黑蒜保健功能及加工技术的研究进展

黑蒜是一种新型大蒜制品,具有丰富的营养成分和极高的保健价值,受到消费者的认可。国内的黑蒜加工行业刚起步,大蒜品种和加工方式多样化,黑蒜产业具有很大的发展空间。综述了黑蒜的主要化学成分、保健功能、加工技术以及深加工产品,并对黑蒜加工技术的创新和复合型黑蒜产品的前景进行了展望,旨在为大蒜产品的深度开发和产业发展提供参考依据。     

人参、大蒜混合发酵过程中微生物多样性、成分及抗氧化能力分析

探究人参与大蒜混合发酵对黑参微生物多样性、成分以及生理功能的影响。以新鲜大蒜和人参为原料,采用液态发酵法自制黑蒜、黑参和参蒜,对其发酵过程中微生物多样性、主要成分以及抗氧化性进行分析。结果表明：参蒜产品的优势菌门为厚壁菌门,优势菌属为uncultured_bacterium_f_Muribaculaceae、乳杆菌属等;根据京都基因与基因组百科全书进行代谢途径预测,参蒜与大蒜和人参的代谢途径无明显差异,主要为全局及概要图、碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢;参蒜的还原糖含量和总酚含量显著提高,总酸含量下降,稀有人参皂苷转化率显著提高,潜在有害物质5-羟甲基糠醛含量显著下降;参蒜具有良好的自由基清除能力。以上研究为参蒜产品的开发、促进黑参产业的发展提供理论依据。     

黑蒜药食功能研究进展

黑蒜是大蒜经高温高湿发酵制得的一种食品,具有较高的营养价值,近年逐渐受到青睐。研究表明,黑蒜含有类黑精、蛋白质、多酚、含硫化合物、多糖等活性化学成分,有抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血脂等药理作用,具有较好的开发前景。本文对黑蒜的化学成分、药理作用、加工工艺及相关产品品类等相关内容进行综述,并对黑蒜未来的开发应用进行展望。     

黑蒜快速发酵工艺研究

传统黑蒜的生产周期漫长,一般为40～60d,文章对黑蒜的发酵工艺进行了研究,以多瓣蒜为原料,采用变温发酵、恒温发酵和添加多酚氧化酶的方法对黑蒜工艺进行研究,以黑蒜的色差、总酚和还原糖的含量结合感官评价进行分析,研究结果表明,通过70℃处理10h后进行恒温发酵的黑蒜总体评价要高于其他处理组,而添加多酚氧化酶处理后的大蒜组的褐变速度较快,且黑蒜在发酵35d时产品已成熟;由感官评价相关性分析可知,影响黑蒜感官品质的主要因素为还原糖,因此可结合变温发酵和添加多酚氧化酶以缩短黑蒜的发酵周期。     

不同加工工艺对黑蒜产品品质的影响

黑蒜是一种新型大蒜加工制品,通过不同加工工艺得到两种不同的产品黑蒜1号和黑蒜2号,其中黑蒜1号的生产周期为黑蒜2号的3倍。本研究比较了两种加工工艺对黑蒜基本营养成分、蒜氨酸含量以及自由基清除能力的影响。研究表明:与新鲜大蒜相比,黑蒜的水分含量较少约为40%,湿基中的可溶糖、蛋白质和多酚显著增多(P0.01),蒜氨酸含量减少。而干基中的营养物质除多酚外,其余成分都减少,脯氨酸和精氨酸急剧降低,变异系数分别为1.03和1.12。湿基对OH·的清除能力基本一致,对DPPH·的清除力为新鲜蒜的2倍。黑蒜1号的粗蛋白含量低于黑蒜2号,可溶糖、多酚、蒜氨酸皆高于黑蒜2号,粗蛋白和多酚变异系数达到0.20左右,各组分间存在显著差异(P0.05)。在不同浓度下对自由基清除能力相同,当浓度为0.05 g/m L时,对OH·和DPPH·的清除率达到了90%以上。电子舌可以有效的区别两种产品。     

