Waveguide properties of regular domain structure in LiTaO3 crystal

This paper reports a scanning electron microscopy study of the surface acoustic wave interaction with regular domain structure in LiTaO₃ crystal. The regular domain structure was formed by thermoelectrical treatment after growth. The process of the surface acoustic wave propagation along domain structure and waveguide properties of the domain structure were investigated.     

Acoustic emission, dielectric constant, thermal expansion and domain structure of BaTiO3 crystals near the phase transition

By the acoustic emission, dielectric constant and thermal expansion methods BaTiO₃ crystals have, been investigated near the phase transition. Domain structive have been photographed on the reflected polarized light. The crystale composite etched and its properties have been recorded after every etching. The dielectric constant and the thermal expansion curves have been carried out the anomalies are accomponied by the acoustic emission. Being lied at 7-10°C below T_c, the temperature of these anomalies have been approaching to T_c as far as one etch the crystals. The quantities of these anomalies and the acoustic emission activity has been decreasing, and the domain structure has been simplefied too. It is shown, these observed anomalies lire a result of the internal stresses into the surface layers.     

阀门内漏单声波传感器监测方法研究

针对阀门内漏模拟和阀门内漏监测问题，提出了阀门内漏模拟和阀门内漏非介入式单声波传感器监测方法。设计了由法兰、薄纸片和带孔铝片组成的虚拟阀门，可真实地模拟阀门内漏瞬态过程，克服了传统阀门内漏模拟方法中存在的各种缺点。分析、比较了不同条件下阀门上下游声波传感器输出信号的频域特征，验证了阀门上游声波传感器设置的冗余性和基于单声波传感器实现阀门内漏监测的可行性。分析、比较了不同条件下单声波传感器输出信号的时频域特征，提出了基于峰值系数和小波包能量分率的阀门内漏时频域特征提取方法，并以阀门密封良好状态下的声波信号为样本，建立了基于SVDD的阀门内漏诊断模型。测试结果表明：本文提出的单声波传感器阀门内漏监测方法可行、模型诊断准确，且具有较强的抗干扰能力和较高的阀门内漏检测灵敏度。     

自由液面处双悬停气泡破裂声特性研究

通过流场-声场同步测试实验,观测自由液面处双悬停气泡几近同时破裂,引起液面波动的瞬态流动行为与声学特性。利用短时傅里叶变换提取了声音信号的时-频谱图,同步分析了气泡破裂过程图像和声压图谱。结果表明,双悬停气泡相继破裂,气泡Ⅰ射流形成和气泡Ⅱ体积急剧收缩的时刻重叠,存在高于单气泡破裂0.5 Pa的声压激增现象,该声压峰值均大于单气泡破裂、体积急剧收缩、射流引起的声压幅值。双悬停气泡破裂引起的液面波动相向传播重叠时刻,也存在明显的声压峰值。其中,气泡Ⅰ射流形成和气泡Ⅱ体积急剧收缩重叠时刻的声信号中心频率约为1078 Hz;双悬停气泡破裂引起的液面振动波叠加时刻具有两个频域峰值,中心频率分别为1242 Hz和2063 Hz。     

Piezoelectric electron acoustic study of domain structures in ferroelectric ceramics BaTiO3

The domain structures of ferroelectric ceramics BaTiO₃ have been observed by piezoelectric electron acoustic probe without any special processing to the sample. It is found that multi-distribution of domain structures could exist in a single grain and a domain structure could cross several grains. Experimental results show that the orientations of arrangements of domain structures on the boundary of two neighboring grains are the same as far as possible and the width of domain depends on the magnitude of grain. The origins of electron acoustic image contrasts of BaTiO₃ were mainly determined by the electronic properties of ferroelectric domains.     

滚动轴承故障声学信号小波分析方法研究

采用小波分析方法,对非接触式声学测试中的滚动轴承故障声学信号进行多尺度分解,计算分解后每层信号的能量系数,结合噪声信号频率特性,去除能量较低的频段信号,对能量集中的频段进行波形重构,得到最能代表声发射源特征的信号,并利用功率谱分析了其频域特性。     

Surface acoustic waves interaction with twin structure in the LiNbO3 crystal

This paper reports a scanning electron microscopy study of the surface acoustic waves interaction with twin structure in the LiNbO₃ crystal. The twin was formed spontaneously in the process of the LiNbO₃ crystal growth. We investigated the surface acoustic waves reflection and refraction on the twin structure. Also, we demonstrate the shift of the surface acoustic wave potential contrast on the twin walls.     

