基于生命周期的水泥工业碳中和整体路径

从自然界的碳循环、大气中温室气体浓度变迁、温室效应与全球变暖的基本原理出发,探讨水泥工业碳足迹与碳中和路径.水泥工业碳酸钙分解和水泥烧成、粉磨、运输等过程化石原料燃烧产生的CO2导致了大气中CO2浓度的增加,在人类活动碳排放中占8％左右.我国水泥工业生命周期碳足迹中碳酸钙分解占54％左右,燃料燃烧占28％左右,电力排放...     

CO_2-DMC产业链碳足迹分析

基于全生命周期法(LCA)对CO_2-DMC(碳酸二甲酯)产业链碳足迹进行了分析,分别以常规反应塔工艺、膜反应塔工艺和反应精馏塔工艺为对象,考察了各工艺在不同能源供应情景下产业链的碳足迹情况,对原料的获取、原料的运输、燃料的使用、燃料的运输以及产品的配送等环节进行了碳足迹分析。结果表明:3种工艺中反应精馏塔工艺能耗、碳足迹最小,常规反应塔工艺最大;以渣油为燃料常规反应塔工艺单位产品碳足迹最大,碳足迹为1.67 t CO_2/t DMC,以天然气为燃料的反应精馏塔工艺碳足迹最小,单位产品碳足迹为0.70 t CO_2/t DMC;燃料消耗碳足迹在总碳足迹中占比最大,其次为原料上游排放。     

我国典型水泥窑炉熟料烧成煤耗分析

水泥工业是能源、资源消耗密集型工业,是CO2排放的重点行业之一。根据世界可持续发展工商理事会水泥可持续发展倡议(WBCSDCSI)CO2统计方法计算表明,单位水泥熟料CO2排放总量一般为0.83吨。其中,原料碳酸盐分解CO2排放占63%,燃料燃烧CO2排放占30%,电力消耗CO2排放占7%。熟     

煤制合成天然气项目的碳排放分析

为应对碳排放权交易体系启动对煤制合成天然气项目经济性的影响,以中海油大同40亿m3/a煤制合成天然气项目为例,根据《中国化工生产企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南(试行)》的规定,核算了该项目的碳排放量,根据历史强度下降法,预测了该项目碳排放配额缺口,测算了碳排放成本。结果显示,该项目温室气体排放总量为1 729.176 4万t CO2当量/a,项目进入稳定期后碳配额缺口为85万t CO2当量/a,碳排放成本为7 899万元/a;生命周期内碳配额缺口均值为65万t CO2当量/a,碳排放成本均值为5 557万元/a,对企业经济效益将有较大影响。     

道路沥青碳足迹研究

本文在道路沥青碳足迹研究概述的基础上,分析了道路沥青碳足迹研究的过程,最后以EBA数据为准,通过摇篮-大门生命周期评价方法,调查研究了直馏沥青、聚合物改性沥青和乳化沥青3种道路沥青的碳足迹。结果表明,3种道路沥青中,直馏沥青的温室气体排放最低,乳化沥青次之,聚合物改性沥青的排放最高。从减少碳排放的角度考虑,建议优选直馏沥青和乳化沥青产品。     

科意推出可再生聚酯多元醇系列

<正>全球领先聚氨酯化学品生产商科意宣布推出DIEXTER E系列产品的一款新品,它是以可再生原材料制成的聚酯多元醇,该产品可再生成分含量最高达100%。DIEXTER E系列产品一般用作聚氨酯泡沫和CASE生产的中间体,科意通过推出可再生原材料生产的DIEXTER E聚酯多元醇系列产品,减少CO2排放,为减轻碳足迹作出努力。     

煤制甲醇及下游产品过程中CO2排放计算及分析

利用C守恒原理对煤制甲醇及下游产品过程CO2排放点进行分析,对比了选用不同气化原料生产单位甲醇CO2排放量,得出气化原料多元化对降低CO2排放量有利的结论。计算出典型煤制甲醇及下游产品过程中各主要排放点的大致排放量比例,可知燃料燃烧排出的CO2占总排放量的比重较大,甲醇合成过程排出CO2浓度较高,适于后续加工利用。     

