电化学高级氧化技术处理难降解有机废水的影响因素

综述了实验研究和工程实践中有机污染物的初始浓度、p H值、反应温度、电解质等对该技术处理难降解有机污染物效率的影响,为电化学高级氧化技术高效处理实际工业废水提供指导;并提出了维持体系中H2O2的连续生成及电Fenton体系中低p H值与催化剂的固定等问题将是今后深入研究的重要方向。     

高级氧化技术处理难降解有机污染物研究进展

难降解有机污染物的过度使用和排放造成了严重的环境污染。介绍了Fenton及类Fenton氧化法、臭氧氧化法、过硫酸盐氧化法、超声氧化法、超临界氧化法、光催化氧化法和电催化氧化法等几种常用的高级氧化技术在难降解有机污染物处理中的研究进展,并对这些方法的优势和劣势进行了分析和比较,对日后处理难降解污染物的技术研究提出了新的方向。     

难降解有机废水的高级氧化技术

介绍了处理难降解有机废水的湿式(催化)氧化、超临界水(催化)氧化、光化学(催化)氧化、化学(催化)氧化、固定化细胞及基因工程等高级氧化处理技术的反应机理、特点及应用,这类处理技术应用于一般生物处理难以奏效的有机工业废水处理。     

高级氧化法处理难降解有机废水技术

简要介绍了几种典型的高级氧化技术包括Fenton试剂氧化法、O3氧化法、光催化氧化法、电催化氧化法和湿式氧化法,阐述了它们处理难降解有机废水的反应机理、特点、存在的主要问题及其应用进展,同时展望了各种高级氧化法的发展前景。     

电化学高级氧化技术在工业废水处理中的应用

综述近年来电化学高级氧化技术在纺织工业废水、制革废水、石油化工废水、造纸工业废水及其它食品、医药等实际工业废水处理中的应用进展,为采用电化学高级氧化技术处理类似工业废水时选取最佳的运行条件提供参考;并提出开发低成本电极材料、提高规模化应用、减少有毒副产物的生成以及电化学与常规工艺组合运行将是未来研究的重要方向。     

电化学高级氧化技术在工业废水处理中的应用

综述近年来电化学高级氧化技术在纺织工业废水、制革废水、石油化工废水、造纸工业废水及其它食品、医药等实际工业废水处理中的应用进展,为采用电化学高级氧化技术处理类似工业废水时选取最佳的运行条件提供参考;并提出开发低成本电极材料、提高规模化应用、减少有毒副产物的生成以及电化学与常规工艺组合运行将是未来研究的重要方向。     

电化学氧化处理难降解废水的研究进展

综述了国内外电化学氧化处理难降解废水的研究现状,详细阐述了电化学氧化机理,包括阳极氧化技术和阴极还原技术,介绍了影响电化学氧化降解效率的主要因素,包括电极材料、电化学反应器、溶液的pH值、溶剂体系以及其它因素.从有机污染物电化学氧化机理的研究、电极材料的研制、电板结构的研究和高效电解反应器的开发、对特定的电化学氧化系统...     

Fenton氧化技术处理难降解工业有机废水研究进展

系统地分析了各种Fenton氧化技术对有机污染物的降解机理,概述了Fenton氧化技术在处理化工废水、印染废水、制药废水、农药废水和含油废水等难降解工业有机废水中的应用研究进展,认为拓宽Fenton氧化体系的pH响应范围,开展Fe2 /Fe3 固定化技术研究是今后的研究重点,Photo-Fenton和E1ectro-Fenton将是今后Fenton氧化体系的两大发展方向.     

高级氧化技术在工业难降解有机废水处理中的应用研究进展

高级氧化技术具有能高效降解难降解有机物的优势,在工业有机废水处理中居于重要地位.介绍了高级氧化技术处理工业难降解有机废水的机理,概述了近年高级氧化技术应用研究进展,阐述了各方法的优缺点.分析表明,制备高活性的催化剂、探索更经济的组合工艺,是今后高级氧化技术处理工业难降解有机废水的主要研究方向.     

