Quench performance and field quality of the LHC preseries superconducting dipoles

The preseries production of the LHC main superconducting dipoles is presently being tested at CERN. The foremost features of these magnets are: twin structure, six block two layer coils wound from 15.1 mm wide graded NbTi cables, 56 mm aperture, polyimide insulation and stainless steel collars. The paper reviews the main test results of magnets tested to day in both normal and superfluid helium. The results of training performance, magnet protection, electrical integrity and the field quality are presented in terms of the specifications and expected performance of these magnets in the future accelerator.     

Loss and dynamic magnetic field measurements in LHC dipoles

Knowledge of AC loss and dynamic magnetic field distortion in the main LHC dipoles is both important for the assessment of the accelerator performance and providing insight into the properties of assembled magnets. We measured the loss due to the current cycling in a few 1-meter long model dipoles, 15-meter long dipole prototypes and pre-series magnets. As expected the loss depends linearly on the rate of the current change. From the slope of this dependence, the contact resistance between the strands of the opposite layers of the cable, R/sub c/, was evaluated for the inner winding of the dipole. We discuss the method to estimate the R/sub c/ value in the outer winding. The R/sub c/ value has been also derived independently from measurements of the magnetic field. For this, the ramp rate dependent component of the main field as well as of the harmonics has been measured. The main magnetic field measurements were performed using both stationary coils and Hall probes. Rotating coils were used to perform the harmonic measurements.     

Correlations between field quality and geometry of components in the collared coils of the LHC main dipoles

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (1995), a proton-proton superconducting accelerator, will consist of about 8400 superconducting magnet units, all operating in superfluid helium at a temperature of 1.9 K. The design of the superconducting main dipole magnets for the LHC is guided by the requirement of an extremely high field quality in the magnet aperture which is mainly defined by the layout of the superconducting coil and the position of the conductors. In order to avoid conductor movements within the magnet cross-section, the superconducting coils are held in place by surrounding stainless steel collars. In this paper, we review the dependence of field harmonics in the LHC main dipoles on dimensions of the hardware components of the collared coils. An analysis of the dimensional measurements of these components which are used in the collared coils produced so far is given. Sensitivity tables which are worked out through a coupled magneto-static model give the variation of the multipoles on collars, copper wedge dimensions and cable geometry. A Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the effects of possible errors on the multipoles.     

Efficiency and signal/noise ratio of short linear dipoles

The performance of inductively loaded dipoles as a function of coil loading position can be expressed either in terms of their efficiency or power gain, or alternatively in terms of their signal/noise ratio for different sky temperatures. The variation of power gain and efficiency with loading position differs from the corresponding variation of signal/noise ratio, and graphs illustrating the relation between signal/noise ratio and efficiency for any short dipole are provided for different sky temperatures.     

Direction and polarization estimation using arrays with small loopsand short dipoles

It is shown that when polarization-sensitive arrays consisting of crossed small loops and short dipoles are used, one can eliminate the requirement in the ESPRIT algorithm that sensors must occur in matched pairs. The dipoles and loops are sensitive to the polarizations of incident electromagnetic plane waves. The dipoles are sensitive to the incident electric field components, and the loops to magnetic field components of the incident waves. The invariance properties among the dipole and loop outputs of an arbitrary array of orthogonal loops and orthogonal dipoles are exploited to compute both the two-dimensional arrival angles and polarizations of incoming narrowband signals. It is shown that with dipoles and loops, vertical arrays are not necessary to obtain good direction estimates for signals from low angles     

On radiating-zone boundaries of short, /spl lambda//2, and /spl lambda/ dipoles

This article presents a critical analysis of the classical definitions of the radiation regions for the particular case of short, /spl lambda//2, or /spl lambda/ dipole antennas, regions which we have revisited. We worked out a definition of radiation zones from consistent criteria directly linked with radiation characteristics: radiated field, wavefront, wave impedance, and radiated power. The "far-field zone" boundary is then defined as the distance beyond which the radiated wave is spherical and the radial component of the fields is negligible compared to the transverse component. Next, we consider the "near-field-reactive or very-near-field zone" to be the region wherein the wave impedance is different from Z/sub 0/ =120/spl pi/, and wherein the reactive power is not negligible when compared to the active power. In this paper, the short dipole case is first studied. Dipoles of length up to /spl lambda/ are also treated, considering diameters from 0 up to /spl lambda//20. The results obtained lead us to accurately set the boundaries of the radiation zones of dipoles without the need for the restrictive hypotheses of the classical definitions.     

A model of several dipoles in free space in the primary processing of magnetocardiographic data

The magnetic field of a dipole in an inhomogeneous conductive medium (the human body) is considered. The magnetic field consists of the primary field and the secondary field produced by induced conduction currents. It is shown that, in many cases, the secondary field can be described as the field of a single secondary dipole in free space. The dipole location in the vicinity of the boundary of an electric conductivity inhomogeneity is confirmed in simulations. It is shown that, when the dipole fields in an inhomogeneous object are analyzed with the use of the model of several dipoles in free space, it is possible to characterize the location of conductivity boundaries inside the body. This data can be used to develop a more adequate model that takes into account the effect of the conductivity jump at the heart boundary. Such an improved model can be used for the further refinement of the positions of primary dipole sources.     

