Photoluminescence studies of CdTe films and junctions

Device quality CdTe films and junctions have been studied using low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The behavior of the PL was studied as a function of the measurement temperature and excitation intensity. The CdTe films and junctions were prepared under various deposition conditions to determine the effect of film deposition and solar cell fabrication parameters, such as the effect of oxygen, and chloride treatment. A PL band located at 1.232 eV has been attributed to the presence of oxygen. This band is present only in as-deposited samples excited at the CdTe surface. Samples annealed in the presence of CdCl₂ exhibit a single PL band located at 1.42 eV. A model explaining the behavior of these bands is presented.     

YAG:Ce纳米荧光粉发光的温度依赖特性

用沉淀法制备了YAG:Ce纳米荧光粉. 用X射线粉末衍射仪 (XRD)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对粉体煅烧过程的相变和形貌进行了表征. 研究了80～400K范围内, YAG:Ce纳米荧光粉发光和衰减的温度依赖特性. 结果表明, 前躯体由纳米颗粒组成. 900℃煅烧时, 粉体由非晶态直接转变为YAG相. YAG:Ce的发光强度随温度的升高而减弱. YAG:Ce纳米荧光粉的衰减包含两个指数项, 长时间项反映了体相Ce³⁺的荧光衰减, 随着温度的升高不断减小. 短时间项反映了表面Ce³⁺的荧光衰减, 随着温度的升高呈下降趋势, 由于受到表面效应的影响, 中间出现小幅的阶跃.     

Low temperature annealing effects on the structure and optical properties of ZnO films grown by pulsed laser deposition

ZnO thin films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature (RT) ∼500 °C by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique and then were annealed at 150-450 °C in air. The effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and optical properties of the thin films deposited at each substrate temperature were investigated by XRD, SEM, transmittance spectra, and photoluminescence (PL). The results showed that the c-axis orientation of ZnO thin films was not destroyed by annealing treatments; the grain size increased and stress relaxed for the films deposited at 200-500 °C, and thin films densified for the films deposited at RT with increasing annealing temperature. The transmittance spectra indicated that E_g of thin films showed a decreased trend with annealing temperature. From the PL measurements, there was a general trend, that is UV emission enhanced with lower annealing temperature and disappeared at higher annealing temperature for the films deposited at 200-500 °C; no UV emission was observed for the films deposited at RT regardless of annealing treatment. Improvement of grain size and stoichiometric ratio with annealing temperature can be attributed to the enhancement of UV emission, but the adsorbed oxygen species on the surface and grain boundary of films are thought to contribute the annihilation of UV emission. It seems that annealing at lower temperature in air is an effective method to improve the UV emission for thin films deposited on glass substrate at substrate temperature above RT.     

Photoluminesence studies of CdTe/SnO2 and CdTe/CdS heterojunctions: The influence of oxygen and the CdCl2 heat treatment

The influence of oxygen and annealing in the presence of CdCl₂ on the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of CdTe, component of SnO₂/CdTe heterojunction (HJ), has been studied in a temperature range of 17-100 K. The changes in the photoluminescence spectra were studied as a function of excitation intensity. Analysis of the PL spectra was carried out with considerations of spectra obtained from CdS/CdTe heterojunctions. CdTe side PL (SnO₂/CdTe HJ) consisted of 1.450 eV-DA defect band and 1.243 eV band (17 K). Annealing resulted in the disappearance of 1.243 eV band in oxygen containing samples. Interface PL for the unannealed samples consisted of mainly the 1.264 eV and a trace of the defect band. The CdCl₂ treatment is responsible for an almost symmetrical 1.416 eV band.     

InGaAsSb多量子阱材料的光致发光特性研究

研究了InGaAsSb多量子阱材料光致发光特性。通过实验数据分析和理论计算,发现对于分子束外延(MBE)法生长的InGaAsSb多量子阱材料,生长时的衬底温度决定着材料的质量,合适的衬底温度可以明显的增加其发射的光致发光强度;组分相同时,在一定范围内,随着阱厚的增加,其发射的光致发光波长也随着增加,但是随着阱厚增大,波长增加趋于平缓。     

Interface control of InGaAs/AlAsSb heterostructures

We report here a photoluminescence (PL) study of AlAsSb/InGaAs/AlAsSb single quantum wells (SQWs) that are lattice-matched to InP substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The group V species used, the interface termination procedures, and Si doping are shown to markedly influence the PL spectra of the SQWs: (1) the undoped SQWs grown using dimer group V species combined with As interface termination show sharp PL spectra, which correspond to a direct transition between the confined electrons and holes of InGaAs; (2) the PL peak is broadened and shifted towards a longer wavelength as a result of Sb interface termination; and (3) when the AlAsSb or InGaAs layers are highly doped to 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³, the PL spectra become very broad. These results are most probably attributable to the enhanced exchange reaction between As and Sb, and also to the diffusion of In and Ga at the interfaces resulting from Si high doping and the use of tetramer group V species.     

