含油污泥热清洗处理技术研究现状与展望

分析与总结了国内外含油污泥热清洗处理技术研究现状,用于含油污泥热清洗的表面活性剂可以分为3类:生物表面活性剂及植物提取物或低聚物、化学表面活性剂、复配型表面活性剂,各类清洗剂各有优缺点。对现有含油污泥处理工艺标准和装置研究进行了介绍与比较,就处理技术发展方向进行了展望,以期更好地为含油污泥热清洗处理技术的运用和发展提供理论基础与技术支持。     

基于过程强化的含油污泥资源化处理技术研究进展

针对新固废法施行背景下的含油污泥固废资源化处理技术面临的难题,首先对含油污泥基本性质、发热量、族组分质量分数等重要理化性质的研究进展进行了总结归纳和数据分析,接着对基于过程强化的含油污泥处理技术中的热裂解、掺混水煤浆气化、清洁燃烧、焦化、萃取、热化学清洗等技术的研究现状、技术特点和前沿发展进行了系统阐述与综合分析,最后...     

生物表面活性剂处理含油污泥的机理分析及应用现状

生物表面活性剂在含油污泥资源化处理方面具有极大的应用潜力.详细分析了生物表面活性剂从含油污泥中回收原油及其强化微生物降解含油污泥的机理,介绍了生物表面活性剂处理含油污泥的应用现状.     

撬装式含油污泥处理装置的结构设计开发

含油污泥主要来源于原油开采、油气集输及污水处理场。污泥中一般含油率在10%~50%,含水率在40%~90%。介绍了含油污泥的相关特点,系统比较了其他含油污泥处理技术与本套装置所采用的处理技术之间的优缺点。详细介绍了本套含油污泥处理装置"清洗-除油-离心法"和"热解法"相互结合的处理技术。通过"清洗-除油-离心法"技术处理后的污泥可实现污泥矿物油含量≤1%,再经过深度热解处理技术可实现污泥矿物油含量≤0.3%的规定,从而达到≤0.3%的农用土壤要求指标。     

含油污泥药剂处理方法研究进展

含油污泥的药剂处理是利用化学药剂的卷起、乳化、溶解、增溶等除油机理,从而达到除油目的的方法。按照药剂种类笔者综述了近年来国内外含油污泥药剂处理的研究现状,包括表面活性剂洗脱除油、破乳剂破乳除油、碱水洗涤除油、絮凝剂絮凝除油和药剂间的复配除油。对这些方法进行了评价和比较,并对含油污泥处理技术今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

一种新型胶质液体泡沫的制备及其在处理含油污泥中的应用研究

经过两步反应合成了一种新型的磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂。应用红外光谱、元素分析等手段对中间体、最终产品进行了结构表征;应用电导法测定了自制的新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂cmc,运用两相滴定法测定了新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂的有效含量。接着,应用新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂构筑了一种新型的胶质液体泡沫(CLA)体系。实验发现,胶质液体泡沫(CLA)的粒径及稳定性主要受相比影响。利用电导率仪对胶质液体泡沫体系的稳定性进行初步研究。应用光学显微技术对胶质液体泡沫体系的结构进行了表征。最后,应用胶质液体泡沫体系进行含油污泥的原油脱除研究,并对脱除的原油进行了回收,并应用光学显微镜技术对原油脱除机理进行了初步探讨。正交实验的结果表明:自制的、稳定的、胶质液体泡沫体系可以有效地脱除含油污泥中的原油,最佳条件是:含油污泥处理量0.5g,稀释比为10∶1,处理温度45℃,处理时间20min,最佳条件下含油污泥中原油的脱除率可达99.60%。     

含油污泥化学热洗技术研究现状与进展

含油污泥是石油生产与加工过程产生的含有油、固体颗粒、重金属、水等的复杂组成体系,其稳定性高、处理难度大,已被列入危险废物名录。我国含油污泥产生量大,未经处理外排会对环境产生严重污染,各石油生产及加工企业均投入较大的人力、物力进行含油污泥的处理,形成了热洗、热解、加温加压调理、微生物处理等技术,其中热洗具有油回收率高、残渣含油率较低、成本低廉等优点。本文对国内外含油污泥处理标准进行了总结对比,对化学热洗技术的研究进展进行了阐述,重点论述了清洗剂种类和浓度、热洗温度、热洗时间、搅拌速度、液固比等因素对含油污泥处理效率的影响,提出了化学热洗技术未来的发展方向,以期对含油污泥化学热洗技术的发展提供参考。     

油气田含油污泥环保型处理技术进展

介绍了含油污泥的控制标准和其对环境的影响。由于含油污泥具有顽固性,在满足严格的环境法规和降低处理成本之间,很少有技术能够达到平衡。着重介绍了三种新型并环保的处理技术,包括生物表面活性剂(BSF)热洗和超声波两种原油回收法和微生物降解深度处理法。两种或两种以上技术的结合有望提供一种经济、环保和适应性强的创新解决方案。     

含油污泥生物表面活性剂化学清洗影响因素研究

采取生物表面活性剂研究含油污泥化学清洗除油过程的影响因素.生物表面活性剂分子结构特征及其表面行为对于含油污泥的化学除油过程具有显著的影响,红外光谱分析表明槐糖脂(SL)和鼠李糖脂(RL)均含有羟基、羧基、醚键等官能团,SL在1400～1000cm-1处的糖脂类特征峰更丰富,具有更多的亲水官能团,推测其具有更显著的界面活...     

表面预处理+热洗涤法处理含油污泥的方法研究

铁路系统机车、车辆作业产生的污泥和油田区石油加工企业产生的含油污泥,由于长时间放置,表面已陈化成膜,直接洗涤效果不明显。故提出了先对污泥表面进行预处理,再用含表面活性剂的热碱水溶液洗涤处理方法,获得了理想的效果。根据实验,此法可将25%左右的含油土样的残留油含量降至1.2%左右,比不经预处理的土样残油率降低了28%。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Mono- and Polyacetals

Abstract

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 6 acetals by molecular oxygen and ozone in liquid phase have been studied. Reaction with molecular oxygen (70°C, 15–16 hr) leads to the formation monoethers of the corresponding glycols with 68–90% selectivity. Salts of metals and complexes with crown-ethers have increased the reaction rate significally. Ozone have reacted with acetals with formation similar products. The mechanisms of intermediate stages have been proposed.     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.