高级氧化技术处理炼化废水的研究进展

介绍了催化湿式氧化、臭氧催化氧化、光催化氧化和电催化氧化4种高级氧化技术基本原理、优缺点,系统总结了高级氧化技术处理炼化废水的研究进展,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。     

含氮原油降凝剂的合成及评价

以马来酸酐(MA)和丙烯酸十八酯(OA)为单体进行聚合,并用十二胺接枝改性,合成了丙烯酸十八酯-马来酸双十二烷基酰胺梳型共聚物(POMN)。用红外光谱对聚合物进行了表征,并考察了该降凝剂对长庆含蜡原油的降凝减黏效果。结果表明,当n(MA):n(OA)=1:4,加剂量为300μg/g,加剂温度为60℃时,降凝效果较好,原油凝点降低13℃,原油低温黏度也大大降低。为了进一步扩大降凝效果,进行了复配实验。结果表明,POMN与乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)按质量比为1:1复配,效果最佳,降凝幅度可达17℃,大大改善了含蜡原油的低温流动性能。     

Synthesis and characterization of nanohybrid of poly(octadecylacrylates derivatives)/montmorillonite as pour point depressants and flow improver for waxy crude oil

In this paper, a novel series of nanohybrid of poly(octadecylacrylate derivatives) montmorillonite (ODA/MMT) was prepared by successfully dispersing the inorganic nanolayers of MMT-clay on the organic polymer matrix via in situ free-radical polymerization by different ratios. The prepared nanohybrid polymers were characterized by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), HRTEM, GPC, DSC, and TGA instruments. The XRD confirmed the presence of an exfoliated/interacted clay structure in the prepared polymer. Moreover, the molecular weight of the prepared polymer nanohybrids is higher than the corresponding polymer. The results of applying the polymer as pour point depressants showed a considerable reduction from 27°C (initial pour point) to −3 °C, facilitating the process of oil flow at lower temperatures than earlier. The apparent viscosity of waxy crude oil was also decreased significantly by the addition of the (ODA/MMT) polymers, and the long-term stability of the prepared nanohybrid polymers was superior to that of a conventional polymer. The efficiency of polymers nanohybrid in reducing the pour point of crude oil associated with improved oil flow is one of the most important processes of charge and transportation process. The mechanism of enhancement of the flow properties by the polymers nanohybrid is predicted. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47333.     

Synthesis of methacrylate copolymers and their effects as pour point depressants for lubricant oil

In this study, polymethacrylate polymers were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization for use as pour point depressants in lubricant oil, and their low‐temperature properties were investigated. Four methacrylate monomers were synthesized by the esterification of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with four kinds of fatty alcohols. The purification step was performed to prepare the pure monomers. Two polymerization experiments were carried out with four kinds of methacrylate monomers obtained previously and MMA. Copolymers, which were made from one kind of monomer and MMA, and terpolymers, which were made from two kinds of monomers and MMA, were prepared. The molecular structures of the synthesized methacrylate monomers and polymethacrylate polymers were verified by ¹H‐NMR, and the molecular weight data were obtained by gel permeation chromatography. The pour points of the base oils containing 0.1 wt % polymethacrylate polymers were measured according to ASTM D 97‐93. The pour points of most base oils containing each polymer decreased compared to that of the pure base oil. Particularly, poly(dodecyl methacrylate‐co‐hexadecyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate), made of dodecyl methacrylate, hexadecyl methacrylate, and MMA at a molar ratio of 3.5 : 3.5 : 3, showed the best low‐temperature properties. This terpolymer dropped the pour point of the base oil by as much as 23°C, and its yield was 93.5%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

柴油降凝剂的研究进展及应用前景

介绍了柴油降凝剂的种类,并通过仪器分析及分子模拟技术等手段探讨降凝机理,并对影响降凝过程的因素进行归纳总结。最后对降凝剂的应用前景做出展望,为日后柴油降凝剂的优选和配制,提供一定的理论支持,为推动柴油降凝剂的发展发挥重要作用。     

The interaction of waxes with pour point depressants

Paraffin wax deposition from crude oils at low temperature is one of the serious and long-standing problems in petroleum industry. Addition of pour point depressants (PPD) has been proved to be an efficient way to inhibit wax deposition. The influence of PPD on wax precipitation at low temperature was investigated. The amount and composition of wax precipitated from paraffin solutions with and without PPD at different temperatures were studied by high speed centrifuge and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. The interactions between waxes and PPD were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that PPD do not completely prevent the wax from precipitating, but just shift the precipitation toward a lower temperature. This conclusion was identified from the analysis of the amount and composition of precipitated wax as well as the transition temperatures and energies of wax. It was shown that this effect is due to the structure of wax is partly transformed from orthorhombic into hexagonal form by PPD.     