国内外CO2应用开发及分离技术进展

以气体、液体、固体等各种形态存在的CO2,在工业和国民经济各部门具有广泛的应用价值。据统计,全世界各种矿物燃料(煤、石油、天然气)燃烧排放到大气中的CO2量达到185亿t/a(CEN报道为242亿t/a),而用于生产液体CO2、合成尿素和甲醇等产品的年消费量均不足1亿吨。这不仅造成了资源的严重浪费,而且加剧了人类赖以生存的地球的温室效应。在各种对温室效应产生作用的因素中,CO2的作用占49％。因此,以往作为废气排放的CO2的回收、     

国外水泥工业低碳发展技术现状及前景展望

1世界水泥工业CO2排放现状与发展趋势 全球水泥行业产生的CO2约占全球人为产生CO2总排放量的5%。目前,单位水泥CO2的排放系数约为0.55-0.95t/t,主要取决于水泥生产过程中的能效、使用的燃料种类以及所生产的水泥品种。德国水泥行业CO2的平均排放系数约为0.57t/t,处于世界先进水平。     

TEPA/Q-10固态胺的脱碳性能

引言近年来随着全球变暖和气候变化,温室气体CO2的排放和控制日益受到人们的关注,CO2的捕集和封存(carbon capture and storage,CCS)技术是减排CO2的一种有效手段,其中CO2的捕集成本约占CCS总成本的75%[1-2]。来自化石燃料燃烧发电排放的CO2约占世界CO2总排放量的     

Fourier transform infrared studies of poly(vinyl chloride) blends with ethylene Co- and terpolymers

The miscibility of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with various ethylene copolymers and terpolymers were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy. All blends reported were 50/50 by weight. In blends of PVC with ethylene/dimethyl acrylamide copolymer (E/DMA), frequency shifts were observed in the amide carbonyl (proton acceptor) and the α-hydrogen of PVC (proton donor) characteristic bands. In blends of PVC with ethylene/ethyl acrylate/carbon monoxide terpolymer (E/EA/CO), both the ester carbonyl and the ketone carbonyl characteristic frequencies showed mutual shifts and appeared as if they merged together. Small frequency shifts were also observed in the α-hydrogen of PVC characteristic bands. In blends of PVC with ethylene/vinyl acetate/carbon monoxide terpolymer (E/VA/CO), the ester carbonyl frequency showed a shift while that of the ketone carbonyl was essentially unchanged. On the other hand, in PVC blends with ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (E/VA), the ester CO frequency did not show any shift, which is consistent with their observed immiscibility. Thus, it is clear that incorporating a ketone ? C?O in ethylene/ester copolymers to form the corresponding terpolymers enhances their miscibility with PVC as earlier proposed on the basis of dynamic mechanical studies. Similar results were shown for blends of PVC with ethylene/2 ethyl hexyl acrylate/carbon monoxide terpolymer (E/2EHA/CO). Frequency shifts imply specific interactions which suggest polymer-polyer miscibility on a molecular scale.     

煤化工产业与二氧化碳地质封存

CO2在地下深部封存可有效减少燃烧化石燃料产生的温室气体向大气层的排放。然而,现在碳捕集成本高、能耗大,在CO2捕集与封存(CCS)链条中碳捕集成本占60%,成为实施CCS的瓶颈。煤化工厂排放高浓度CO2可能为中国实现全链条的CCS提供早期的机会。目前经过国家发改委批准的煤化工企业排放的高浓度CO2总量已达亿吨规模,如果这些企业能够实现CO2封存,对于中国减少温室气体排放将具有重要意义。中国的沉积盆地拥有适合CO2地质封存的储盖层组合,其中有些油田适合利用CO2驱油来提高石油采收率(EOR),高浓度CO2排放源靠近封存场地将有效减少运输成本和工程操作的复杂性。高浓度CO2气源与EOR或深部咸水层封存的耦合将给中国提供在全球率先实现碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)的机会。     