Using transient energy release measurements for the in-line characterization of non-Newtonian fluids and fluid state in pipe flow

Alberini et al. have developed a new technology based on a passive acoustic emission (AE) sensing system that uses only a single sensor, with the goal of providing live and in-situ measurement of rheology. For this study, three different types of fluids were selected to represent common rheological behaviours: Newtonian behaviour, non-Newtonian behaviour with power law, and non-Newtonian behaviour with Herschel–Bulkley relationship. By analyzing the transient energy released during the interaction between the probe and the fluid, distinct acoustic fingerprints were identified in the frequency domain. These acoustic fingerprints were found to be characteristic of the different fluids and their rheology, and were validated in triplicate. Furthermore, the results showed that the intensity of the acoustic emissions increased with higher flow rates (30 to 50 L/min). To test the correlation between flow rate and acoustic response, a neural network regression test was conducted, which demonstrated a direct correlation between AE peaks and flow rate. The neural network used was nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX), and the test involved a stepwise regression with 70% training and 30% network validation. The study also introduced the Rheology-AE quotient, which maps fluid constituents against the acoustic signal. Results showed that this was a reliable means of deriving live rheology from a fluid's frequency domain. Finally, the results obtained from this study were validated using an offline rotational rheometer.     

Characteristics of ZnO thin film surface acoustic wave devices fabricated using nanocrystalline diamond film on silicon substrates

The propagation characteristics of surface acoustic wave for the ZnO piezoelectric films and nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films multilayer SAW devices on Si substrates were investigated. High surface acoustic wave velocity is achieved for a ZnO/NCD/Si multilayer structure excited by a bottom-electroded device configuration. The NCD films deposited on Si substrates (NCD/Si) not only possess smooth surface, but also show good compatibility with ZnO materials, such that [002] textured ZnO films can be directly grown on NCD/Si substrates without the necessity of using buffer layer. The surface acoustic wave velocity increased with the thickness of the NCD films. For the thickness of the ZnO and NCD films investigated, the 0th mode surface acoustic velocity in IDT/ZnO/NCD/Si structure achieves 5100 m/s, whereas the 1st mode SAW in the ZnO/IDT/NCD/Si structure reaches 8500 m/s.     

Experimental study of the acoustic admittance of the burning surface of composite solid propellants

A method for measuring the acoustic admittance of the burning surface of solid propellants using a two-dimensional combustion chamber (T-burner) is considered. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the effect of the pressure and frequency of acoustic oscillations in the combustion chamber and the effects of the composition, mass content, and aluminum powder particle size on the acoustic admittance of the burning surface of composite solid propellants.     

碳纤维编织复合材料拉伸变形测量及声发射监测

采用声发射和数字图像相关互补技术,结合破坏断口微结构特征,研究碳纤维编织复合材料的损伤变形与失效机理。在复合材料试件拉伸加载的同时,实时获取变形特征和损伤声发射信号,分析复合材料力学响应与位移场、声发射特征的关系。结果表明,复合材料试件实时拉伸位移场、损伤破坏过程的声发射相对能量、撞击累积数及幅度等特征参数反映了复合材料表面变形与内部损伤演化过程。复合材料试件断裂时出现较多高持续时间、高幅度、高相对能量的声发射信号,宏观断口平齐,表现为脆性断裂。     

A surface acoustic wave on a ferroelectric layer-structure oxide

As a piezoelectric application of a ferroelectric material of layer-structure type, a surface acoustic wave device using a ceramic Pb_0.15 (NaBi)_0.425Bi₄Ti₄O₁₅, produced by a hot-forging technique is described. The surface acoustic wave on the substrate with the poling axis parallel to the free surface is Blustein-Gulyaev type and its velocity is 2812 m/s.     

The study of domain rearrangement under external electric fields by scanning electron acoustic microscope

Compared with other methods, scanning electron acoustic microscope (SEAM) is a convenient, fast and nondestructive technique revealing ferroelectric domain without any special pre-treatment to the sample. It is also a promising technique for the dynamic study of domain structure of ferroelectric materials. In the initial research, detailed images of rearrangement of domains in BaTiO₃ ceramics induced by an external electric field were obtained. The results are discussed.     

基于声发射技术的垂直管气液两相流动检测方法

声发射（AE）作为一种无损检测手段,用于气液两相流的测量具有非侵入式、测量不破坏被测管道及流场分布,信号强、灵敏度高等优点。利用声发射技术在河北大学垂直管气液两相流管道上进行了大量实验,运用现代信息数据处理方法对气液两相流垂直管道流型特征参数进行了提取。分析结果表明利用声发射手段提取出的流型特征参数可以反映出典型流型下的动力学特征。垂直管道中,泡状流、弹状流、环状流以及过渡状态下的乳沫状流在时域和频域信号中有着明显区别,小波能量和小波包分解后的信息熵的值也存在较大的差异性,从另一角度验证了在不同流型下两相流体在管道内部不同的运动状态,利用模式识别的思想,对垂直管4种典型流型进行了流型识别,取得了较好的效果,研究结果表明声发射技术可以作为一种技术手段用于气液两相流流动的检测。     

Using acoustic emission to quantify damage in restrained fiber-reinforced cement mortars

This paper describes the use of acoustic emission (AE) for monitoring early-age cracking in restrained fiber-reinforced mortars. A steel-testing frame was used to prevent the length reduction associated with drying. AE sensors placed on both unrestrained and restrained specimens detected a high degree of activity that may be attributed to surface microcracking caused by moisture gradients that cause the surface to shrink more rapidly than the core. It was found that as the concrete neared the age of visible cracking, the acoustic waves generated in the restrained specimens had a greater amplitude and duration. For this reason, acoustic energy was utilized for these investigations. An increase in acoustic energy was detected before cracks were observed in the restrained specimens. It is believed that the role of fiber reinforcement is twofold. First, fibers arrest cracks thereby preventing unstable crack propagation, and second, they restrain the crack from opening preventing the cracking from becoming visible until a later age.     

