考虑新能源集群接入的送端电网电压频率控制优化模型

随着大规模新能源发电资源集群接入电网,送端电网受到新能源出力波动、输电线路故障、发电机组投切等大扰动所造成的电网电压、频率波动问题愈加严重。为此,文章提出一种考虑新能源集群接入的交直流送端电网电压、频率控制优化模型。首先,深入研究西北地区送端电网发生故障后的电压、频率变化特性,分别从送端电网频率响应、暂态电压稳定裕度、暂态电压恢复速率指标3个方面对含大规模新能源发电集群接入的送端电网运行特性进行研究;然后,以交直流送端电网的总调节控制成本最优为目标,并考虑送端电网潮流、暂态电压和频率等约束条件,建立交直流送端电网电压、频率控制优化模型,并采用改进差分进化算法进行求解;最后,选取西北某地区电网数据,搭建仿真模型验证该方法的有效性。     

哈郑风火打捆特高压直流外送电压稳定性分析

针对新疆电网弱送端风火打捆特高压直流外送系统,利用DIg SILENT/Power Factory建立包含哈郑直流输电系统的电网模型,研究不同网源无功分配比例对风火打捆直流外送系统静态电压稳定性和暂态电压稳定性的影响。仿真计算结果表明,稳态工况下,直流配套火电机组输出较大无功功率,有助于提高发生短路故障暂态电压稳定性;交流滤波器输出较大无功功率,有助于清除短路故障后的电压恢复。若交流网与送端换流站无功交换值由原来的1 200 MVar设为8 00 MVar,则有助于提高哈郑直流外送系统的静态以及暂态电压稳定性。     

海上风电经柔直送出系统受端交流故障联合穿越控制策略北大核心CSCD

针对传统故障穿越控制存在的风电场减载响应慢、直流耗能装置成本高等问题,文章提出一种风电场快速降压减载和直流耗能装置配合的受端交流故障联合穿越控制策略。通过阐明受端电网故障时的直流过电压机理,分析送端系统交流电压与风场侧电流、直流侧电压的耦合关系,提出了基于前馈直流电压补偿的送端换流站降压法;根据风电并网导则确定风电场稳定运行域,基于风电场减载裕度优化直流耗能装置容量,提出了受端交流故障时风电场降压减载和直流耗能装置联合的穿越控制动作时序;基于PSCAD软件搭建某海上风电柔直工程的电磁暂态模型。不同工况的仿真结果表明,文章所提出的联合穿越控制方法能够减少直流耗能装置的配置容量,并提升海上风电柔直送出系统的故障穿越能力。     

可再生能源交直流送出型电网暂态能量有限时间控制模型

为提高大规模可再生能源经交直流混合通道送出型送端系统在大扰动下的暂态能量控制能力和稳定性,文章提出了一种基于交直流混联电网能量函数模型的送端电网暂态能量分布式协调有限时间控制模型。在将风电、光伏等可再生能源发电系统等值为同步电源的基础上,建立了交直流混联系统电网能量函数模型和能量交互拓扑模型。针对送端系统中可再生能源发电系统不确定性带来的能量调节干扰,考虑储能的调节能力,建立了基于二阶多智能体的送端电网暂态能量有限时间干扰观测器和非线性积分滑模控制模型。以某可再生能源送出型电网网架结构数据为例,采用所建立的可再生能源交直流送出型电网暂态能量仿真模型进行仿真。仿真及分析结果表明,文章所提出的可再生能源交直流送端电网暂态能量控制模型,能够有效提高电网暂态过程中的功角稳定性能和频率稳定性能。     

大规模风电并网的静态电压稳定性研究

随着风电的飞速发展,大规模风电并网给电力系统带来了很多新问题。针对大规模风电并网后系统的静态电压稳定性问题,简述了PV曲线和静态电压稳定性的电压稳定裕度指标,并采用PSASP软件对国内某一实际电网进行了仿真分析,结果表明,风电并网能够提高该系统的静态电压稳定性;在系统中装设无功补偿设备、提高风力发电机的机端电压这两种措施均可以有效提高系统的无功裕度,改善系统的静态电压稳定性。     

基于短路比约束的受端电网新能源并网出力优化方法研究

在大规模分布式新能源发电资源接入受端电网的情况下,如何能够在保证受端电网并网点处暂态电压稳定性的同时,优化受端电网新能源发电机组的出力,是须要解决的关键问题。文章研究一种基于短路比约束的受端电网新能源并网出力优化方法。首先,通过构建受端电网等效模型,分析分布式新能源发电机组接入后,受端电网暂态电压稳定性的影响因素;其次,结合短路比的物理含义,建立新能源电网并网短路比模型,并将其作为研究受端电网并网点暂态电压稳定性的关键指标;再次,以受端电网新能源弃电成本、火电机组运行成本最小为优化目标,考虑短路比等其他约束条件,建立受端电网新能源出力优化模型,并进行求解;最后,仿真验证所建立的模型,结果表明,优化模型可在一定程度上提高受端电网中新能源的出力水平。     