Hydrogen chloride evolution from the heating of poly(vinyl chloride) compounds

The dehydrochlorination and the thermal decomposition of five PVC materials was studied using two techniques: a batch analytical method, combining ion chromatography and atomic absorption and continuous thermogravimetry. The temperatures studied ranged from 60°C to 120°C, over a period of almost one year (50 weeks). It was found that a very large proportion of the soluble chloride emitted early on by the PVC materials into the liquid phase is not hydrogen chloride. None of the five materials tested emitted significant amounts of HCl at temperatures lower than 105°C. The emissions at 90°C after 50 weeks ranged from <0.01 Φg/g to 23.62 Φg/g. Furthermore, one of the materials tested emitted virtually no HCl, even at 105°C, as the amount of HCl measured was almost indistinguishable from the normal background of the analytical instruments (37.30 Φg/g after 50 weeks). Numerical calculations of kinetic reaction rates and extrapolation of the results to use temperatures (40°C) indicate that properly stabilized PVC compounds will be unlikely to lose 1% of the mass of PVC as HCl until 2 billion years have passed. This number has no physical meaning as such and may be incorrect by a vast margin, but it clearly indicates that a 1% loss of HCl is unlikely to occur during the useful lifetime of a commercial product into which the PVC material has been fabricated. This is a conservative estimate, which ignores the much higher activation energy for dehydrochlorination at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (ca. 85°C). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Financial and Ecological Evaluation of Hydrogen Production Processes on Large Scale

Hydrogen is widely seen as energy carrier of the future. Different technologies are under development to produce hydrogen at competitive cost but with significantly reduced carbon footprint. Two conventional technologies, namely, methane steam reforming and coal gasification, are compared based on product cost and carbon footprint with four new technologies, i.e., metal‐oxide cycle, water electrolysis, biomass gasification, and methane pyrolysis. To evaluate the carbon footprint for methane pyrolysis, system extension and differential methods are applied. For the boundary conditions selected here, methane pyrolysis yields very good values for product cost and carbon footprint. Therefore, a cross industry technology development of methane pyrolysis was initiated.     

The carbon footprint and energy consumption of a commercially produced earthenware ceramic piece

The product carbon footprint quantifies the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the life cycle of a product, from the extraction of raw materials, through the production, use and recycling, to the disposal of the used product.In this study, the carbon footprint of an ornamental earthenware ceramic piece has been estimated following the PAS 2050:2011 methodology, and the energy and GHG hotspots have been identified.The carbon footprint and the total energy consumption of the selected ceramic piece is 1.22 kg CO₂e per piece and 8.19 kWh, respectively.The manufacture represents almost 90% of the carbon footprint of the piece.The energy hotspots are natural gas production, biscuit firing and condensing boiler. Some measures to reduce the consumption of natural gas and electricity have been applied, such as the implementation of a gas pressure control system in the kilns and the mill lighting system optimization, respectively.     

Influence of water content in sub-flooring materials using adhesive on chemical compounds emission

Indoor air pollution is caused predominantly by emission of primary pollutants from building materials or finishing materials. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the new secondary pollutants caused by chemical reaction of the primary pollutants. In this study, the pollutants emitted from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) flooring material were measured, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from composite building materials made of PVC flooring material used as a self-leveling flooring were measured to identify the mechanism of emission of 2E1H. The moisture sorption isotherm was measured with a Magnetic Suspension Balance to examine the moisture content of the self-leveling flooring material and its effect on emission of 2E1H. 2E1H was emitted from the PVC flooring material through hydrolysis or oxidation of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). The composite building material including the self-leveling flooring material emitted more 2E1H through hydrolysis over time. It was determined that liquid prevails in the self-leveling flooring material when the water content is higher than 4% and vapor prevails when the water content is lower than 4%. The prevailing liquid in the flooring material contributes to the increased emission of 2E1H and the prevailing vapor in the material did not cause increase in emission of 2E1H. It is considered that control of water in the self-leveling flooring material or concrete slab is very important in order to inhibit emission of 2E1H through hydrolysis of DEHP on the floor.     