Recent Progress in Time‐Resolved Biosensing and Bioimaging Based on Lanthanide‐Doped Nanoparticles

Luminescent nanomaterials have attracted great attention in luminescence‐based bioanalysis due to their abundant optical and tunable surface physicochemical properties. However, luminescent nanomaterials often suffer from serious autofluorescence and light scattering interference when applied to complex biological samples. Time‐resolved luminescence methodology can efficiently eliminate autofluorescence and light scattering interference by collecting the luminescence signal of a long‐lived probe after the background signals decays completely. Lanthanides have a unique [Xe]4f^N electronic configuration and ladder‐like energy states, which endow lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles with many desirable optical properties, such as long luminescence lifetimes, large Stokes/anti‐Stokes shifts, and sharp emission bands. Due to their long luminescence lifetimes, lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles are widely used for high‐sensitive biosensing and high‐contrast bioimaging via time‐resolved luminescence methodology. In this review, recent progress in the development of lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles and their application in time‐resolved biosensing and bioimaging are summarized. At the end of this review, the current challenges and perspectives of lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles for time‐resolved bioapplications are discussed.     

高分子稀土配合物发光材料的合成及性能研究

合成了含铕的有机配合物Eu(TTA)_2AA,并与乙烯基咔唑(NVK)进行共聚合反应,获得了Eu(TTA)_2AA-NVK共聚物。采用红外光谱、紫外光谱、荧光光谱、元素分析、ICP、DSC、动态激光光散射等手段对其结构进行表征。同时发现,含铕共聚物的荧光强度随Eu含量的增加而增加,未出现浓度猝灭现象。通过XRD进行分析研究发现,Eu(TTA)_2AA能够均匀地分散在共聚物中,并表现出强的荧光特性。     

The copper influence on the PL spectra of CdTe thin film as a component of the CdS/CdTe heterojunction

The influence of annealing in the presence of CdCl₂ and a thin copper layer deposited onto CdTe on the photoluminescence spectra of CdTe, as a component of CdS/CdTe heterojunction, has been studied for two excitation wavelengths: 0.337 μm and 0.6328 μm. The behavior of the PL was studied as a function of the measurement temperature and excitation intensity. At 0.6328 μm excitation, the interface PL consists of a known 1.43X band, and the chloride annealing enhances radiative transitions at 1.536 eV. The intensity of the 1.536 eV transitions increases when Cu is present. The PL of as-deposited CdTe films prepared in the presence of oxygen has the 1.45X band attenuated when excited with 0.337 μm excitation wavelength.     

基于制约的时间管理理论研究

针对作业成本法和制约理论的缺陷,同时利用二者的互补性,提出了基于制约的时间管理理论。在决策方面,该理论结合了作业成本法与制约理论的优点,通过分析特定环境下系统的时间、成本与现金收益之间的关系进行决策。在持续改善方面,该理论以制约理论为基础,结合作业成本法的作业分析技术以合理确定制约并对制约进行分类,通过对不同类型的制约采取不同的步骤以实现持续改善：对于非稳定制约,应采取措施尽快提升制约,使之发生转移;对于稳定制约,应在提升制约的同时,使非制约的行为服从于制约。     

基于CV-SVM方法的手术时间估计

手术时间估计是进行科学手术排程的前提和依据,为了能够准确地估计手术时间从而为手术排程提供有效信息,采用交叉验证（CV）方法优化支持向量机(SVM)参数,构建基于交叉验证的支持向量机模型对手术时间进行估计。为了验证模型的性能,将CV SVM模型与径向基（RBF）神经网络模型相对比,通过某医院眼科角膜移植手术时间估计进行实例验证。结果表明,相比RBF模型,基于CV SVM模型的手术时间估计结果平均绝对百分误差在11%以内,相对误差在23%以内,验证了模型的有效性,为手术时间估计提供了一种有效的方法。     

铅丹－硅制延期体生产与贮存中秒量的稳定性探讨

文章通过对延期药、延期体已存秒量进行的一系列生产试验和分析，得出了其秒量变化的实验结论．     

Monitoring Nanocrystal Self‐Assembly in Real Time Using In Situ Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering

Self‐assembled nanocrystal superlattices have attracted large scientific attention due to their potential technological applications. However, the nucleation and growth mechanisms of superlattice assemblies remain largely unresolved due to experimental difficulties to monitor intermediate states. Here, the self‐assembly of colloidal PbS nanocrystals is studied in real time by a combination of controlled solvent evaporation from the bulk solution and in situ small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) in transmission geometry. For the first time for the investigated system a hexagonal closed‐packed (hcp) superlattice formed in a solvent vapor saturated atmosphere is observed during slow solvent evaporation from a colloidal suspension. The highly ordered hcp superlattice is followed by a transition into the final body‐centered cubic superlattice upon complete drying. Additionally, X‐ray cross‐correlation analysis of Bragg reflections is applied to access information on precursor structures in the assembly process, which is not evident from conventional SAXS analysis. The detailed evolution of the crystal structure with time provides key results for understanding the assembly mechanism and the role of ligand–solvent interactions, which is important both for fundamental research and for fabrication of superlattices with desired properties.     

