结合用户导向和遗传算法的医疗终端界面布局设计

为了优化公共终端界面设计,提升用户体验,提出一种结合用户导向和遗传算法的界面布局方法.该方法将用户主观认知与客观视觉原则结合后转化为布局指标,以界面布局方案的指标为自变量,用户体验值为因变量,将界面设计布局指标与主观用户体验之间的认知关系建模为可计算的函数.在通过切片树方式对界面布局特征编码后进行展开解空间搜索,具体步...     

基于眼动技术的TMA界面评估及优化

利用眼动追踪技术对胶原纤维热形变分析仪TMA用户界面进行可用性评估,提出一种优化设计方案。以现有的胶原纤维热形变分析仪TMA界面为原型,通过专家指导,选定4个设计要素,重新设计了2款风格不同的用户界面,进行眼动实验,采集眼动数据,利用SPSS进行数据分析,结合问卷调查,对用户界面的背景颜色和布局类型进行可用性评估。胶原纤维热形变分析仪的用户界面背景颜色和布局类型均会影响受试的用户体验,T型布局在各方面均优于上下框架型布局。该方案提出了实验仪器用户界面的设计原则,优化了设计师依靠经验主观设计原版界面的不足,可为实验类仪器界面设计提供参考思路,进一步提升设计方案的科学性、合理性。     

VR 系统信息可视化模型

针对虚拟环境中用户认知负荷较重和资源分配不协调问题,综合分析了人脑认知 活动中信息的显性化表达,提出一种基于分布式认知的信息可视化资源模型。通过计算机感知 虚拟环境中用户动作、行为、任务等信息,依据资源分配方案确定资源和信息之间映射关系, 并以信息表象的形式贮存;通过对信息表象进一步精致化,实现交互界面视觉元素的优化布局; 本文结合眼动追踪设备对VR 系统原型进行可用性评估实验,实验结果表明该可视化模型能够 降低用户认知负荷,改善用户体验。     

基于认知规律的用户界面信息布局设计方法

为进一步提高工作效率,提出一种基于人的认知因素和几何位置匹配因素的界面信息布局设计方法。建立任务模型,获取合理的待布局任务信息元素;从人的认知规律中提取3个布局原则,分别将其以定量化的形式构建数学模型,以目标函数变量的形式作用于界面布局过程中;引入带有惯性权重的粒子群算法求解目标函数,对界面中所有待布局元素的几何位置寻求最优布局方案。以隧道应急救援培训系统的决策界面布局为例,提出解决方案并验证该方法的可行性。实验结果表明,该方法具有一定的实用性。     

移动增强现实浏览器的信息可视化和交互式设计

为探究解决增强现实浏览器人因问题的方法,通过对移动增强现实环境中的人因问题进行分析,提出一个新型设计流程,并在实际设计中论证其有效性.首先对移动增强现实浏览器进行用户需求分析,并将需求转化为任务;然后将抽象信息可视化为数据视图,并采用概览与细节方法对构成视图的视觉元素进行布局;再使用渐进式交互法组织离散数据视图,生成交互界面;最终通过对浏览器原型的迭代设计解决评测过程中发现的人为设计错误.可用性测试结果表明,采用该方法设计的增强现实交互系统增进了用户对目标的认知,改善了用户体验.     

面向大屏幕目标选择的眼动跟踪与手势交互

眼动跟踪方法具有很强的视觉指向性,可以将其应用于面向大屏幕的目标选择,进而避免鼠标操作方式在空间上的远距离移动.然而,仅仅利用眼动跟踪进行选择操作,也会产生选择精度降低、容易产生误操作等问题.因此,为了实现大屏幕上快速、准确的目标选择,提出一种融合眼动跟踪与手势的多通道交互方法,即通过眼动跟踪选择目标,利用手势进行选择确认.在目标尺寸小、目标间距较小时,通过光标稳定和二次选择机制进一步对交互过程进行优化.用户测试结果表明,该方法可以在大屏幕上针对不同尺寸和间距的目标完成有效的选择操作,与仅使用眼动跟踪的目标选择方法相比,任务完成速度提升了16%,任务完成正确率提升了82.6%.此外,针对层级菜单的具体选择任务,该方法与仅使用眼动跟踪的方法相比,任务完成速度提升了13.6%,任务完成正确率提升了55.7%.此外,该方法总体性能接近传统的鼠标操作方式,进一步验证了该方法在实际应用中的有效性.     