温度对黑蒜主要理化性质及抗氧化作用的影响

在相对湿度恒定为70%,生产温度分别为45、65、75、85℃条件下生产黑蒜。通过考察生产温度对黑蒜生产过程中褐变度、p H、S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸(SAC)含量和抗氧化活性的影响,以期建立黑蒜的质量因素参数。结果表明:黑蒜样品SAC含量、p H随温度增加而降低,而黑蒜的褐变度、DPPH自由基清除能力及还原能力均随热处理温度的升高而增大。在85℃时黑蒜样品的p H最低为3.25,褐变度、DPPH自由基清除率及还原能力最高分别为2.08、76.77%、3.42。因此,高温有助于提高黑蒜产品的生物稳定性及抗氧化性能。     

响应面法优化黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥工艺研究

为加工高品质的黑蒜片,采用响应面分析法优化黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥条件,并同热风干燥黑蒜片的品质进行比较。以复水比为指标,研究了加热温度、真空度、预冻结温度对黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥过程的影响,用Box-Behnken试验设计建立响应面分析模型。结果表明:黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥的优化工艺为预冻结温度-35℃,加热温度40℃,真空度30Pa,在此条件下,黑蒜片复水比为5.35。其复水比、大蒜素含量、感官评分指标均优于热风干燥产品。表明冷冻干燥是黑蒜片干燥适宜的加工方法。     

功能性调味黑蒜液加工中品质变化研究

黑蒜是用鲜蒜发酵3～4个月制成的发酵食物,黑蒜液是一种由黑蒜通过加工浓缩而成的饮品,能够将黑蒜的营养成分和功能成分完善地提取并保存下来,又可作为替代鲜蒜的调味品,最大程度保留鲜蒜的原有成分,且食用后无蒜臭,加强了抗氧化、提高免疫力、抗癌、消炎杀菌、改良心血管等功效。该研究通过测定鲜蒜、黑蒜和黑蒜液的总酚含量及其抗氧化活性、总酸含量、还原糖含量、游离氨基酸含量及挥发性风味物质来探讨黑蒜液加工中抗氧化活性和风味的变化。结果表明,黑蒜液的总酚含量比鲜蒜和黑蒜多,黑蒜液的抗氧化活性比鲜蒜和黑蒜强,所以黑蒜液的抗氧化、抗衰老功效也是最佳的。黑蒜液的总酸含量比鲜蒜和黑蒜多,黑蒜液的还原糖含量比鲜蒜和黑蒜多,黑蒜液不仅没有鲜蒜的辛辣,还没有黑蒜的微苦味,所以黑蒜液在口感上要比黑蒜和鲜蒜好。鲜蒜的游离氨基酸含量比黑蒜低,黑蒜液的游离氨基酸含量相较于黑蒜,其中蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸的含量升高,一般在1.5～2.5倍左右,其他氨基酸含量不同程度地降低。黑蒜中具有香味的挥发性物质多,所以黑蒜的香味比较明显。黑蒜液的挥发性风味物质中呈刺激性气味成分的含量要低于鲜蒜和黑蒜,而呈香味物质的含量高于鲜蒜和黑蒜。     

黑蒜加工过程中主要营养物质的变化规律的研究

实验对生大蒜在转变为黑蒜的过程中其主要营养物质蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、还原糖、水分随不同的温度和时间发生变化的规律进行了研究。为生大蒜转变成黑蒜后的食用安全性研究提供了基础的理论根据。为黑蒜的营养价值优于生蒜的理论研究提供了重要的实验依据,也为黑蒜生产工艺的创新及更加合理化提供了翔实的理论基础。     

热杀菌处理对黑蒜挥发性成分的影响

为了拓展黑蒜在食品加工中的应用,研究了热杀菌处理对黑蒜挥发性成分的影响。黑蒜分别经100℃,30min及121℃,20min热杀菌处理,利用固相微萃取提取挥发性成分,进行GC-MS分析研究。结果表明:白蒜发酵成黑蒜后,刺激性物质显著下降,香气舒适度显著提高,但硫醚仍是黑蒜中的刺激性物质。热杀菌处理可进一步降低黑蒜中刺激性物质硫醚的含量,拓展了大蒜在食品加工中的应用。发酵过程生成的噻烷及醛类物质使黑蒜具有烤香及坚果香气特征。热杀菌处理使黑蒜的噻烷类物质(烤香味)有所下降,醛类物质(坚果香、花香)显著增加,坚果香气更加突出。热杀菌处理可进一步改善黑蒜香气的协调性,100℃热处理的改善作用更加明显。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press