Epistemology is more than method: A reply to Yanchar and Kristensen.

Responds to S. C. Yanchar and K. B. Kristensen's (see record 1997-02285-001) comments on L. T. Hoshmand and J. Martin's (see record 1995-28533-001) proposal for a naturalistic epistemological approach. Further clarification of the proposal is provided and implications for the development of a theory of method and issues of communal evaluation and intelligibility are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Redefinitions of the science-practice relationship without a framework for unity will fail.

Comments on L. T. Hoshmand and D. E. Polkinghorne's (see record 1992-21300-001) article on redefining the science–practice relationship. Contrary to Hoshmand and Polkinghorne's position, it is suggested that the common-sense language of practice needs to be connected to the systematic language of the relevant basic science. Important activities in psychology are currently separated because the connections have not yet been established, not because they are incommensurate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Constructionists and creationists.

Comments on L. T. Hoshmand and D. E. Polkinghorne's (see record 1992-21300-001) article on redefining the science–practice relationship. A constructivist role in psychology such as that advocated by Hoshmand and Polkinghorne, it is argued, is analogous to that of creationism in biology. The aim of both is to undermine belief that reasoned application of the scientific principles provides a valuable domain of knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The need for scientist-practitioner employment settings.

Comments on C. D. Belar and N. W. Perry's (see record 1992-21285-001), L. T. Hoshmand and D. E. Polkinghorne's (see record 1992-21300-001), and J. J. Sullivan and R. P. Quevillon's (see record 1992-21308-001) articles affirming a commitment to the scientist-practitioner model for training practicing psychologists. An important limitation, it is noted, is the lack of postgraduate employment that supports the internalization of the scientist-practitioner role. Organizational models are needed to compliment interdisciplinary work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reemphasizing Martin and Terris's (1991a) "Predicting infrequent behavior: Clarifying the impact on false-positive rates."

High false-positive rates have been used to argue against the use of valid psychological tests, and this argument is typically adopted when base rates are low. S. L. Martin and W. Terris (see record 1991-28965-001) noted that this argument has merit in some situations but is generally inappropriate in the context of personnel selection. G. Ben-Shakhar and M. Bar-Hillel (see record 1993-23709-001) criticized Martin and Terris's article for a number of reasons. The present article demonstrates that each of these criticisms is either inappropriate or incorrect. Furthermore, the authors show that Ben-Shakhar and Bar-Hillel's article repeats the same error that was identified by Martin and Terris. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and religion.

Replies to comments by L. T. Hoshmand, B. L. Cox, H. Aguinis and M. Aguinis, L. C. Ward, and A. S. Weiss (see PA, Vols 43513; 43509; 43507; 43524; and 43525, respectively) regarding Jones's (see record 1994-29392-001) rejection of claims that religion and science are separate and mutually exclusive. Jones contends that he was not trying to establish that religion and science are equivalent, but rather that the barriers between religion and science are sufficiently permeable to allow a dialogue at their interface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the role of theory in the postmodern integration of science and practice.

Comments on L. T. Hoshmand and D. E. Polkinghorne's (see record 1992-21300-001) article on redefining the science–practice relationship. Missing from their work is an account of the restrictions placed on theory by positivism. The challenge of postmodernism is not to look beyond theory for an assumption-free discovery of practitioner understanding but to expand the mechanistic and stage-based theoretical repertoires to include context-sensitive models of embodied psychological processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unifying psychology: A scientific or non-scientific theory task?

Comments on the review by Stephen Yanchar (see record 2009-04719-001) of the current author's book, "Behavior and Personality: Psychological Behaviorism." The past fifteen years has seen an accelerating growth of interest in psychology's fragmentation and the importance of unification, in a manner that did not exist before. Stephen Yanchar is one of the contemporary leaders in the unification movement, with a focus on philosophy, to which he has been contributing important works. Yanchar's philosophy (which he considers to be theory), fundamental understanding of what psychology is and should be, conception of unifying psychology and, as we will see, his agenda for the field of theoretical and philosophical psychology, are quite different from those of my philosophy of unified positivism and theory of psychological behaviorism (PB). Thus, although this has not been made clear, Yanchar's review is based on a philosophical position that really does not accept psychology as a science. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology's ethics of belief.

Comments on S. L. Jones's (see record 1994-29392-001) attempt to steer away from conventional habits of discourse toward a discussion of metaphysical and moral issues in general and of the relationship between religion and psychology in particular. Hoshmand contends that what Jones failed to address fully are individual differences in the epistemic styles, and personal–developmental and cultural influences on the ethics of belief. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some scientist-practitioners do.

Comments on the argument of L. T. Hoshmand and D. E. Polkinghorn (see record 1992-21300-001) that psychological practice should inform science to the same degree that science informs practice. Based on a survey of 121 faculty members in programs accredited by the American Psychological Association, 65% reported practice activity. The authors agree that the problem involves a much more complex integrative task that goes beyond simply recognizing knowledge gained in practice settings as valid. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Moral Dimensions of Globalization.