750 kV串补投产后对青海电网安全稳定性的影响

西北电网75 0 kV联络二通道柴达木—海西—日月山串补工程投运后,亟需探明青海电网的安全稳定特性变化趋势及机理。基于EEAC理论分析串补投运前青海电网典型失稳模式的主导因素,指出串补投运前由西北一通道故障导致青海电网失稳模式并非典型意义上的暂态失稳。通过分析送受端联络线的电流、有功功率以及功角差变化关系,指出在故障发生后,联络线两侧电网功角摆开较小时,受端电网先发生了不可逆的电压崩溃,导致受端电网机组加速并最终功角失步,而串补接入送受端联络线可提高电压失稳“拐点”裕度,改善电压稳定特性。仿真结果表明,串补投运后,所在750 kV联网通道静稳极限可提高21%,青海海西新能源送出能力最大可提升80万kW。     

电网暂态电压稳定的主要影响因素量化分析

摘要： 含多馈入直流输电线路的复杂大型受端系统,由于故障后直流换流器和电动机消耗无功功率急剧增长,使得系统暂态电压稳定性面临严峻考验。以某典型受端电网为例,分析了电网暂态电压失稳的严重问题,基于暂态电压失稳的量化评估指标,深入分析了负荷模型和扰动形式对暂态电压稳定性的影响,并根据该电网暂态电压失稳特点提出了改善暂态电压稳定性的方法,即在电网薄弱站点装设动态无功补偿设备STATCOM。所提出的分析方法与结论对其他电网的暂态电压稳定性分析有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于超导磁储能系统的双馈风机协同故障穿越策略

在大规模风电基地通过高压直流输电远距离送出背景下,闭锁、换相失败等直流故障会在送端产生暂态电压扰动导致风机连锁脱网,严重威胁系统的安全稳定.建立风电外送系统模型,结合过电压下双馈风机的暂态响应分析,揭示了直流闭锁导致双馈风机连锁脱网这一过程的内在机理;进一步地,提出一种基于超导磁储能系统和改进风机控制协同的故障穿越策略...     

面向多因素影响的间歇性能源系统无功电压运行风险分析

为确保间歇性能源系统的安全稳定运行,文章从风、光电源以及电铁负荷并网点所允许的电压偏差出发,模拟量化分析风、光电源出力变化、电铁冲击负荷影响下无功电压运行风险;同时考虑大规模风、光电源脱网、送端系统直流闭锁故障因素影响下,讨论故障期间的暂态电压波动,以进一步分析无功电压运行风险。结果表明,电铁汇集点电压运行风险相对较大;风、光电源脱网下其750 k V节点影响不大,而220 k V节点电压风险较大,且随脱网容量加深其运行风险加重;直流双极闭锁下易导致换流站节点暂态过电压现象,使得电压运行存在一定风险。     

Personal power systems

The lack of compact, efficient, human compatible, lightweight power sources impedes the realization of machine-enhanced human endeavor. Electronic and communication devices, as well as mobile robotic devices, need new power sources that will allow them to operate autonomously for periods of hours. In this work, a personal power system implies an application of interest to an individual person. The human-compatible gravimetric energy density spans the range from 500 to 5000 Wh/kg, with gravimetric power density requirements from 10 to 1000 W/kg. These requirements are the primary goals for the systems presented here. The review examines the interesting and promising concepts in electrochemical, thermochemical, and biochemical approaches to small-scale power, as well as their technological and physical challenges and limitations. Often it is the limitations that dominate, so that while the technology to create personal autonomy for communications, information processing and mobility has accelerated, similar breakthroughs for the systems powering these devices have not yet occurred.

Fuel cells, model airplane engines, and hummingbird metabolism, are three promising examples, respectively, of electrochemical, thermochemical, and biochemical power production strategies that are close to achieving personal power systems' power demands. Fuel cells show great promise as an energy source when relatively low power density is demanded, but they cannot yet deliver high peak powers nor respond quickly to variable loads. Current small-scale engines, while achieving extraordinary power densities, are too inefficient to achieve the energy density needed for long-duration autonomous operation. Metabolic processes of flying insects and hummingbirds are remarkable biological energy converters, but duplicating, accelerating, and harnessing such power for mobility applications is virtually unexplored. These challenges are significant, and they provide a fertile environment for research and development.     

Agent-based power sharing scheme for active hybrid power sources

The active hybridization technique provides an effective approach to combining the best properties of a heterogeneous set of power sources to achieve higher energy density, power density and fuel efficiency. Active hybrid power sources can be used to power hybrid electric vehicles with selected combinations of internal combustion engines, fuel cells, batteries, and/or supercapacitors. They can be deployed in all-electric ships to build a distributed electric power system. They can also be used in a bulk power system to construct an autonomous distributed energy system. An important aspect in designing an active hybrid power source is to find a suitable control strategy that can manage the active power sharing and take advantage of the inherent scalability and robustness benefits of the hybrid system. This paper presents an agent-based power sharing scheme for active hybrid power sources. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed agent-based power sharing scheme, simulation studies are performed for a hybrid power source that can be used in a solar car as the main propulsion power module. Simulation results clearly indicate that the agent-based control framework is effective to coordinate the various energy sources and manage the power/voltage profiles.     