MISR in-flight camera geometric model calibration and georectification performance

In order to facilitate a unique georectification approach implemented for Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) data, specific calibration datasets need to be derived during flight. In the case of the spaceborne MISR instrument, with its unique configuration of nine fixed pushbroom cameras, continuous and autonomous coregistration and geolocation of image data are required prior to the application of scientific retrieval algorithms. In-flight-generated calibration datasets are required to (a) assure accuracy, (b) reduce processing load, and (c) support autonomous aspects of the processing algorithm. This paper describes the in-flight geometric calibration approach with the focus on the first year of activities and the georectification performance achieved.     

A new statistical model for site-specific indoor radio propagationprediction based on geometric optics and geometric probability

The ray-tracing (RT) algorithm has been used for accurately predicting the site-specific radio propagation characteristics, in spite of its computational intensity. Statistical models, on the other hand, offers computational simplicity but low accuracy. In this paper, a new model is proposed for predicting the indoor radio propagation to achieve computational simplicity over the RT method and better accuracy than the statistical models. The new model is based on the statistical derivation of the ray-tracing operation, whose results are a number of paths between the transmitter and receiver, each path comprises a number of rays. The pattern and length of the rays in these paths are related to statistical parameters of the site-specific features of indoor environment, such as the floor plan geometry. A key equation is derived to relate the average path power to the site-specific parameters, which are: 1) mean free distance; 2) transmission coefficient; and 3) reflection coefficient. The equation of the average path power is then used to predict the received power in a typical indoor environment. To evaluate the accuracy of the new model in predicting the received power in a typical indoor environment, a comparison with RT results and with measurement data shows an error bound of less than 5 dB     

异轴角散射法中散射体几何模型的构建与优化

湿蒸汽参量测量对于保障汽轮机机组的高效安全运行具有重大意义。基于激光散射的异轴角散射法是湿蒸汽参数测量的光学方法之一。本文在分析异轴角散射法测量模型中激光散射的散射体几何建模存在问题的基础上,构建了CCD相机单个像元所对应的散射体的几何模型,并求解了散射体体积及与散射体相关的几何参数;并采用MATLAB软件进行了仿真计算,计算了水滴群质量中间半径r0.5、水滴数浓度N和尺寸分布系数K变化对散射光强的影响,并进行了误差分析。研究结果表明:采用新构建的散射体几何模型的异轴角散射法所得的仿真理论数据与实验数据间相对误差减小,且变化趋势更趋于一致,验证了几何模型优化的可行性和优越性,可为湿蒸汽参数测量提供更精确的数据。     

Optimization of gate poly TAB size and reliability on short channel pMOSFET

In this report, the effective gate tab size on pMOSFET to reduce HEIP degradation was investigated. As a result, the effects of tab size of STI edge have been studied and we could propose a design guide taking into account both reliability and process margin as a part of the design for reliability (DFR).     

Computer model and charge transport studies in short gate charge-coupled devices

A computer model has been developed that simulates charge transport of carriers in a surface channel charge-coupled device. This model is based on the charge continuity and current transport equations with a time dependent surface field. The device structure of the model includes a source diffusion an input gate and transfer gate. The present model is the first real simulation of the input scheme of the surface-channel CCDs. The scooping and spilling techniques associated with the charge injection process are simulated by the input diffusion which is included in the model.As an application to a CCD practical problem the present model has been used to study the linearity of the electrical charge injection into surface channel charge-coupled devices. The generated harmonic components of a sinusoidal input are calculated using the transfer characteristics of the input stage obtained from the computer simulation.Using this model the spatial variations of the self-induced fringing field and total currents under the storage and transfer gates were computed. The charge transfer mechanisms for short-gate (L ≤ 8 μm) CCDs was investigated. It was found that for short gates the charge transfer efficiency is governed mainly by the fringing field and self-induced current mechanisms. The results of this study help to clarify the mechanism by which the signal-charge level and gate length affect the charge transfer efficiency.     

