SiC和Al2O3颗粒对Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn合金微磨损行为的影响

本文研究了SiC和Al₂O₃颗粒对生物医用植入材料Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn合金的微磨损行为的影响。在文中研究了合金的比磨损率、摩擦系数、磨损机制以及微磨损与腐蚀之间的协同作用。研究结果显示,合金的比磨损率随磨粒尺寸的增加而增加。由于SiC磨粒的硬度和切削性均优于Al₂O₃磨粒,由此在同尺寸磨粒下SiC磨粒所造成的材料的损失比Al₂O₃磨粒造成的要大。摩擦系数的结果显示,在同一种磨粒作用下,Hank’s溶液中所获得的摩擦系数的平均值大于蒸馏水中所获得的摩擦系数平均值,且由于Hank’s溶液的腐蚀性所致在Hank’s溶液中获得的摩擦系数的稳定性要比在蒸馏水中的稳定性差;在同尺寸磨粒下,Al₂O₃磨粒所造成的摩擦系数要大于SiC磨粒所造成的。随磨粒尺寸的减小,磨损机制由三体磨损转变为混合磨损之后再转变为二体磨损。从磨损机制图中可以看出腐蚀对材料损失的贡献是不容小视的,磨损机制为以磨损为主的磨损腐蚀。     

耐腐蚀性能和拉伸性能提升的 α 型钛合金设计

通过2个电子参数（结合次数Bo_t和d轨道能级Md_t）提出了新设计的α型钛（α-Ti）合金。新设计合金Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn、改性合金Ti-5Al-3Sn-1.9Zr和参考合金Ti-5Al-2.5Sn具有相同的Bo_t值（3.847）以及不同的Md_t值（2.430,2.426,2.422）。测试了3种α-Ti合金的极限抗拉伸强度（σ_UTS）、断裂应变（?_f）和热盐腐蚀性能。3种α-Ti合金均采用冷坩埚悬浮熔炼技术进行制备。结果表明,3种合金样品均具有均匀的微观结构。在3种α-Ti合金中测量到的α单相晶粒尺寸约为600 μm。Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn合金的σ_UTS和?_f值为801 MPa和16%,Ti-5Al-3Sn-1.9Zr合金的σ_UTS和?_f值为708 MPa和15%,Ti-5Al-2.5Sn合金的σ_UTS和?_f值为603 MPa和15%。热盐腐蚀测试进行28.8 ks后显示Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn、Ti-5Al-3Sn-1.9Zr和Ti-5Al-2.5Sn合金的失重率为2.61%、2.83%和3.10%。σ_UTS、?_f和耐热盐腐蚀结果表明,新设计合金Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn是一种有实际应用潜力的钛合金材料。     

2507双相不锈钢在酸性高氯环境下的腐蚀行为

热法蒸发技术在废水处理方面得到广泛应用,且随着废水不断蒸发浓缩,溶液中的 Cl^? 含量成倍增加,导致用于蒸发设备的材料也因此快速腐蚀而失效。2507 钢是一种 Cr、Mo 元素含量高的双相不锈钢,结合了铁素体和奥氏体不锈钢共同优点,因此具有极好的耐点蚀性能。为研究 2507 双相不锈钢在酸性高氯环境中的腐蚀情况,采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱、 Mott-Schottky 曲线以及动态浸泡试验等方法进行测试,利用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）以及 3D 显微镜对浸泡腐蚀后的试样性能进行表征。研究结果显示,随 Cl^-浓度增加,腐蚀电位 E_corr负移,腐蚀电流密度 I_corr增加,极化电阻 R_p 减小,且施主密度 N_D和受主密度 N_A增加,材料的耐蚀性降低。2507 双相不锈钢在酸性高氯（pH 为 3、120 g / L） 腐蚀液中浸泡 35 d 的平均腐蚀速率为 2.51 μm / a。试样表面蚀孔数量较少,蚀孔外径在 70~100 μm,平均点蚀深度为 20.493 μm,最大点蚀速率为 0.275 mm / a,属于轻度腐蚀,体现了不锈钢在酸性高氯环境中良好的耐蚀性。由于目前关于高氯废水蒸发设备材料的腐蚀数据非常缺乏,因此 2507 双相不锈钢的腐蚀情况可以为选材提供数据支撑。     