褐煤热解-气化-制油系统的CO2减排策略

褐煤热解-气化-制油系统是现代煤化工发展的一个重要研究内容。来自系统多个单元产生的CH₄和CO₂如果发生重整反应,将重整得到H₂/CO比值较高的合成气添加到制油流程中,可实现更多的C被固定到产品中而减少CO₂的直接排放量。对CH₄-CO₂和CH₄-H₂O两种重整反应方式、来自煤热解和费托合成两股甲烷气和典型的干粉气化和水煤浆气化两种流程进行了组合研究。分析结果显示,来自热解和费托合成的甲烷重整后不足以提供调节合成气H₂/CO比例所需的氢气,水煤气变换反应对于褐煤制油系统来说是必需的。从C转化成油的角度来看,采用干粉气化和CH₄-H₂O重整的方案是较好的选择。     

碳酸根基水铝钙石的制备及其在PVC中的应用研究

利用氢氧化钙[Ca(OH)2]和氢氧化铝[Al(OH)3]以及无水碳酸钠（Na2CO3）为原料,以去离子水作溶剂,制备了碳酸根基水铝钙石（Ca4Al2(OH)12CO3·5H2O）,通过傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜表征其结构。并将其作为热稳定剂应用于聚氯乙烯（PVC）中,通过热老化、刚果红、电导率和热失重分析等方法检测其热稳定性能。结果表明,Ca4Al2(OH)12CO3·5H2O具有长期型热稳定剂的特性,当其添加量为3份时,热稳定时间可达70 min,静态热稳定时间可达52 min;当Ca4Al2(OH)12CO3?5H2O/ZnSt2/DMAU复配体系的添加量为3份,并且Ca4Al2(OH)12CO3?5H2O:ZnSt2:DMAU在3：0.5：1.5~3：0：2之间时,复配体系的初期白度可达60 min左右,即使到110 min左右也未观察到“锌烧”现象发生。     

混凝土基本组分吸收二氧化碳的能力(英文)

研究了利用混凝土产品吸收二氧化碳的可行性。混凝土的3个基本组分:水泥、细沙和骨料,都可被用来作为二氧化碳吸附物以实现储留最大化,另外,可利用高钙钢渣等工业废料生产混凝土骨料。研究发现波特兰水泥2h碳化后吸收14%二氧化碳,碳化后的材料的强度与7d传统养护的强度相当。钢包钢渣细粉能吸收4%～12%二氧化碳,能用来替代河沙。吹氧高炉钢渣对二氧化碳吸收的能力超过12%。由此制成的粗骨料其强度可与石灰岩相比。如果混凝土砌块由这3组分组成,一块20cm×20cm×20cm的标准砌块能吸收1.39kg二氧化碳。二氧化碳在混凝土中的储留是一项经济可行、直接减排的有效技术。     

Life cycle assessment to evaluate the green house gas emission from oil palm bio-oil based power plant

The objective of this study is to assess the green house gas (GHG) emission for the production of bio-oil from oil palm biomass and its utilization for 10 MW power generation by evaluating the life cycle carbon footprint analysis. The life cycle GHG emission assessment includes four main stages, which cover the oil-palm cultivation, palm oil mill operation, biomass transportation and pyrolysis process for the production of bio-oil and its utilization for 10MW power generation. The results obtained suggest that the palm bio-oil has potential as a carbon neutral renewable energy source in the future. More importantly, it has no negative impact on the environment as the amount of CO₂ emitted to the atmosphere during combustion of this fuel is lower than that of the CO₂ absorbed from the atmosphere during cultivation stage.