回收再利用与实践分析

分析了空调冷凝水的产生与现状,根据卡诺循环,将空调冷凝水量进行了理论计算,分析冷凝水回收对降低夏季空调运行能耗的影响。提出如何高效地回收利用空调冷凝水,降低空调运行能耗,达到节能减排的目的,并与传统冷凝水回收方案进行对比分析。     

空调冷凝水利用实验研究

本文对空调器冷凝水的生成量及蒸发量进行了理论分析;通过KC-20/2011型空调验证,在相同条件下,采用不同喷洒冷凝水方式,冷凝器铜管同点温度能降低4.0~12.9℃不等;在广州夏季通常天气,洒冷凝水后冷凝器散热效率可提高约64.8%;实验与分析表明利用空调冷凝水冷却冷凝器不仅能解决冷凝水滴水问题还能大幅提高空调制冷效率,是提高空调节能的一种有效途径。     

夏热冬冷地区空调冷凝水和雨水回收利用系统

空调作为一种绝佳的室内环境调节设备,现如今已得到大规模使用。然而,随着空调的普及,大量排放的冷凝水却引发了资源浪费、环境污染等诸多问题,基于夏热冬冷地区城市的气候生态特殊性,本研究计划实施构建空调冷凝水和雨水回收利用系统,理论分析计算冷凝水量和雨水量,通过Zig Bee模块与传感器、阀门的结合,实现自动化控制水量的流出,将其用来作为小区绿化用水,系统阐释了冷凝水和雨水回收利用的方式及作用,并对空调冷凝水和雨水的回收利用技术做出了一定的科学性展望。     

基于冷却塔风力发电零能耗回收利用空调冷凝水装置设计

空调系统的运行耗能占建筑运行总能耗的60％以上,因此降低空调系统能耗对节能减排至关重要.空调系统产生大量的低温冷凝水,若直接排放会破坏室内装饰材料,影响房间美观,并造成极大的资源浪费.研究提出一种基于冷却塔风力发电零能耗回收利用空调冷凝水装置设计,装置通过冷却塔出风风力发电,并将电能储存于蓄电池中供给水泵,水泵将集中收集的低温冷凝水输送至冷凝器出水管用于散热,提高空调系统的运行效率.该装置中冷凝水回收利用动力来源于冷却塔出口风力发电装置,所产生的作用反哺于空调系统,降低能源消耗,可以形成良性循环.     

空调用其冷凝水冷却冷凝器的节能技术研究与分析

文中对分体式家用空调设计了一套利用其在运行中产生的冷凝水来冷却自身的冷凝器系统,并计算分析了可利用冷凝水量的大小与分体式空调制冷量、能耗等的变化关系。经分析和研究,结果表明有效利用分体式家用空调产生的冷凝水来冷却其自身的冷凝器,其能耗将会大大降低,同时制冷量增加,且空调产生的冷凝水量越大节能效果越明显。     

某大厦中央空调冷凝水回收利用节能改造

中央空调冷凝水回收利用不仅降低了空调系统冷却水的消耗,减少了冷却塔补水泵的运行时间,也提高了冷水机组的运行效率,同时减少了空调系统的电耗.本文介绍了某大厦中央空调系统冷凝水回收利用节能改造工程的实施及效果.     

浅谈空调系统冷凝水回收利用技术

文中简要介绍了目前空调冷凝水作为水资源和直接利用其冷量的两种途径进行回收利用的方法,通过这些方法的介绍可发现,空调冷凝水的回收利用技术不仅可以防止污水的直接外排,而且更能节约紧张的水资源,其技术发展前景可观。     

夏热冬暖地区空调冷凝水雾化冷却应用

通过对夏热冬暖地区空调冷凝水的产水量、水温以及水质分析,得出空调冷凝水回收应用于雾化冷却系统具有可行性;并指出空调冷凝水雾化冷却系统的主要设备选型设计方法和系统控制策略;最后搭建试验台验证空调冷凝水雾化冷却系统的节能效果。     

空调冷凝水作为水资源的回收利用

理论分析了在户式空调、中央空调末端装置的空调冷凝水的产生量，介绍了冷凝水作为冷却塔补充水、景观灌溉、水景等用途及注意事项。     

浅析分散式空调系统冷凝水回收利用为饮用水的发展前景

文中简要介绍了目前将空调冷凝水回收利用技术的国内外研究成果,通过这些研究成果的介绍可发现,空调冷凝水的回收利用技术对空调的能效比、制冷效果及节能效果都有明显的提高,尤其将其净化为饮用水的技术更能解决我国偏远干旱地区的水资源紧张问题,其技术发展前景可观。     