基于眼动追踪的数控界面布局认知特性评价

为提高家具多功能数控加工中心作业过程中操作人员的工作效率,从提高人的认知效率出发进行数控界面布局设计的认知特性和评价指标分析.首先基于大脑信息加工过程和时空接近性原理进行人机界面“布局-认知”映射关系构建;然后从用户对信息密集度、复杂度、指导性和逻辑性感知出发,分析布局的认知评价维度及指标;再利用眼动追踪技术,对15种常用家具多功能数控加工界面布局设计方案进行视觉认知实验;并依据眼动数据和交通网络领域可达性模型,推导回看时间比率、再注视比率、眼跳时间比率和可达性计算公式;最后通过相关性分析对文中提出的布局评价指标进行验证,根据方差分析和最小显著性差异法分析各布局设计方案的认知效率.实验结果表明,搜索时间、注视次数、再注视比率、可达性和注视点排布方式可以作为评价布局认知效率的有效指标;对于需要降低信息密集度、提供高指导性和逻辑性的数控界面,宜采用“回”型和“T”型布局,其次为多栏和矩阵布局,不宜采用上下型和无分栏布局.     

基于用户认知能力的自助服务终端界面交互设计方法

大众用户认知能力的多样性问题一直是自助服务终端界面交互设计领域的一大挑战。基于分布式认知理论对自助服务终端界面交互活动进行分析和建模, 确定人机交互过程中交互活动和信息呈现之间的关系, 并在此基础上提出基于用户认知能力的自助服务终端界面交互设计方法。采用这种方法, 设计人员首先要进行用户调研, 识别出需要照顾的用户群体, 然后进行认知能力分析, 建立用户认知负荷模型, 接下来描述用户的交互行为, 确定基本的交互框架, 再运用通用可用性设计方法建立交互设计矩阵, 提出交互设计方案。以酒店自助服务终端为实例, 采用该方法制定设计方案, 通过与传统方法形成的设计方案进行对比, 验证所提设计方法的有效性。这种交互设计方法能够帮助设计人员开发易于大众用户理解和使用的自助服务终端界面, 降低用户的认知负荷, 更好地满足自助服务终端用户的认知多样性需求。     

基于自适应光标的图形用户界面输入效率优化

提高图形用户界面(graphical user interface)的输入效率,是人机交互中的一项重要研究内容.已有的研究包括点击增强技术和自适应界面技术,前者改变光标的控制方式或呈现方式,后者改变界面上控件的位置布局,但两种技术都存在不足.通过分析界面操作,提出了图形用户界面输入效率的评价模型;然后,在此基础上提出一种人机交互效率优化技术:自适应光标.它以自适应的方式,有选择地对界面上用户可能访问的控件通过点击增强技术支持,实现快速访问.该方法既解决了以往的自适应界面技术因频繁调整控件布局而给用户带来额外认知成本的问题,也克服了点击增强技术仅适用于稀疏控件布局的限制.为了检验其可用性,在控件较多的Visual Studio上实现了自适应光标技术.实验结果表明,使用自适应光标技术可以将获取目标的时间缩短27.7％,显著提高了图形用户界面的输入效率.     

基于重要度排序的配电自动化终端优化布局方法

针对配电自动化终端优化布局问题,提出了一种基于重要度排序的终端优化布局方法。首先以等年值综合费用为目标函数,供电可靠性和投入产出比为双重约束建立了配电自动化终端优化布局模型。然后通过分析配电自动化终端对供电可靠性提升的影响,给出各个节点的“二遥”及“三遥”终端安装重要度定义及计算公式。最后采用枚举法确定最优终端安装数量,基于节点终端安装重要度排序确定终端的最优安装位置。该方法考虑了已布局节点对剩余节点终端安装重要度的影响,能够在降低计算量的同时兼顾布局合理性。运用所提方法RBTS-BUS2系统及扩充模型进行终端优化布局并与智能优化算法的布局结果进行对比,验证了本文方法的有效性及优越性。     

Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs

Eye movement-based analysis can enhance traditional performance, protocol, and walk-through evaluations of computer interfaces. Despite a substantial history of eye movement data collection in tasks, there is still a great need for an organized definition and evaluation of appropriate measures. Several measures based upon eye movement locations and scanpaths were evaluated here, to assess their validity for assessment of interface quality. Good and poor interfaces for a drawing tool selection program were developed by manipulating the grouping of tool icons. These were subsequently evaluated by a collection of 50 interface designers and typical users. Twelve subjects used the interfaces while their eye movements were collected. Compared with a randomly organized set of component buttons, well-organized functional grouping resulted in shorter scanpaths, covering smaller areas. The poorer interface resulted in more, but similar duration, fixations than the better interface. Whereas the poor interface produced less efficient search behavior, the layout of component representations did not influence their interpretability. Overall, data obtained from eye movements can significantly enhance the observation of users' strategies while using computer interfaces, which can subsequently improve the precision of computer interface evaluations.