Responds to the comments by L. T. Hoshmand (see record 2003-08988-012) and J. Aros (see record 2003-08988-013) on the article by J. Arnett (see record 2002-18352-003) regarding the psychology of globalization. In this response, Arnett discusses the moral implications of globalization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The common factor of mindfulness--An expanding discourse: Comment on Horowitz (2002).

In an earlier article (J. R. Martin, 1997a), I proposed a common factor of mindfulness that can be found in all psychotherapy orientations. Mindfulness was defined as a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view. In the present commentary, I explore some linkages between this common factor and M. J. Horowitz's (see record 2002-13441-001) ideas regarding self- and relational observation. His article offers several promising ideas for psychotherapy integration and the potential development of effective psychotherapy interventions. It also expands the discourse related to a mindfulness factor (J. R. Martin, 1997a) and its facets, linkages, and its implications for clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Optimum service delivery to the Black client.

Replies to the comments of H. U. Ashby (see record 1986-17759-001) and P. Bronstein (see record 1986-17774-001) on the author's (see record 1985-26063-001) work on the nondisclosing Black client. Ashby's and Bronstein's objections to the term healthy cultural paranoia are addressed with assertions that the author is not the originator of the term and that the impact of the proposal on the quality of care services to Black clients was not considered by either Ashby or Bronstein. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recognizing the Centrality of Gender Identity and Stereotype Knowledge in Gender Development and Moving Toward Theoretical Integration: Reply to Bandura and Bussey (2004).

Most of the critique in the A. Bandura and K. Bussey (see record 2004-18097-001) commentary is a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of the points made by C. L. Martin, D. N. Ruble, and J. Szkrybalo in their 2002 Psychological Bulletin article (see record 2002-18663-003). First, Martin et al. never intended to present a comprehensive theory; instead, it was a review of 2 different cognitive approaches to gender development. Second, there is no time line test that has been failed; instead, gender cognitions may occur earlier than initially believed. Third, Bandura and Bussey dismissed central gender cognitions-gender identity and gender stereotype knowledge-despite considerable evidence in their support. Fourth, Bandura and Bussey never addressed the gaps and ambiguities inherent in their theory that Martin et al. questioned in their earlier article. Finally, Bandura and Bussey's misunderstandings of cognitive theorists' views on socialization agents, sociocultural influences, agency, and motivation created theoretical rifts where none exist. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the usefulness of latent variable causal modeling in testing theories of naturally occurring events (including adolescent drug use): A rejoinder to Martin.

Replies to J. A. Martin's (see record 1983-06984-001) criticism of the present authors' (see record 1981-32589-001) methodology and conclusions. It is stated that Martin's criticisms are the result of misreading the present authors' paper and citations, whereas other criticisms were discussed in the original paper and resolved through alternate forms of data analysis. Further analyses are presented to address issues raised by Martin, and arguments against latent variable models are refuted. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depressive affect: A test of behavioral hypotheses. Reply to Wener and Rehm.

In reply to Wener and Rehm's (see record 2005-08994-001) comments on Buchwald's critique (see record 1978-21210-001) of an earlier article by them (see record 1975-25511-001), it is argued that (a) there are no grounds for interpreting their certainty ratings as a measure of self-confidence and that (b) the data they offer to refute the possibility of an artifact does not do so. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further reflections on publishing multiple journal articles from the same data set: Reply to Bray (1994) and Parke (1994).

J. H. Bray's (see record 1995-11196-001) and R. D. Parke's (see record 1995-11204-001) comments on M. A. Fine and L. A. Kurdek's (see record 1995-11198-001) article are constructive, and their efforts have extended the dialogue on the important issue of publishing multiple journal articles from a single data set. This article identifies areas of agreement with Bray and Parke and comments on additional issues that they raised. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Implications for psychology: Reply to comments.

Replies to the comments of D. E. Leary (see record 1986-07955-001), S. A. Mulaik (see record 1986-07961-001), D. N. Robinson (see record 1986-07966-001), and W. L. Stroud (see record 1986-07976-001) on the earlier presentation of the present authors (see record 1984-00037-001) about the new philosophy of science. The present authors are pleased with what they have been able to communicate and discuss what they feel has been misunderstood. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methodological issues and the construct validity of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale: A response to the rebuttal and constructive comments of Merenda and Sparadeo.

Responds to the criticisms by P. F. Merenda and F. Sparadeo (see record 1982-04761-001) on the present authors' study (see record 1980-02442-001) of the construct validity of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. It is felt that although some of their statistical concerns have merit, they have overemphasized the practical importance of these concerns and have overlooked other important findings. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)