Design and Performance of the First Dual-Coil Magnet at the Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center

The first 80 T dual-coil magnet was manufactured and tested at the Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC). The inner coil consists of 8 layers of 2.8 mm × 4.3 mm CuNb microcomposite wire developed in China; the bore diameter is 14 mm and the outer diameter 135 mm. The outer coil was wound directly on the inner coil with 12 layers of 3 mm × 6 mm soft copper. Each conductor layer of both coils was reinforced by Zylon/epoxy composite. The inner and outer coil were driven by a 1.6 MJ/5.12 mF capacitor bank and by eight 1 MJ/3.2 mF modules, respectively. At the voltage of 14.3 kV for the inner coil and 22 kV for the outer coil, the inner and outer coils produced peak fields of 48.5 T and 34.5 T respectively, which gave a total field of 83 T. This was the first combined operation of the new capacitor banks installed at the WHMFC. We present details of the design, manufacture and test of the dual-coil magnet and discuss crucial material properties. Based on this experience, a second dual-coil magnet will be designed; the enhanced design will be discussed. With the total energy of 12.6 MJ, peak field up to 90 T is expected.     

The Design and Tests of Battery Power Supply System for Pulsed Flat-Top Magnets in WHMFC

A capacitor bank power supply of 14.8 MJ is built in Wuhan National Pulsed High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC). Another pulse generator power supply of 100 MJ/100 MVA is expected to be finished by the end of August, 2012. These power supplies can drive pulsed magnets with a magnetic field of 50 T to 80 T and a pulse duration of 15 ms to 1000 ms (Li et al. in IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 18:596, 2008). In addition to that, a new battery bank power supply system is also designed. This system can output a maximum voltage of 1000 V, a maximum current of 40 kA and a pulse duration of 2 s to feed pulsed flat-top magnets of 40 T/2 s. This power supply consists of battery bank and its charger, thyristor DC switch and its forced commutation, DC breaker, control system, Crowbar, PWM controller and magnet. The battery bank uses 945 lead-acid batteries and its modular design makes it easy to modify the voltage and current of the power supply by changing the connections of the batteries based on the requirement of single-coil, double-coil and triple-coil magnets. The design and primary tests of the battery power supply system will be introduced in this paper (Schillig et al. in IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 10:526, 2000).     

Generation and measurement of multi megagauss fields in inertial magnets

We present here the development of a facility to generate high (multi megagauss) magnetic field of 4 to 5μs rise time, using inertial magnets. The facility includes a low inductance, high current capacitor bank (280 kJ/40 kV) and an inertial magnet, which is a copper disk machined to have a keyhole in it. As the high current from the capacitor bank is discharged through the copper disk, a high magnetic field is produced along its axis, before it is destroyed by the combined effect of the dynamic loading and skin effect. A maximum peak magnetic field of 257 T is realized, when the magnet with 3.6mm inner diameter, 35mm outer diameter and 5mmlength, is powered by the capacitor bank charged to 28 kV (134 kJ). The transient magnetic field is measured using a B dot probe with an error of ±25 T. The probe in most of high field shots (> 200 T) got destroyed before recording the peak field and the trailing edge of the magnetic field. Experimental evidence of enhancement of the probe survival for longer time in copper disks using spatial non-uniform conductivity with 1mm thick SS brazed to the inner wall of the inertial magnet is also reported.     

微胶囊铜粉对铜复合浆料性能的影响

为提高铜浆料的导电性,利用微胶囊技术在铜粉表面包覆液体石蜡,增强铜粉的抗氧化性,并添加少量导电性能优异的碳纳米管作为导电增强相,制备碳纳米管-铜复合浆料.利用四探针测试仪、扫描电镜等测试方法研究了液体石蜡含量对包覆铜粉性能的影响以及微胶囊铜粉作为主导电相,碳纳米管作为导电增强相对浆料导电性能的影响.结果表明:液体石蜡包覆含量为4 wt%的微胶囊铜粉具有良好的导电性和抗氧化性,其电导率为44.32%IACS;微胶囊铜粉作为碳纳米管-铜浆料的主导电相,制备浆料膜层电阻率为22.59 mΩ·cm,相比于未包覆的铜粉为主导电相制备的浆料膜层电阻率降低了12.44%;碳纳米管作为导电增强相所制备的浆料相比于纯铜浆料,电阻率降低31.74%.     