Relevance to industry

The software development industry requires improved methods for the objective analysis and design of software interfaces. This study provides a foundation for using eye movement analysis as part of an objective evaluation tool for many phases of interface analysis. The present approach is instructional in its definition of eye movement-based measures, and is evaluative with respect to the utility of these measures.     

Effects of design features of train electronic guidance interface on visual search,behavior, and usability

In urban rail trains, traditional printed guide information interfaces are being replaced by digital interfaces. An electronic guide screen is an important device for passengers to obtain information about the ride because the train is running underground. In particular, when the train is crowded, passengers must obtain information in advance and make appropriate decisions. Therefore, it is important to efficiently search for guidance interfaces. In this study, use scenarios of the guidance interface were simulated. The typical information layout and display mode in the current electronic guidance interface were the experimental variables. Through eye tracking and subjective evaluation, the effects of design features on user search performance, visual behavior, and usability satisfaction were discussed. The experimental results showed that the information layout and display mode of the guidance interface had an interactive effect on the task completion time, fixation counts, and usability score; they also had a significant effect on the recall accuracy and saccade ratio. Task completion time had a strong positive correlation with usability satisfaction and was correlated with visual behavior. The study confirmed that the split-screen display mode combined with interlaced layout could improve search performance and subjective satisfaction.Relevance to industryPrinted guide signs in subway cars are being replaced by electronic guide screens of different styles. Passengers must search for the required information within a limited period. In this study, the effects of different interface layouts and display modes on search performance, visual behavior, and usability were studied. This had a positive significance in improving user experience.     

基于PCTBTA任务模型的用户界面开发方法

为了适应普适计算环境中用户、设备、使用环境和开发平台的多样性,基于模型的方法被应用于用户界面开发过程中,试图在抽象层次上描述界面,通过模型转换,使其适用于不同的平台.然而,由于目前基于模型的用户界面开发方法（model-based user interface development,简称MBUID）中所采用任务模型的局限性,致使生成的界面难以满足动态环境下用户的可用性需求.提出一种基于任务模型的用户界面开发框架,旨在建模和生成有效、高效、令用户满意的用户界面.在可用性方面,为了准确描述普适计算环境中用户任务,提出一种基于感知控制理论的任务分析方法（perceptual-control-theory-based task analysis,简称PCTBTA）,将使用上下文信息引入到任务分析过程中,并且在较高的抽象层次上反映交互的内容,给可用性设计提供任务空间;在技术方面,为PCTBTA任务模型向界面模型的转换提供技术支持.最后,通过实例说明所提出方法的可行性,并通过与其他方法在可用性和性能方面的比较,表明该方法的有效性.     

A structured methodology for comparative evaluation of user interface designs using usability criteria and measures

Previous research in software ergonomics has indicated the importance of evaluating the usability of computer user interfaces. This paper presents a quantitative basis for selecting from among multiple alternative interfaces relative to multiple criteria of usability concern. The proposed model consists of two main phases: the prescreening phase and the evaluation phase. The prescreening phase involves expert judgment-based assessment with qualitative criteria. The first phase uses absolute measurement analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to filter possible alternative interfaces to a reasonable subset. The evaluation phase involves user-based assessment such as user testing, with quantitative criteria. The objective of the second phase is to evaluate a subset of alternatives using objective measures and to select the best alternative. A set of criteria and measures for evaluating the usability of computer software designs is presented. The proposed methodology is demonstrated in the interface design of a database system used to analyze trip cases information of nuclear power plant.Relevance to industry

There is currently a focus on the usability of interactive computer software. Software developers, interface designers or human factors engineers often confront the task of comparative evaluation among systems, versions or interface designs. The proposed methodology provides practitioners with a structured approach to select the best interface based on usability criteria and measures.     