基于分布式供能技术的能源系统

由于2003年美国和加拿大大面积停电事故的发生,人们对电网安全的要求越来越高,分布式供能技术引起了世界能源界的广泛关注。能源工业亟待解决的四大问题：合理调整能源结构,进一步提高能源利用效率,改善能源产业的安全性,解决环境污染。而分布式能源系统恰好在这些方面能给以补充,因此大电网与分布式能源系统的合理结合,被认为是21世纪电力工业的发展方向。详细介绍了基于分布式能源系统的概念、特点及发展状况和前景展望。还通过对几种主要的分布式供能技术的技术特点、国内外发展状况及前景展望的介绍,进一步说明了分布式供能技术的发展状况,阐释了分布式供能技术的优势。     

Reliability of power stations: Stochastic versus derated power approach

Consideration of the eventual forced outage of individual power stations leads to a large number of possible states of the power generating system, all with their own probability. It is possible to design a stochastic method to properly take into account all of these possibilities and to weigh them accordingly. In broader energy models, instead of these stochastic techniques that require a considerable amount of calculation time, mostly approximative static simplified methods are applied. Up till now, these simplified techniques have not been validated. The scope of this paper is to check their validity. Therefore, two approaches are compared: a complete stochastic approach and a method based on the derated power (which is the nominal power multiplied with the average availability) of the individual plants. The conclusion of this comparison is that derated power may be used in energy modelling instead of the complicated stochastic approach. The error made is very small and the correlation between the unserved load probability functions obtained by both methods is excellent. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating future balancing power requirements in wind–PV power system

This paper presents a general model—based on the Monte Carlo simulation—for the estimation of power system uncertainties and associated reserve and balancing power requirements. The proposed model comprises wind, PV and load uncertainty, together with wind and PV production simulation. In the first stage of the model, wind speed and solar irradiation are simulated, based on the plant disposition and relevant data. The second stage of the model consists of wind speed, PV power and load forecast error simulation, based on the associated statistical parameters. Finally, both wind and PV forecast error are combined with the load forecast error, resulting in the net uncertainty. This net uncertainty, aggregated on a yearly level, presents a dominant component in balancing power requirements. Proposed model presents an efficient solution in planning phase when the actual data on wind and PV production is unavailable.     

Differentiation of multiple maximum power points of partially shaded photovoltaic power generators

Partial shading conditions have a major effect on the electrical characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) power generators. In this paper, the effects of partial shading on maximum power points (MPPs) of a PV power generator have been systematically studied by using Simulink simulation model of a PV power generator composed of 18 series-connected PV modules. It is shown that the local MPPs can be classified into MPPs at low and high voltages based on the MPP operating point of the PV generator. The results also show that based on the MPP current and voltage it is possible to directly know if the MPP at high voltages is a local or a global MPP. The differentiation between local and global MPPs at high voltages is based on the voltage difference between the actual MPP voltage at high voltages and the theoretical MPP voltage under corresponding uniform conditions. This differentiation method was also tested to work correctly by utilizing experimental measurements of the Tampere University of Technology Solar PV Power Station Research Plant. By using this method, it can be identified if the system is operating at a local or a global MPP. This method can further be utilized to develop global MPP tracking algorithms.     

遗传算法在电力系统无功优化中的应用综述

遗传算法是近10年来发展的基于自然选择规律的一种优化方法,算法能成功的解决无功变量中的离散问题,避免常规数学优化方法的局部最优现象。本文阐述了简单遗传算法以及遗传算法与其它算法相结合的算法在电力系统无功优化中的应用和今后的发展方向。     

计入分布式垃圾发电的配网无功优化

研究了垃圾电站并入配网后的无功优化问题,提出了基于垃圾热值的发电数学模型,分为焚烧发电和沼气燃料电池发电两类.据此模型提出了一种新的配电网无功优化模型,该模型把垃圾处理量作为附加控制变量,把垃圾处理能力作为新的约束条件.在求解方法上,采用小生境粒子群算法进行求解,得到了含有垃圾发电的配网无功优化方案.算例表明,提出的垃圾发电模型和无功优化模型具有较好的准确性和实用性,对垃圾电站的进一步研究具有一定的参考价值,且垃圾发电较燃煤发电具有更好的经济性和环保性,也为垃圾发电在其它方面的应用提供了一些理论依据.     

风电系统的无功功率与电网电压稳定

论述了风电容量在占局部电网相当比例时,风电机组的无功功率调整与电网电压之间的关系,对于定速和变速风电机组的运行特性做了分析,提出了在需要做无功功率调整时风电机组应能满足的特殊要求。