Werkstoffverhalten eines metallischen Faserverbundes und seiner Komponenten bei LCF‐Wechselbeanspruchung

Behaviour of a metallic fibre composite material and its components in LCF‐test The mechanical behaviour of unidirectional metallic fiber composite materials is investigated in the low cycle fatigue tests. The material consists of a copper matrix reinforced by continuous unidirectional fibers of austenitic steel with two different volume fractions. A comparative investigation carried out on the component materials. In addiction to the result of the strain controlled tension‐compression‐tests, the fatigue life is estimated using the Manson‐Coffin relation. The fracture characteristics are studies metallographically.     

Design of a 60 T Quasi-continuous Magnetic Field System with a Hybrid Capacitor/Rectifier Power Supply

At the Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, a 135 MW rectifier power supply is being installed nearby a 11 MJ capacitor bank power supply. By combining the two power supplies, a 60 T / 100 ms quasi-continuous magnetic field can be achieved in a monolithic copper coil magnet with a 22 mm diameter bore. Comsol Multiphysics 3.5a and Matlab 7.11.0 were adopted to verify the performance of the magnet and the hybrid power supply system. Details of the designed magnet, the power supply and the simulation results are presented.     

Design of copper filled fibreglass moulds for manufacturing a customized product using linear programming optimization and finite element analysis

This paper presents a design procedure and cost analysis for a mould made of glass fibre reinforced polyester filled with copper particles (GRP/copper). It also describes their potential use in rotational moulding as an alternative to steel and aluminium moulds operating at high temperatures up to 250 °C. The thermal conductivity of glass reinforced polyester (GRP) was improved by incorporating copper particles acting as fillers in the composite. An optimum composite structure consisting of 25% glass fibres, 45% polyester, and 30% copper was achieved by linear programming search optimization methods. Then a finite element analysis (FEA) of a typical GRP/copper mould made of the optimized composite structure under thermal loading was conducted. The induced thermal stresses obtained from FEA were used to check the failure condition of the mould using the Tsai–Hill failure criterion. The FEA design procedure was also used to determine the mould thickness with a safety factor of at least four. Scheduling and cost analysis showed that 76% reduction in production time and 64% reduction in manufacturing costs have been achieved with the developed method.     

Micromechanical model of 3D cross-ply copper matrix composite reinforced with SiC fibres

A 3D cross-ply micromechanical model is used to analyse the thermomechanical behaviour of copper matrix composite reinforced with SiC fibres, when subjected to cyclic loadings at high temperature. The copper matrix composite is reinforced with 45% fibre volume fraction. A cohesive model is employed to capture the influence of the debonding interface in the composite, during the consolidation and subsequent thermal and mechanical loading.     

Toward High Strength and High Electrical Conductivity in Super‐Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Copper

The miniaturization of electronic products is drawing higher demand in the strength and conductivity of conductors. This work demonstrates the possibility of substantially increasing the dislocation density in copper to enhance the strength of super‐aligned carbon nanotubes (SACNTs) reinforced copper matrix composites (SACNT/Cu) without compromising the electrical conductivity. High strain is introduced into pure copper and SACNT/Cu by accumulative roll‐bonding (ARB) process up to 16 cycles at ambient temperature. SACNTs with initial laminated distribution turn out to be dispersed uniformly with maintained directional arrangement inside the copper matrix after ARB, which can then effectively block the motion of dislocations. Therefore, large number of dislocations propagated by large strains can be accumulated without subdivision. The accumulated dislocations will result into strain hardening, which is the major strengthening mechanism in SACNT/Cu after ARB. Furthermore, the contribution of dislocations to resistivity increase is little, thus maintaining high electrical conductivity. As a result, a high tensile strength (505 MPa) combined with a high electrical conductivity (90% IACS) is achieved in large‐sized composite sheet.