LY12铝合金在雨水中的腐蚀磨损

以球-面接触方式,在300μm振幅下,用UMT摩擦实验机研究了频率以及水介质对LY12铝合金摩擦系数和磨损量的影响,并用动电位法对LY12腐蚀磨损前后进行了电化学测试。结果表明,随着频率的增加,LY12在两种水溶液中的摩擦系数均呈下降趋势,虽然雨水对铝合金具有减摩作用,但LY12在雨水中的腐蚀磨损量始终比在纯水中的高,从而使腐蚀磨损呈正交互作用,LY12在雨水中的腐蚀磨损机制在低频下呈典型的磨粒磨损,高频下则为磨粒磨损伴随腐蚀疲劳。     

人工时效和腐蚀介质浓度对2A97 Al-Cu-Li合金电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化曲线电化学方法研究了2A97-T3和2A97-T6 Al-Cu-Li合金的耐腐蚀性能,并以第3代典型2060-T8合金、2099-T83铝锂合金和航空用2024-T4高强铝合金为参考对象进行了比较。通过分析电化学参数和腐蚀形貌,发现合金在3种浓度的NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性为2A97-T3>2A97-T6>2024-T4>2060-T8>2099-T83。随着NaCl溶液浓度的增加,合金的腐蚀电位（E_Corr）均降低,同时加剧了表面点蚀和晶间腐蚀程度。2A97-T3合金通过进行固溶和双级人工时效处理的共同作用得到2A97-T6合金,此时T₁相数量大大增加且分布更加均匀。因此,热处理工艺降低了2A97铝合金的腐蚀电位,导致2A97-T6合金的耐腐蚀性能略弱于2A97-T3合金。晶间θ相的解体诱导了2A97-T3合金的剥落腐蚀形貌,而2A97-T6合金的点蚀形貌是由晶内T₁相的溶解造成的。     

微观组织特征对模拟海水中搅拌摩擦加工Ti-6Al-4V合金腐蚀磨损性能的影响

目的研究搅拌摩擦加工细晶Ti-6Al-4V合金在模拟海水中微观组织特征与腐蚀磨损性能的关系。方法通过控制搅拌摩擦加工工艺(200 r/min-25 mm/min和200 r/min-50 mm/min)获得具有等轴细晶组织和片层状α相组织的Ti-6Al-4V合金。使用往复磨损试验机和电化学工作站,在模拟海水中对Ti-6Al-4V合金进行腐蚀磨损实验,获得摩擦系数-时间曲线、动电位极化曲线等一系列摩擦磨损和电化学曲线。使用激光共聚焦显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对磨痕进行观察,计算磨损率,并分析磨损机制。通过计算腐蚀磨损分量研究材料损耗的主要影响因素。结果在腐蚀磨损中,因表面氧化膜被破坏,具有细晶结构的Ti-6Al-4V合金晶界面积大,腐蚀电位降低,但腐蚀电流密度小于原始试样。搅拌摩擦加工试样在腐蚀磨损实验中的摩擦系数更稳定,OCP条件下,具有细小等轴晶组织的搅拌摩擦加工Ti-6Al-4V合金的摩擦系数最低,磨损率较原始试样低20%。片层组织特征Ti-6Al-4V合金因微观力学性能各向异性而影响对磨球的行进路线,犁沟较混乱。原始样品的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和腐蚀磨损,搅拌摩擦加工后,样品在模拟海水中的磨损机制为磨粒磨损、分层磨损和腐蚀磨损。结论等轴细晶组织Ti-6Al-4V合金在模拟海水中表现出低的磨损率和低的摩擦系数,该组织特征具有最优的耐腐蚀磨损性能。     

SPS烧结Ti-25Ta-3Ag合金的组织演变与腐蚀行为研究

用XRD、SEM等测试手段对SPS烧结的Ti-25Ta-3Ag生物合金的物相、形貌和微观结构进行表征;采用开路电位、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱等方法研究了不同烧结温度制备的合金在人工模拟体液(Hank’s溶液)中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明：Ti-25Ta-3Ag烧结产物中存在α相(不规则多边形)、马氏体α＂相(针状)和β相(片层状),同时在晶界处有单质Ag(白色颗粒)析出。电化学实验表明：随着烧结温升高,合金的耐腐蚀性能增强。该合金在人工模拟体液中耐腐蚀性能优异的主要原因是：Ag提高了合金的腐蚀电位,且在晶界析出,由于Ag的高耐腐蚀性,使得晶界不易发生腐蚀;另一方面合金表面形成的钝化膜主要由TiO₂和Ta₂O₅氧化物,Ti和Ta的低价态氧化物以及金属Ag组成,且钝化膜与基体钛结合紧密,其稳定性和保护性更强。     

