一起主变差动保护误动实例分析及对策探讨

根据一台变压器空载合闸造成另一台并联运行变压器差动保护动作的故障录波数据,分析了运行变压器差动保护误动的原因。由于空载合闸变压器产生的励磁涌流引起桥侧电流互感器传变特性发生改变,从而使差动电流中的二次谐波含量降低,二次谐波闭锁保护失效,导致变压器差动保护误动。根据现场的实际情况和误动原因,探讨了如何防止励磁涌流引起的主变差动保护误动的对策。     

神经网络理论在变压器故障诊断中的应用

把专家知识与神经网络计算相结合，用变压器原副边正序和负序电流分量的方向进行变压器的故障诊断，克服了传统的二次谐波制动特性差动保护在涌流伴随故障状态下的动作延时，能正确识别变压器的内部故障、励磁涌流、外部故障及空载合于内部故障等不同状态。用此原理构成的变压器保护动作时间最快可为半个周期，可适合于任意连接方式的双绕组变压器，且不受系统参数的影响，具有广泛的实用性和很强的容错能力，大量仿真结果证明了此方法的优越性。     

变压器电流差动保护改进方法

针对一种适用于Y，d或D，y接线变压器的电流差动保护改进方法进行了研究，该方法采用修正的差动电流来补偿励磁电流和剩磁的影响，制动电流与传统比率式差动保护相同。变压器铁心饱和前，采用一、二次侧相电流差作为差动电流;饱和后，则计算磁化电流来修正差动电流。该保护不受谐波和剩磁影响，不需要附加制动或闭锁技术。通过EMTP仿真将该保护与传统谐波制动原理的差动保护进行了比较，结果表明，励磁涌流和过励磁时，该保护能够保证不误动;内部故障时则不会像传统谐波制动原理的差动保护受制动信号影响而延迟动作。动模实验进一步验证了该保护的可行性和优越性。     

基于偶次谐波的变压器励磁涌流判别

本文提出了一种新的励磁涌流判别方法，该方法计算简单，判据特征量稳定，判断可靠。在利用电抗互感器对电流进行传变后，变压器内部故障时差流基本上不含 谐波，而涌流时差流总是程度不同的含有偶次谐波。论文据此建立了应用偶镒谐波方法的涌流制动判据，并顺利通过了动模实验。据此原理的变压器差动保护装置已安全投入到现场运行。     

变压器励磁涌流的特性与识别方法

在电力变压器差动保护中,励磁涌流与内部故障电流的判别一直是一个关键问题。围绕这一主题,国内外先后提出了许多方法。但仍不能很好地满足当前电力变压器保护的需求——可靠（不拒动）、安全（不误动）及快速动作。文章阐述了励磁涌流的产生及其特性。分析了涌流波形与故障电流波形的区别;分析了各种识别励磁涌流方法的基本原理,并提出了变压器差动保护的发展方向。     

基于EMTDC的单相变压器励磁涌流分析

为了进一步分析差动保护会否因励磁涌流与内部故障的判别误差而导致误动,利用EMTDC仿真的方法,建立电源-变压器-电流互感器的系统模型,对变压器在不同角度空载合闸时的励磁涌流及经电流互感器传变后的二次涌流进行了综合仿真,并对仿真后的结果分析计算,获得在不同合闸角时的二次谐波含量和涌流间断角的大小。从仿真结果可以看出,一次涌流经电流互感器传变后,涌流特征并未发生变化,从而不会使保护误动作。同时,无论变压器是否存在剩磁,任一合闸角都不会使该变压器差动保护产生误动作。利用仿真分析结果可以对差动保护动作闭锁条件重新校定。     

内桥接线主变压器差动保护误动原因分析

内桥接线变电站的主变压器并列运行时,其中一台变压器支路空载合闸或故障时,内桥开关将通过很大的励磁涌流或短路电流。在此情况下,正常运行的变压器差动保护可能发生由于电流互感器暂态传变特性差异以及产生和应涌流现象而导致保护误动。文中结合一起变压器差动保护连续误动的事故,对内桥接线方式下,电流互感器传变特性差异、和应涌流的产生进行了理论分析和仿真验证,并对励磁涌流的二次谐波闭锁能力进行了分析计算。最后提出了内桥接线方式下改进的变压器差动保护接线方式等解决措施,以防止差动保护误动。     

变压器差动保护二次谐波制动原理分析

基于一次变压器差动保护跳闸事件分析,结合目前220 kV及以上变压器差动保护现状,对变压器励磁涌流的产生机理和性质进行分析和研究,重点针对变压器差动保护二次谐波制动原理,阐述不同的相位校正转换方式对保护可靠性的影响。     

基于瞬时功率的变压器励磁涌流和内部故障电流识别新方法

在分析瞬时功率频谱特性的基础上，提出了一种基于瞬时功率的变压器励磁涌流和内部故障电流识别新方法。该方法主要依据变压器两侧三相差瞬时功率幅频特性中直流分量和基频分量的相对关系来识别变压器励磁涌流和内部故障电流。该方法具有传统变压器电流差动保护简便易行的特点，并从能量守恒的角度出发，进一步揭示了变压器励磁涌流与内部故障电流本质上的不同。HYBRISIM混合仿真实验结果表明该方法简单可靠、识别效果明显。     

察尔森水电厂1号主变差动保护励磁涌流分析

文章结合察尔森水电厂1号主变,分析了变压器励磁涌流的产生原因、励磁涌流的特点以及对差动保护的影响。介绍了察尔森水电厂1号主变采用的二次谐波制动原理和间断角原理。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。