     

电铸nano-Al2O3 / Cu 复合材料的组织与性能

采用复合电铸工艺, 在硫酸铜镀液中加入纳米氧化铝颗粒制备了纳米颗粒弥散增强铜基复合材料, 利用扫描电镜、电子透镜对复合材料的表面、拉伸断面和摩擦磨损表面的形貌以及微观组织进行了观察, 并对显微硬度、拉伸性能、磨损性能及电阻率进行了研究。结果显示, 氧化铝颗粒及其团聚体以纳米级尺寸弥散分布在铜基体中, 且与铜基体结合良好。复合材料的硬度最大增幅达42 %。氧化铝颗粒含量在1. 26 %时, 复合材料的拉伸强度和延伸率分别高达385 MPa 、26 %。相对电铸纯铜, 复合材料的耐磨性能明显提高, 而复合材料的电阻率最大增幅小于6 %。      

碳化硅增强铝基复合材料界面改善对力学性能的影响

用粉末冶金法制备了致密度较好的镀铜碳化硅增强铝基复合材料,并对碳化硅的表面化学镀工艺进行了分析.通过化学镀前后复合材料力学性能的对比研究表明,碳化硅表面镀铜较好地解决了碳化硅与基体的相容性问题,使复合材料的力学性能得到明显提高.     

型钢混凝土空腹叠合梁受剪承载力试验研究

为更加深入研究型钢混凝土叠合梁的受剪机理,提出更为优化的截面形式,该文完成了10个足尺型钢混凝土叠合梁在单调集中荷载作用下的静力试验研究。通过考察剪跨比、截面形式（空腹和实腹）等参数对受剪性能的影响,着重研究了足尺型钢混凝土空腹叠合梁的受剪性能。结合试验结果对各试件的裂缝形态、破坏特征、承载能力、变形等性能进行了分析研究。采用桁架-拱模型并基于变形协调条件将桁架、拱和型钢三者对受剪承载力的作用相结合,建立了适用于型钢混凝土叠合梁的受剪承载力计算方法。结果表明:型钢混凝土空腹叠合梁与实腹叠合梁具有相似的受剪性能和破坏形态,承载力随剪跨比的增大而减小,试件整体性良好;采用JGJ 2016和YB 9082-2006计算的受剪承载力离散型偏大,该文建立的修正桁架-拱模型计算值与试验结果吻合较好。     

Effect of copper electroless coatings on the interaction between a molten Al–Si–Mg alloy and coated short carbon fibres

The role of electroless copper coatings applied on short carbon fibres on the interaction between an aluminium alloy (Al–Si–Mg) and coated fibres has been studied to get useful information for the fabrication of carbon fibre reinforced aluminium matrix composites by liquid or semi-liquid processing. The conditions used for electroless were optimized to obtain a uniform and continuous layer of copper. After characterization, uncoated and Cu coated carbon fibres were mixed with AA 6061 aluminium powders, compacted and heated at temperatures from 650 to 950 °C to study the reactivity and the resulting interface. To complete this study, differential thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out on compacted mixtures of aluminium alloy powders with Cu coated and uncoated carbon fibres, applying similar thermal cycles than for the composite manufacturing. The results show an important improving of reinforcement wetting by molten matrix when copper coatings are applied, jointly with a reduction of the alloying elements microsegregation in the matrix, unlike the composites manufactured with uncoated fibres. Additional microhardness and nanoindentation tests were carried out to study the effect of the copper incorporation from the coating to the matrix on the matrix response to the ageing hardening.     

