2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的谱学分析

2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶是当今新型农药的重要中间体,其纯度对产物的制备和收率都有重要的影响。从红外光谱、核磁共振、高效液相色谱等谱学方法比较系统地分析了其谱学性质。     

氟啶胺的制备方法

采用2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料,经氨解反应得到2-氨基-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶,再与2,4-二氯-3,5-二硝基三氟甲苯经缩合反应得到高效农药杀菌剂氟啶胺。     

2-(4′-羟基苯氧基)-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成

以对苯二酚与2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶单醚化合成精吡氟氯禾灵的重要中间体2-(4′-羟基苯氧基)-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。探讨并得到了反应的最佳工艺条件:K2CO3为缚酸剂,二甲基亚砜和甲苯为溶剂,n(2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶)∶n(对苯二酚)∶n(K2CO3)=1∶2∶1.08,不需要脱水。在回流条件下加入2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶并反应5 h。在此条件下,2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的转化率100%,产品的选择性大于98%。     

2，3—二氯—5—三氟甲基吡啶的合成研究

2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶是合成农药杀虫剂定虫隆、除草剂吡氟氯禾灵和杀菌剂氟啶胺的关键中间体。对以3-甲基吡啶为初始原料经过氯化、氟代等操作来合成2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶进行了研究,确定了一条较优惠的合成工艺方案。     

2,3-二氯-5-三氯(氟)甲基吡啶的制备

以2,3-二氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶为原料,在一定温度和含有一种或多种钼、钨或钌化合物作催化剂下,与氯气反应进行氯化,得到高收率和高纯度的2,3-二氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,再用氟化氢氟化,得到2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。     

农药中间体2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成

[目的]以2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶生产过程中过度氯代产生的副产物2,3,6-三氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。[方法]以2,3,6-三氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料，经过水解、加氢脱氯、氯代反应制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶，并进行工艺优化。[结果]最优反应条件下，工艺总收率57.7%，产品纯度为99.3%。[结论]该工艺开发出一条新的制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的路线，变废为宝，原料成本低，适合工业化生产。     

2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成方法评述

2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶是一种重要的含氟吡啶类中间体,在农药合成中有广泛的应用。综述了2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的常用合成路线,并对各条合成路线作了比较和评价。     

4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶合成工艺的优化

对以五氯吡啶为起始原料合成4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶的工艺进行了改进,研究了相关因素对4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶收率的影响。结果表明,反应中水分对氟交换反应影响很大,无水条件下氟交换反应温度为100~158℃时中间体3,5-二氯-2,4,6-三氟吡啶收率超过80%;无水KF无需预先用烘箱干燥,氟化产物无需用精馏塔分离,且氨化反应无需耐高温高压设备(室温即可反应),产物总收率为70.4%。此方法操作简单、反应条件温和、设备投资少、生产成本低,具有较高的实用价值。     

合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶新方法

叙述近年来国内外发展的新农药如氟虫腈、溴虫腈、七氟菊酯、四氟苯菊酯、氯氟吡氧乙酸、吡氟禾草灵等相关的含氟中间体的开发,包括对-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯肼、3,5-二氯-4-氨基-6-氟吡啶酚、2,3,5,6-四氟苄醇、2,3,5,6-四氟-4-甲基苄醇、2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶、2.3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和2-(对氯苯基)-5-(三氟甲基)吡咯-3-腈等合成方法和国内生产情况。 摘 要 改进了传统的气相法生产2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,以较新颖的液相合成方法成功地合成出2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,提高了产率,减少了反应时间,且条件较为温和,在化工生产中具有一定的指导意义,对于其他吡啶类化合物的氯化亦有一定的参考价值。     

合成2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的研究进展

综述了含氟吡啶类除草剂、杀虫剂中间体2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的几种合成方法。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。