Resolution, overlay, and field size for lithography systems

Resolution, overlay, and field size limits for UV, X-ray, electron beam, and ion beam lithography are described. The following conclusions emerge in the discussion. 1) At 1-µm linewidth, contrast for optical projection can be higher than that for electron beam. 2) Optical cameras using mirror optics and deep UV radiation can potentially produce linewidths approaching 0.5 µm. 3) For the purpose of comparing the resolution of electron beam and optical exposure, it is useful to define the minimum linewidth as twice the linewidth at which the contrast of the exposure system has fallen to 30 percent. 4) X-ray lithography offers the highest contrast and resist aspect ratio for linewidths above about 0.1 µm, but for dimensions below 0.1 µm, highest aspect ratio is obtained with electron beam. 5) With electron beam exposure on a bulk sample, contrast for a 50-nm linewidth is the same as that for 1-µm linewidth, provided the resist is thin. Higher accelerating voltages make it easier to correct for proximity effects and to maintain resolution with thick resist. 6) Ultimately the range of secondary electrons limits resolution in electron beam lithography, just as the range of photoelectrons limits resolution in X-ray lithography. In both cases, minimum linewidth and spacing in dense patterns is about 20 nm. Resolution with ion beams will probably be about the same because the interaction range of the ions will be similar to the electrons.     

Threshold field and peak-valley velocity ratio in short samples of InP at 300 K

The transient and steady-state velocity-field characteristics of InP at 300 K are calculated for short samples by using a Monte Carlo model. It is found that the threshold field for negative differential resistance increases with a decrease in the sample length, but the peak-valley velocity ratio is almost independent of the sample length.     

低云中短波红外表观辐射模型研究

在对空红外系统的多光谱探测和红外仿真中，云的干扰不可忽略，所以，对云的辐射特性的研究至关重要。在不同的波段，云的辐射特性会有很大的差异，为了研究各个不同波段云的表现辐射特性．需要计算云的光谱辐射量。在典型观测模式下建立了低云的表观光谱辐射模型，研究了对云背景辐射有贡献的各个辐射分量的计算方法。基于传统的二流近似模型获取各个参数，引入云的光谱光学厚度的经验公式。进而获得了低云在中短波段的光谱辐射特性，有效地计算出了云背景在1-5μm的中短波段内的表现光谱辐亮度数据，并且节省了计算时间。经过比较发现，该模型的计算结果与实测结果有较好的一致性。可以为云背景多光谱分析、探测及仿真提供背景数据。     

Calculated and measured spot size of equivalent Gaussian field in single-mode optical fibres

Measurements of the integrated far field from a single-mode fibre using a simple set-up for attenuation measurements yields the spot size of the equivalent Gaussian field, or the ESI parameters. Using a multilayer method for calculating the field in the fibre, it is shown that the obtained spot size (ESI values) will depend on how this parameter is extracted.     

Effects of geometric head model perturbations on the EEG forward and inverse problems

We study the effect of geometric head model perturbations on the electroencephalography (EEG) forward and inverse problems. Small magnitude perturbations of the shape of the head could represent uncertainties in the head model due to errors on images or techniques used to construct the model. They could also represent small scale details of the shape of the surfaces not described in a deterministic model, such as the sulci and fissures of the cortical layer. We perform a first-order perturbation analysis, using a meshless method for computing the sensitivity of the solution of the forward problem to the geometry of the head model. The effect on the forward problem solution is treated as noise in the EEG measurements and the Cramér-Rao bound is computed to quantify the effect on the inverse problem performance. Our results show that, for a dipolar source, the effect of the perturbations on the inverse problem performance is under the level of the uncertainties due to the spontaneous brain activity. Thus, the results suggest that an extremely detailed model of the head may be unnecessary when solving the EEG inverse problem.     

Impact of quality circles on productivity and quality: researchlimitations of a field experiment

A natural field experiment was used in an attempt to measure the impact of a quality circle intervention on productivity and quality in a multiplant food manufacturing firm. The study used a multiple time-series design for the analysis of performance indices spanning 23 months. Uncontrollable factors at the site demonstrated the pitfalls of evaluating a managerial intervention and its impact on the performance of the organization. The results were inconclusive but do illustrate the hazards in field research     

Reconstruction of 3-D geometry using 2-D profiles and a geometric prior model

A method has been developed to reconstruct three-dimensional (3-D) surfaces from two-dimensional (2-D) projection data. It is used to produce individualized boundary element models, consisting of thorax and lung surfaces, for electro- and magnetocardiographic inverse problems. Two orthogonal projections are utilized. A geometrical prior model, built using segmented magnetic resonance images, is deformed according to profiles segmented from projection images. In the authors' method, virtual X-ray images of the prior model are first constructed by simulating real X-ray imaging. The 2-D profiles of the model are segmented from the projections and elastically matched with the profiles segmented from patient data. The displacement vectors produced by the elastic 2-D matching are back projected onto the 3-D surface of the prior model. Finally, the model is deformed, using the back-projected vectors. Two different deformation methods are proposed. The accuracy of the method is validated by a simulation. The average reconstruction error of a thorax and lungs was 1.22 voxels, corresponding to about 5 mm     

激光微细熔覆温度场模型的构建与应用

建立了激光微细熔覆温度场模型,并推导出了布线线宽随激光功率及激光扫描速度的定量公式,通过它可以预测激光微细熔覆过程中形成给定线宽导线的激光参数.实验结果验证了该模型和实际情况符合得很好,具有很好的实用性.