Robust topology optimization for dynamic compliance minimization under uncertain harmonic excitations with inhomogeneous eigenvalue analysis

Variability of load magnitude/direction is a most significant source of uncertainties in practical engineering. This paper investigates robust topology optimization of structures subjected to uncertain dynamic excitations. The unknown-but-bounded dynamic loads/accelerations are described with the non-probabilistic ellipsoid convex model. The aim of the optimization problem is to minimize the absolute dynamic compliance for the worst-case loading condition. For this purpose, a generalized compliance matrix is defined to construct the objective function. To find the optimal structural layout under uncertain dynamic excitations, we first formulate the robust topology optimization problem into a nested double-loop one. Here, the inner-loop aims to seek the worst-case combination of the excitations (which depends on the current design, and is usually to be found by a global optimization algorithm), and the outer-loop optimizes the structural topology under the found worst-case excitation. To tackle the inherent difficulties associated with such an originally nested formulation, we convert the inner-loop into an inhomogeneous eigenvalue problem using the optimality condition. Thus the double-loop problem is reformulated into an equivalent single-loop one. This formulation ensures that the strict-sense worst-case combination of the uncertain excitations for each intermediate design be located without resorting to a time-consuming global search algorithm. The sensitivity analysis of the worst-case objective function value is derived with the adjoint variable method, and then the optimization problem is solved by a gradient-based mathematical programming method. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework.     

An Experimental Study on Three General Interface Layout Designs for Chemical Process Plants

The human‐machine interface design is not a new problem; however, existing knowledge appears to be focused either on interface conceptual design, which determines what information at what time needs to be displayed, or on interface detailed design, which determines the form of display elements. This article presents a study on interface layout design. Three interface layout designs were proposed based on the proximity compatibility priniciple, which were on the same interface conceptual design. In particular, the first interface layout design is with the highest degree of proximity cognition and the second and third with a reduced degree of proximity cognition. They are called sophisticated, semisophisticated, and nonsophisticated interfaces, respectively. An experiment with a simple process plant was conducted to understand user behaviors on the three interfaces. It is noted that in order to provide an unbiased comparative evaluation of these interfaces the same application problem and similar look‐and‐feel forms of interfaces were designed. In the experiment, three general classes of tasks were considered, namely, normal control operation, fault detection (or monitoring), and fault diagnosis. Two categories of measures were used: the performance measure and the subjective measure. The major results obtained from the experiment are 1) the nonsophisticated interface is the best for fault detections in terms of performance measure; besides, this interface has the lowest mental workload for fault detection; 2) the sophisticated interface is the best for normal operation in terms of performance measure; 3) there appears no significant difference for fault diagnosis in terms of performance measures for all these three interfaces; 4) for normal operation and fault diagnosis, the mental workloads for the three interfaces have no significant difference. Overall, the experiment suggests that the nonsophisticated interface be used in practice with additional two reasons: 1) most of time in the chemical process plant today is the fault detection or operation monitoring task, and 2) it is relatively easier for the nonsophisticated interface to adapt to changes in the chemical process plant design, which are common in today's manufacturing environments.     

基于C-MKE 模型的交互界面设计

为了满足用户对交互界面设计的感性需求,提出了基于C-MKE 模型的交互界面 设计方法。首先应用感性工学(KE)理论构架中的类目层次法(CC)推论交互界面设计项目,并在 与现有交互界面对比分析的基础上建立设计变量空间。其次,通过感性意象认知实验构建感性 意象认知空间,运用数学模型方程法(MM)实现交互界面设计变量与感性意象的映射模型,进一 步通过T 检验法验证了该模型的有效性。最后依据C-MKE 模型推导出苗族银饰文化传播APP 首页界面设计的参考性结论,并进行了界面的创新设计。     

Conceptual design of aeroelastic structures by topology optimization

A topology optimization methodology is presented for the conceptual design of aeroelastic structures accounting for the fluid–structure interaction. The geometrical layout of the internal structure, such as the layout of stiffeners in a wing, is optimized by material topology optimization. The topology of the wet surface, that is, the fluid–structure interface, is not varied. The key components of the proposed methodology are a Sequential Augmented Lagrangian method for solving the resulting large-scale parameter optimization problem, a staggered procedure for computing the steady-state solution of the underlying nonlinear aeroelastic analysis problem, and an analytical adjoint method for evaluating the coupled aeroelastic sensitivities. The fluid–structure interaction problem is modeled by a three-field formulation that couples the structural displacements, the flow field, and the motion of the fluid mesh. The structural response is simulated by a three-dimensional finite element method, and the aerodynamic loads are predicted by a three-dimensional finite volume discretization of a nonlinear Euler flow. The proposed methodology is illustrated by the conceptual design of wing structures. The optimization results show the significant influence of the design dependency of the loads on the optimal layout of flexible structures when compared with results that assume a constant aerodynamic load.