Finite-element analysis of scattering parameters of surface acoustic wave bandpass filter formed on barium titanate thin film

ABSTRACT

The frequency dependence of scattering parameters of interdigital surface acoustic wave transducers placed on ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO₃) epitaxial film in c-phase coated over magnesium oxide has been studied using the finite-element method (FEM) approach along with the perfectly matched layer (PML) technique. The interdigital transducer which has a comb-like structure with aluminum electrodes excites the mechanical wave. The distance between the fingers allows tuning the frequency properties of the wave propagation. The magnesium oxide is taken as the substrate. The two-dimensional model of two-port surface acoustic wave filter is created to calculate scattering parameters and to show how to design the fixture in COMSOL^TM. Some practical computational challenges of finite element modeling of SAW devices in COMSOL^TM are shown. The effect of lattice misfit strain on acoustic properties of heterostructures of BaTiO₃ epitaxial film in c-phase at room temperature is discussed in present article for two low-frequency surface acoustic resonances.     

喷嘴释放单气泡的声发射特性

利用声发射技术在单气泡发生实验装置中研究了气液两相流中单气泡的动力学特性,使用自行开发的采集处理程序进行气泡声信号的参数提取,采用统计分析、小波变换和快速傅里叶变换对声信号进行时域和频域范围的分析。分析结果表明,声发射技术可以检测到管内气泡的声信号,具有较高的信噪比,且声信号随着喷嘴尺寸的增大而增大,随着液相表面张力的减小而减小。比较不同喷嘴直径下气泡的频率谱,发现喷嘴释放气泡发出的声信号频率为150～200 kHz,且随着喷嘴直径的增大,峰值频率相应增大,提出了声信号峰值频率与气泡尺寸之间的关联式。同时得到了气泡上升过程中的连续形态变化,分析了气泡产生声音的机理。研究表明,声发射技术是一种灵敏度高、测量手段方便的方法,可用于气液两相流气泡运动特性的检测。     

声空化场强化沸腾传热机理

引　言声空化是指向液体中辐射声波时 ,在一定压强下液体中出现的微小汽泡随着声压的变化作脉动、振荡或伴随有生长、收缩以至破灭的现象[1] .采用声空化技术强化传热的方法因涉及空化现象而不同于 2 0世纪 5 0～ 6 0年代仅依靠超声波使液体产生机械振动以达到强化传热的方法 .文献 [2 ,3]就声空化场对单相对流传热的影响进行了实验研究 ,结果表明 :传热强化效果分别高达 3倍和 4倍 ;文献[4 ]在研究了超声波对淬火的影响后指出 :由于超声的空化作用使淬火冷却 3个阶段中的膜沸腾传热提前结束 ,核沸腾传热提前到来 ,因而使介质冷却强度提高 5…     

Early-age acoustic emission measurements in hydrating cement paste: Evidence for cavitation during solidification due to self-desiccation

In this study, the acoustic emission activity of cement pastes was investigated during the first day of hydration. Deaired, fresh cement pastes were cast in sealed sample holders designed to minimize friction and restraint. The majority of acoustic emission events occurred in lower water to cement ratio pastes, while cement pastes with higher water to cement ratios showed significantly less acoustic activity. These acoustic events occurred around the time of setting. A layer of water on the surface of the cement pastes substantially reduced acoustic emission activity at the time of setting. According to these experimental results, the acoustic emission measured around setting time was attributed to cavitation events occurring in the pores of the cement paste due to self-desiccation. This paper shows how acoustic emission might be used to indicate the time when the fluid–solid transition occurs in a cement paste, often referred to as time-zero. Knowledge of time-zero is fundamental for determining when mechanical properties develop and in calculations of residual stresses.     

Hydrogen‐bond acidic polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane filled polymer coatings for surface acoustic wave sensors

A series of novel polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane nanofiller compounds functionalized with hydrogen‐bond acidic sensor groups was prepared, characterized by IR, ¹H‐, ¹³C‐ and ²⁹Si‐NMR, and MALDI‐TOF MS, and formulated into polymer coatings for 500 MHz surface acoustic wave sensor platforms. Sensor responses to the explosives simulant dinitrotoluene and to the nerve agent simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate were studied, and the performances of the polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane formulations were compared with those of conventional hydrogen‐bond acidic linear surface acoustic wave sensor polymers carrying the same sensor groups. The polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane formulations gave good initial responses to the simulants, maintained 40–65% of their original response over a period of 6 months and maintained their sensitivity down to a simulant vapor concentration of 1 ppb v. The surface compositions of the surface acoustic wave sensor coatings were characterized by sum frequency generation spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007