Zr-1.0Fe-0.2Cu合金在400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的腐蚀行为

以高纯锆为母材制备Zr-1.0Fe-0.2Cu合金,并在400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中进行腐蚀实验。用SEM和TEM对合金基体及其腐蚀后生成氧化膜的显微组织进行研究。结果表明：Zr-1.0Fe-0.2Cu合金中只存在底心正交的Zr₃Fe第二相,Cu元素易偏聚在Zr₃Fe相内,使其不易以Zr₂Cu相的形式析出,Cu元素的添加能够细化合金中Zr₃Fe第二相。Zr-1.0Fe-0.2Cu合金在 400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中腐蚀100 d后,耐腐蚀性能优于Zr-1.0Fe以及Zr-4重熔合金,表明添加少量的Cu元素有利于改善合金的耐腐蚀性能。在腐蚀氧化过程中,含Cu的Zr₃Fe相会滞后于合金基体α-Zr相氧化而进入氧化膜。随着氧化进程的加深,第二相中的Zr元素氧化后会以t-ZrO₂的形式存在,Fe元素则氧化成m-Fe₃O₄。伴随着第二相的氧化进程,合金元素Cu和Fe会在氧化膜中扩散流失,不再呈现聚集状态。     

化学镀Ni-P合金在CO2溶液中的腐蚀磨损行为

研究了化学镀Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金在ＣＯ２水溶液中的腐蚀磨损行为。结果表明,随ＣＯ２浓度增大、载荷增加和滑动速度增加,化学镀Ｎi－Ｐ合金的腐蚀磨损速率增大、自腐蚀电位负移 ;当ＣＯ２浓度增大、载荷减小和滑动速度降低,化学镀Ｎi－Ｐ合金摩擦系数增大。同样条件下,化学镀Ｎi－Ｐ合金比Ｇ１０５钢具有更高的耐腐蚀磨损性。     

NaCl溶液中腐蚀学因素对化学镀Ni—P合金腐蚀磨损行为的影响

在自行研制的腐蚀磨损试验机上，研究了腐蚀学地化学镀Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金腐蚀磨损行为的影响。结果表明，当ＮａＣｌ浓度为３．５％时，化学镀Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金的腐蚀磨损速率，摩擦系数和腐蚀磨损协同作用率具有峰值特性。ＮａＣｌ浓度升高将引起Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金的自腐蚀电位负移，温度升高将引起Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金的腐蚀磨损率增大，协同作用率上升。化学镀Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金可以作为Ｇ１０５钢在ＮａＣｌ溶液中抵抗腐蚀磨损的表面改性材料。     

镍铝青铜9442#合金及其冷喷涂涂层磨蚀行为

采用冷喷涂技术在镍铝青铜9442合金上制备了较为致密,厚度约300μm的镍铝青铜涂层,使用SEM、XRD、XPS、电化学工作站、磨蚀试验机观察并测试了镍铝青铜合金与涂层的组织形貌、电化学行为与磨蚀性能。结果表明：电化学腐蚀后基体发生了晶间腐蚀和选相腐蚀,涂层被腐蚀后颗粒上出现微孔和裂纹;磨蚀过程中存在着摩擦与钝化的协同作用以及摩擦促进阳极溶解的过程;相比于静态条件下,涂层与基体在磨蚀条件下测得的自腐蚀电位有大幅度下降,自腐蚀电流均提高了一个数量级,涂层与基体耐腐蚀性能变差;相比于干摩擦过程,磨蚀过程中涂层与基体的摩擦系数均有较大提高,减磨性能变差。     

Cr涂层对Zr-1Nb合金包壳微动磨损行为的影响

采用三维白光干涉仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪等表征技术对比研究Cr涂层Zr-1Nb合金包壳和Zr-1Nb合金包壳与格架在模拟压水堆一回路水环境下的微动磨损行为及损伤机制。结果表明,Cr涂层显著提高Zr-1Nb合金包壳的抗微动磨损性能。此外,对磨副为刚凸时,Zr-1Nb合金包壳微动磨损机制以磨粒磨损和剥层磨损为主,而Cr涂层Zr-1Nb合金包壳由于表面硬度较高,且表面形成具有保护作用的三体层,其损伤机制以黏着磨损和材料单向转移为主。对磨副为弹簧时,Zr-1Nb合金包壳微动磨损机制主要为剥层和黏着磨损,Cr涂层Zr-1Nb合金包壳主要为磨粒磨损。     

Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-3Nb合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜的结构与性能

利用微弧氧化技术,在Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-3Nb合金表面制备陶瓷涂层。用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪观察并分析陶瓷膜层的组织形貌和相结构,用电子万能材料试验机和数字万用表研究膜层的结合强度和绝缘性,并用MMS-1G高温高速销盘摩擦磨损试验机和YWX/Q-750盐雾试验机考察涂层的摩擦性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:陶瓷层主要由金红石TiO2相和锐钛矿TiO2相构成,膜基结合强度达到30MPa以上,膜层绝缘性和耐腐蚀性良好,耐磨性得到明显改善,涂层的磨损机制表现为轻微的磨粒磨损与粘着磨损。     

锻造CoCrMo合金关节材料的滑动摩擦腐蚀行为

采用UMT-2多功能摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站(CHI614E)摩擦腐蚀试验平台,考察了医用CoCrMo合金在生理盐水润滑条件下的摩擦腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜观察了CoCrMo合金在摩擦腐蚀之后的形貌特征。结果表明,随着载荷的增大,CoCrMo合金摩擦腐蚀后的腐蚀电位降低,腐蚀电流增大。摩擦腐蚀的摩擦因数均大于纯摩擦因数,且随载荷的增加而减小。摩擦腐蚀的磨损破坏比纯摩擦严重,磨损机理主要表现为犁沟磨损和剪切塑变造成的局部剥落。     

Electrochemical behavior of YAG laser-welded NiTi shape memory alloy

Electrochemical behaviors of laser-welded Ti-50.6%Ni（mole fraction） shape memory alloy and the base metal in 0.9% NaCl solution were investigated by electrochemical techniques as corrosion potential measurement, linear and potentiodynamic polarization. The results indicate that the laser-welded NiTi alloy is less susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion than the base metal, which is demonstrated by the increase in polarization resistance（Rp） and pitting potential（φpit） and decrease in corrosion current density（Jcorr） and mean difference between φpit and φprot values. It is confirmed by scanning electron microscope micrographs that pits could be observed on the surface of base metal but not on the surface of laser-welded alloy after potentiodynamic tests. An improvement of corrosion resistance of laser-welded NiTi alloy could be attributed to almost complete dissolution of inclusions upon laser welding.     

Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金热变形行为研究

乏燃料后处理强酸、强氧化性、强放射性的工作环境,对后处理溶解器选材、加工工艺提出了严苛要求。本论文研究了自主设计Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金在670 ~ 750 ℃温度范围、三种不同应变速率0.01、0.1和1 s_-1^条件下的热压缩变形行为,分析了热压缩过程中该合金的微观组织特征,并基于峰值应力构建了其热变形本构模型。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度对Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金热变形过程具有显著影响,流变应力随应变速率增加而增大,随变形温度的增加而减小,达到峰值应力后流变曲线呈现明显动态再结晶特征;提高变形温度有助于发生动态再结晶和晶粒长大;基于Arrhenius本构方程计算得到Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金的热变形激活能为225.8 kJ/mol,硬化指数为5.62,说明合金元素Ti使锆合金的热变形激活能升高;实验值与预测值之间的相关系数为0.97,平均相对误差为6.15%,证实此本构方程预测Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金流变应力的准确性,能够为新型锆合金热加工工艺优化提供理论指导。     

Erosion-corrosion behavior and cathodic protection of alloys in seawater-sand slurries

An experimental study was conducted on the erosion-corrosion behavior of three alloys in seawater-sand slurries. The idea explored was to select a steel, a copper alloy, and a titanium alloy, which should have good resistance to abrasive wear because of high hardness (within their alloy classes). Then cathodic pro-tection would be used to protect them from corrosion. The alloys studied were 4340 steel, silicon bronze, and titanium alloy Ti-6V-4Al. Limiting conditions for cathodic protection were derived from electro-chemical polarization measurements. From erosion-corrosion tests, it was found that erosive wear by sand dominated the metal loss rates of both silicon bronze and Ti-6V-4Al. For the 4340 steel, which was the hardest material, cathodic protection provided good erosion-corrosion resistance. Supplementary measurements showed that ductility loss due to cathodically charged hydrogen in the 4340 steel was neg-ligible under the experimental conditions.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Sprayed Fe-Based Alloy Coating as an Alternative to Hard Chromium