藏北高原典型草甸下垫面与HEIFE沙漠区辐射平衡气候学特征对比分析

利用中日合作“全球能量与水分平衡试验一青藏高原季风试验(GAME—Tibet)”和中日合作“黑河地区地一气相互作用野外观测实验研究(HEIFE)”IOP、FOP资料,计算分析了藏北高原典型草甸下垫面安多站和HEIFE沙漠站的辐射平衡各相关特征量时频变化的气候学特征。结果表明：无论是高原安多站还是黑河沙漠站,夏季均出现超太阳常数现象(只是安多更为明显);总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表辐射平衡等的日变化(晴天)无论是安多站还是沙漠站均表现为早晚出现最小值而正午附近(地方时)达到最大值,而地表反照率的日变化(晴天)相反表现为早晚大而正午附近小的规律;上述各分量均表现有程度不等的季节变化规律：总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射和地表辐射平衡均表现为夏半年增大达到最大值百而冬半年降低量出现最小值;另外,大气长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表反照率在沙漠站的年际变化的振幅较安多站更为显著和有规律。     

柴油机磨合规范优化及其油液分析

本文根据４９５Ａ柴油机的特点,结合摩擦学磨合机理,给出了４９５柴油机最佳磨合的优化指标。借助油液分析的光谱、铁谱技术可以定量地判断分析磨合过程及其趋势。为了合理地缩短柴油机磨合时间,同时又提高柴油机的整机磨合质量,研制了新配方的专用柴油机磨合油。Ｌ７ 磨合油允许空载磨合初期提高磨合速度,实现高磨损率,但产生的磨粒细微,不会擦伤磨合表面。试验表明,执行新磨合规范可以缩短磨合时间４１．７％ 。     

What goes down must come up? Trends of industrial electricity use in the North-West of Russia

This article uses decomposition method to analyse industrial electricity consumption in North-Western Russia, namely in Archangelsk oblast, the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk oblast. The case sectors, forestry and electricity, have in most cases developed similarly in the chosen regions during 1990–2001. The decomposition analysis shows that the reduction of economic activity has reduced electricity consumption in all three regions but that it is not always the main factor reducing consumption. The changes in energy efficiency increased consumption in the forestry sector in all regions while in the electricity sector it led to a reduction. The changes in the structures of the regional economies increased electricity consumption in electricity industry which gained importance due to developments in the manufacturing industry. In Murmansk, forestry sector has almost disappeared during the observation period. This was the main observed electricity consumption reduction caused by structural changes. Many of the developments can be better understood against the general knowledge of transition factors.     

Exploration of the land potential for the production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands

The energy potential for energy crops and biomass residues in the Netherlands is assessed. The analysis explores the possible use of land for biomass production in the future. Various government memorandums and analyses of the expected future land use in various sectors have served as the basis for the assessment of the supply of and the demand for land in the future. In this study the potential supply of agricultural land is based on expected productivity increments in agriculture and assumptions with respect to the future demand for agricultural products. Various future claims for infrastructure, forestry, urban areas and nature are subtracted from the expected supply. The net projected supply of land ranges from zero to 52 000 ha in 2000 to 110 000-250 000 ha in 2015. The supply of agricultural land depends however on a number of supra-national factors, such as the European agricultural policy, world market developments and the agricultural production in the countries in Eastern Europe. Uncertainties remain, therefore, and the projected supply of agricultural land should be considered as a possible scenario based on current trends. If the calculated land potential is used for energy crops like miscanthus and short rotation coppice, this land could contribute 0-10 PJ in 2000 and 27-59 PJ in 2015. Secondary biomass yields, such as those from forestry, agricultural residues, wood from prunings, etc., could contribute a further 34 PJ in 2000, decreasing to approximately 28 PJ in 2015. Taken together these potentials could satisfy 1-1.5% of the energy requirements of the Netherlands in 2000 and 1.5-2.5% in 2015, provided that energy farming is an economically feasible activity for farmers.     