英旺油田高含蜡原油降凝剂筛选及现场应用

英旺油田长8油层高131原油具有凝固点较高（17℃）,高含蜡量13．58％特点,运用单一药剂对其降凝效果不明显,分散剂和添加剂复配可有效降低该储层原油凝固点。在添加剂最佳浓度为0．5％,分散剂最佳浓度为5％时,可使长8储层原油凝固点从27℃降低到4．5℃。现场试验表明,采出液凝点均已降低到5℃以下,原油流动性也很好,产量有所增加且稳定。     

高含蜡原油聚烯烃降凝防蜡剂合成及性能评价

为了保障海上原油长距离管输低温流动安全,以丙烯酸十八酯、十八烯和苯乙烯为单体合成三元共聚物,以其为主剂合成聚烯烃降凝防蜡剂POOS,对三元共聚物的合成条件进行了优化,并对加剂前后原油流变性、析蜡特性、微观形态以及降凝防蜡效果进行评价。结果表明,共聚物优化合成工艺条件为：单体摩尔配比n(丙烯酸十八酯):n(十八烯):n(苯乙烯)=5:3:2,引发剂过氧化苯甲酰质量分数5 ‰,反应温度70 ℃,反应时间8 h。当POOS质量浓度为200 mg/L时,原油流变性与未加POOS原油相比变化明显,15 ℃下加剂前后屈服应力为50.3和2.95 Pa,屈服应力降幅94 %,析蜡温度由31.33 ℃降至24.94 ℃,凝点由25 ℃降至15 ℃,冷指测试防蜡率88 %,环道测试防蜡率83.7 %,微观分析蜡晶形态由针状转变为圆状结晶,析出分布不均匀,多个微小蜡晶聚集析出形成单个聚集体,加剂有效改善蜡晶分散形态,抑制网状结构形成,显著改善原油低温流动效果。     

哈拉哈塘油田高含蜡原油降凝剂合成及性能研究

哈拉哈塘油田南部区块原油含蜡量高,生产过程中井筒频繁堵塞,严重影响正常生产。分析了井筒堵塞物成分,主要以微晶蜡堵塞为主;合成了15种共聚物,评价了合成物的降凝和降黏效果,优选出效果较好的SDA-1降凝剂,使原油凝点降低28℃,0℃时原油降黏率为80%;偏光显微结果表明,加剂后原油蜡晶明显变小,SDA-1抑制了蜡晶生长;高温高压井筒模拟研究结果表明,加入1 000 mg/L SDA-1降凝剂后,井筒举升压差由1.37 kPa降低至0.67 kPa,有效抑制了蜡晶析出,SDA-1具有良好应用前景。     

Synthesis of polymeric pour point depressants for Nada crude oil (Gujarat,India) and its impact on oil rheology

Five flow improvers have been synthesized to study rheological properties of Nada crude oil (Gujarat, India). Anhydride copolymers were prepared making use of the copolymerization of acrylates of different alkyls with maleic anhydride and the Poly (n-alkyl acrylates-co-N-hexadecylmaleimide) were prepared by the reaction of copolymer with hexadecylamine. The additives were purified and characterized by FTIR, GPC. The prepared polymeric additives shows dual function both as wax dispersants and flow improvers and all of them acts as good pour point depressants. Yield stress and the viscosity of the crude oil at different temperatures and concentrations of additives were evaluated by zero friction advanced rheometer AR-500 of TA instrument. Comparison of morphologies and structures of wax crystals or aggregates in waxy crude oils beneficiated with and without a PPD was also done by micro photographic studies which show the modification in wax crystal morphology due to additives.     

哈拉哈塘油田高含蜡原油降凝剂合成及性能研究

哈拉哈塘油田南部区块原油含蜡量高,生产过程中井筒频繁堵塞,严重影响正常生产。分析了井筒堵塞物成分,主要以微晶蜡堵塞为主;合成了15种共聚物,评价了合成物的降凝和降黏效果,优选出效果较好的SDA-1降凝剂,使原油凝点降低28℃,0℃时原油降黏率为80%;偏光显微结果表明,加剂后原油蜡晶明显变小,SDA-1抑制了蜡晶生长;高温高压井筒模拟研究结果表明,加入1 000 mg/L SDA-1降凝剂后,井筒举升压差由1.37 kPa降低至0.67 kPa,有效抑制了蜡晶析出,SDA-1具有良好应用前景。