Fe-based alloy coating (FAC) was prepared from Fe-based amorphous metallic powders on low-carbon steel by plasma spray. The microstructures and corrosion resistances (salt spray and electrochemical tests) of the FAC and the reference hard chromium coatings (HCC) were investigated. The results indicated that the as-sprayed FAC consisted of amorphous phase, nanocrystalline grains, and borides. Both the FAC and HCC adhered well to the low-carbon steel substrate, but there are micro-cracks and pores located in FAC, which disappeared after the sealing treatment. After 60 days (1440 h) of corrosion tests by salt spray, the weight loss of FAC was about 10% of the HCC, but that of the sealed FAC (SFAC) was only about 4% of HCC. The electrochemical tests indicated that the HCC had the lowest E _corr (−629 mV) and highest I _corr (63.2 mA/m²). Correspondingly, the SFAC possessed the highest E _corr (−321 mV) and lowest I _corr (6.97 mA/m²). These suggested that the resistance to corrosion sequence (R) among these coatings was R _SFAC > R _FAC > R _HCC. Therefore, this Fe-based alloy coating could be applied as a good alternative material to hard chromium in corrosion environments.     

Effect of ageing treatment on microstructures,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-RE-Zr alloy micro-alloyed with Ca and Sr

Effects of ageing treatment on the microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-xCa-ySr [x=0, 0.2 (wt.%), y=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 (wt.%)] alloys were investigated. Results showed that Ca or/and Sr additions promoted the precipitation hardening behavior of Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr alloy and shortened the time to reaching peak hardness from 13 h to 12 h. The maximum hardness of 77.1±0.6 HV for the peak-aged Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-0.2Ca-0.2Sr alloy was obtained. The microstructures of peak-aged alloys mainly consist of α-Mg phase, Mg₅₁Zn₂₀ phase and ternary T-phase. The Zn-Zr phase is formed within the α-Mg matrix, and the Mg₂Ca phase is formed near T-phase due to the enrichment of Ca in front of the solid-liquid interface. Furthermore, fine short rod-shaped β′₁ phase is precipitated within the α-Mg matrix in the peak-aged condition. The peak-aged Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-0.2Ca-0.2Sr alloy exhibits optimal mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 208 MPa, yield strength of 150 MPa and elongation of 3.5%, which is mainly attributed to precipitation strengthening. In addition, corrosion properties of experimental alloys in the 3.5wt.% NaCl solution were studied by the electrochemical tests, weight loss, hydrogen evolution measurement and corrosion morphology observation. The results suggest that peak-aged alloys show reduced corrosion rates compared with the as-cast alloys, and minor additions of Ca and/or Sr improve the corrosion resistance of the Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr alloy. The peak-aged Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-0.2Ca-0.2Sr alloy possesses the best corrosion resistance, which is mainly due to the continuous and compact barrier wall constructed by the homogeneous and continuous second phases.

     

Corrosion and wear behavior of thermally sprayed nano ceramic coatings on commercially pure Titanium and Ti–13Nb–13Zr substrates

Surface treatments and coatings are the practical approaches used to extend the lifetime of components and structures especially when the surface is the most solicited part of the considered engineering component. Hard thermally sprayed coating is one of the most wear resistance coating widely used in many practical mechanical applications. In the construction of articulating parts of medical devices, titanium and its alloys have to be surface coated to improve their tribocorrosion behavior. In this way, the use of porous thermal coatings is known to be a strategy for better binding bone or tissue on femoral stem for example. It is, thus, important to evaluate the corrosion and the wear behaviors of such materials for biosecurity considerations in the human body. In this study, we investigate the behavior of new nano ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃-13 wt.% TiO₂ thermal sprayed coatings on commercially pure (cp)-Ti (grade 4) and titanium alloy substrates. Friction and wear tests against Al₂O₃ balls showed that the wear resistance of Al₂O₃-13 wt.% TiO₂ is better than that ZrO₂ coating. Both plasma sprayings have similar abrasive wear behavior; however, the average friction coefficient is higher for alumina–titania coating. Electrochemical tests, open circuit potential monitoring and potentiodynamic polarization, were performed in simulated body conditions (Hank’s solution, 37 °C). Results showed that corrosion resistance was appreciably higher for alumina–titania coating.