基于噪声抵消技术的时延估计

阐述了噪声抵消时延估计法(Time Delay Estimation based on Noise-canceling,TDENC)的基本原理,建立了TDENC分析的估计模型;并进行了大量仿真计算和初步海上试验。仿真结果表明:低信噪比且干扰噪声间相关性较强时,TDENC估计延时明显优于常规方法,但其主峰较宽;干扰噪声间彼此相关但信噪比高,估计时延精度则较差。海上试验结果和理论仿真一致。     

Rapid thermal annealing effects on atomic layer epitaxially grown Zns:Mn thin films

ZnS:Mn thin films were coated on transparent conducting layer indium tin oxide (ITO) 2×2 in. glass substrates by an atomic layer epitaxy process. Grazing-angle X-ray diffraction on thin films shows a phase-pure ZnS with a wurtzite structure oriented along the 002 direction. Photoluminescence and CL measurements were carried out on the films. The emission from ZnS:Mn thin films consists of two strong bands at 515 and 452 nm with an excitation band at 329 nm. For improved brightness, the samples were annealed in a rapid thermal annealing furnace under different gas atmospheres (N₂, O₂ and forming gas) so that the green emission was increased. The green emission is due to donar-acceptor combination. Promising results were obtained when the thin films were annealed in forming gas at 600°C for one minute. Scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that the particles are well crystallized, with a grain size of 0.3–0.5 μm. This paper reports the particle size and morphology on the luminescent characteristics of a Mn²⁺ center in ZnS thin films. Received: 16 April 1999 / Reviewed and accepted: 21 April 1999     

Spatially resolved positron annihilation spectroscopy on friction stir weld induced defects

Abstract

A friction stir welded (FSW) Al alloy sample was investigated by Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) of the positron annihilation line. The spatially resolved defect distribution showed that the material in the joint zone becomes completely annealed during the welding process at the shoulder of the FSW tool, whereas at the tip, annealing is prevailed by the deterioration of the material due to the tool movement. This might be responsible for the increased probability of cracking in the heat affected zone of friction stir welds. Examination of a material pairing of steel S235 and the Al alloy Silafont36 by coincident Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS) indicates the formation of annealed steel clusters in the Al alloy component of the sample. The clear visibility of Fe in the CDB spectra is explained by the very efficient trapping at the interface between steel cluster and bulk.     

Spatially resolved positron annihilation spectroscopy on friction stir weld induced defects

A friction stir welded (FSW) Al alloy sample was investigated by Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) of the positron annihilation line. The spatially resolved defect distribution showed that the material in the joint zone becomes completely annealed during the welding process at the shoulder of the FSW tool, whereas at the tip, annealing is prevailed by the deterioration of the material due to the tool movement. This might be responsible for the increased probability of cracking in the heat affected zone of friction stir welds. Examination of a material pairing of steel S235 and the Al alloy Silafont36 by coincident Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS) indicates the formation of annealed steel clusters in the Al alloy component of the sample. The clear visibility of Fe in the CDB spectra is explained by the very efficient trapping at the interface between steel cluster and bulk.     

Time estimation method for manual assembly using MODAPTS technique in the product design stage

This paper aims to propose an accurate and quick assembly time estimation method using the modular arrangement of predetermined time standards in the product design stage. It describes a classification of 2382 assembly operations that are incurred in manually assembling consumer electronics such as air conditioners, washing machines and refrigerators, and a method of choosing representative motions comprising work elements by examining the frequency distribution of the assembly operation’s motions. It then presents criteria for assigning time values associated with the movement of the representative motions using the design factors employed in design for assembly and the layout factors of an assembly line. A case study then presents the practicality of the method, the statistical results of which indicate that the proposed method would be accurate enough for practical purposes.     

Time finite element based Moreau‐type integrators

With the postulation of the principle of virtual action, we propose, in this paper, a variational framework for describing the dynamics of finite dimensional mechanical systems, which contain frictional contact interactions. Together with the contact and impact laws formulated as normal cone inclusions, the principle of virtual action directly leads to the measure differential inclusions commonly used in the dynamics of nonsmooth mechanical systems. The discretization of the principle of virtual action in its strong and weak variational form by local finite elements in time provides a structured way to derive various time‐stepping schemes. The constitutive laws for the impulsive and nonimpulsive contact forces, ie, the contact and impact laws, are treated on velocity‐level by using a discrete contact law for the percussion increments in the sense of Moreau. Using linear shape functions and different quadrature rules, we obtain three different stepping schemes. Besides the well‐established Moreau time‐stepping scheme, we can present two alternative integrators referred to as symmetric and variational Moreau‐type stepping schemes. A suitable benchmark example shows the superiority of the newly proposed integrators in terms of energy conservation properties, accuracy, and convergence.     

基于钟差建模的水下定位时延修正算法

针对同步定位模式中存在的钟差影响定位精度的问题,提出了一种适用于水声定位系统的同步时钟修正算法.对单个水下固定潜标的时延进行长时间观测,测量定位时延的变化量,建立了钟差修正模型,定位精度得到明显提高.此模型在海试试验数据中得到了验证,两个潜标的相对定位精度分别提高了31.1％和64.6％,且解算钟差模型系数与设备精度吻...