王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层特征

王官屯油田地处河北省沧县王官屯乡境内,区域构造位置为黄骅坳陷南区孔店构造带的西南端,处于孔东断裂带两侧。根据钻录井特征、地球物理响应特征,结合区域地层对比,将王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层划分为中下三叠统、中下侏罗统、上侏罗统-下白垩统三套旋回。通过对该区地层特征的分析,认为中下三叠统以棕红、紫红色粉细砂岩和泥岩互层为主;中下侏罗统下部主要为暗色泥岩夹砂岩,上部为一套巨厚砂砾岩,并作为中生界油藏主要储集层;上侏罗统-下白垩统发育紫红色砂岩及安山岩。通过分析各时期的构造运动特征,认为印支运动以整体抬升为主,发育了三叠系地层;燕山早期以走滑和挤压为主,盆地规模较小,发育中下侏罗统的河湖相沉积;燕山中期火山活动强烈,发育火山物质为主的晚侏罗世-早白垩世地层;燕山晚期该区整体抬升遭受剥蚀,缺失上白垩统地层。而喜山时期的升降运动对中生界油气成藏具有重要意义。     

Why did the energy intensity fall in China's industrial sector in the 1990s? The relative importance of structural change and intensity change

There have been a variety of studies investigating the relative importance of structural change and real intensity change to the change in China's energy consumption in the 1980s. However, no detailed analysis to date has been done to examine whether or not the increased energy efficiency trend in the 1980s still prevailed in the 1990s. This article has filled this gap by investigating the change in energy consumption in China's industrial sector in the 1990s, based on the data sets of value added and end-use energy consumption for the 29 industrial subsectors and using the newly proposed decomposition method of giving no residual. Our results clearly show that the overwhelming contributor to the decline in industrial energy use in the 1990s was the decline in real energy intensity, indicating that the trend of real energy intensity declines in the 1980s at the 2-digit level was still maintained in the 1990s. This conclusion still holds even if we lower the growth rate dramatically in line with the belief that the growth rate of China's GDP may be overestimated.     

The impact of the European Union emission trading scheme on the electricity-generation sector

In order to comply with their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, France and Germany participate in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) which predominantly concerns the electricity-generation sectors. In this paper we ask whether the EU ETS provides the appropriate economic incentives to produce an efficient system in line with the Kyoto commitments. If so, electricity producers in the countries concerned should include the price of carbon in their cost functions. After identifying different sub-periods of the EU ETS during its pilot phase (2005–2007), we model the prices of various electricity contracts in France and Germany and look at the volatility of electricity prices around their fundamentals while evaluating the correlation between electricity prices in the two countries. We find that electricity producers in both countries were constrained to include the carbon price in their cost functions during the first two years of the EU ETS. Over this period, German electricity producers were more constrained than their French counterparts, and the inclusion of the carbon price in the electricity-generation cost function was much more stable in Germany than in France. We also find evidence of fuel switching in electricity generation in Germany after the collapse of the carbon market. Furthermore, the European market for emission allowances has greatly contributed to the partial alignment of the wholesale price of electricity in France to that in Germany.     

基于相对湿润度指数的贵州省近十年干旱特征分析

为分析贵州省干旱分布特征,基于贵州省均匀分布的30个气象站点2010～2019年的逐日气象数据,以相对湿润度指数为干旱监测指标,利用反距离权重插值分析及相关分析研究贵州省近10年的干旱特征.结果 表明,贵州省不同月份的干旱强度和干旱发生范围有所不同,且总体上呈干旱等级越高,干旱范围越小的态势.不同时间尺度的干旱强度和干...     

Hydrogen in China: Policy,program and progress

The paper introduces the role of energy in China economy context, criteria for sustainable development in energy sector, China's hydrogen vision, the role of hydrogen in China's R&D plan, recently launched national programs, and progresses and achievements in research, development and demonstration. The paper concludes that with fast economy development in the new era in China, the energy sector has been confronted with severe challenges in terms of supply security, environment pollution and greenhouse gas emission, and China has attached significant priority on research and development in hydrogen and fuel cell areas, as one of effective counter-measures to address these challenges. Transition to the hydrogen economy in China, a long-term, non-carbon energy solution, is believed to play a significant role, complementary to electricity, in the future sustainable energy system. It is recommended that more priority be attached for R&D in secondary industry, especially the utilization of hydrogen and fuel cell in stationary power generation from coal gasification.