Properties of radiation stable, low viscosity impregnating resin for cryogenic insulation system

Impregnating resins in fusion magnet technology are required to be radiation stable, low viscosity, long usable life and high toughness. To meet these objectives, we developed a new epoxy based composite which consists of triglycidyl-p-aminophenol (TGPAP) epoxy resin and isopropylidenebisphenol bis[(2-glycidyloxy-3-n-butoxy)-1-propylether] (IPBE). The ratio of TGPAP to IPBE can be varied to achieve desired viscosity and working time. The boron-free glass fiber reinforced composites were prepared by vacuum pressure impregnation. The radiation resistance was evaluated by ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation of 1 MGy at ambient temperature. The mechanical properties of the composites have been measured at room temperature and at 77 K.     

Vibration in a satellite structure with a laminate composite hybrid sandwich panel

The objective of this investigation is to study the complex vibration characteristics of an actual spacecraft structure using the FEA code in conjunction with experimental data. The body of a satellite consists of a monocoque structure formed by joining several composite sandwich panels composed of an aluminum honeycomb core with carbon fiber reinforced laminate skins on both sides.     

碳毡／铜复合材料的制备及其物理性能研究

选用廉价的碳毡作为增强体，成功地摸索出用电沉积法制取碳毡／铜复合材料的工艺。研究了碳毡／铜复合材料的导电性能、热膨胀性能及电磁屏蔽性能。实验结果表明，该材料是一种较廉价且性能优越的新型功能复合材料。     

A pulsed dipole magnet made from a hollow composite superconductor with a circulatory refrigeration system

When a superconducting dipole magnetic field is limited by a value of about 2.5 T using a ‘window frame’ type dipole, the design of such a magnet can be essentially simplified, and the superconducting winding volume can be decreased. If the winding is made of hollow composite superconductor, the cryostat construction is simplified and it is easy to handle with superconducting magnets.In order to estimate the prospects of using ‘window frame’ type dipole magnets with a circulatory refrigeration system for the Nuclotron Accelerator project, a dipole magnet with a length of about 0.4 m, a 5.5 cm aperture and a magnetic field of up to 2.5 T has been constructed and tested at the High Energy Laboratory, JINR. The superconducting cable of the magnet consists of a cupro-nickel pipe with an outer diameter of 5 mm and a wall thickness of 0.5 mm on which multifilament superconductors are cabled. The magnet construction with a two-phase helium circulating refrigeration system is described. The dependences are presented of the critical current degradation and of ac losses on the magnetic field inhomogeneity and hydraulic resistance.     

Cathode spot movement on a continuous carbon fiber reinforced Cu matrix composite in vacuum

The cathode spot movements on a carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composite (C_f/Cu) were investigated by a scanning electron microscope and a digital high-speed video camera. The composite was prepared by infiltrating a Cu alloy doped with Ti and Cr into a porous carbon/carbon composite in vacuum. It is found that the carbon fibers have a higher ability to withstand the vacuum arc erosion than the Cu matrix. The cathode spot walks randomly on the matrix, rather than on the carbon fibers. The cathode spots are restricted on the Cu matrix in C_f/Cu. The directional movement in the high-speed images is caused by the restricted random walk of the cathode spots. A gradient distribution in the size and density of the cathode spot is present on the Cu matrix. The average arc spreading velocity is estimated to be about 0.36 m/s and the transient arc spreading velocity is in the range of 0.12–0.7 m/s.     

Design and test of a 700 mm long hexapole composed of rectangular rare earth cobalt permanent magnets

A hexapolar magnet with inner diameter of 80 mm and an air gap inductance of > 400 mT on the pole faces is described. This magnet consists of six parallelepiped rare earth cobalt permanent magnet bars, 17 × 700 mm²in cross section and 42.1 mm in height. The whole device, which is used as part of an ECR-Heavy Ion Source, is placed into a magnetic mirror field with strong axial field strength. To assure a proper superposition of the hexapole field and mirror field, no iron Circuit could be used. The radial and axial field distribution inside the hexa-pole magnet was measured, and compared with calculated data. The variation of field strength, especially the variation of lines with constant field strength as a function of both the height and width of the magnets is discussed.