DaWson型磷钨钒杂多酸催化合成苹果酯的研究

制备了Dawson型磷钨钒杂多酸催化剂，用Fr—IR分析方法对催化剂进行了结构表征，并以乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇为原料催化合成了苹果酯。实验结果表明，磷钨钒杂多酸是合成苹果酯的理想催化剂，其较优反应条件为：乙酰乙酸乙酯0．1 mol，n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（乙二醇）=1．0：1．5，催化剂的用量为反应物总质量的1．5％，12mL甲苯，回流反应3．0h，苹果酯的收率可达83．0％以上。     

SO4^2-／TiO2-WO3催化合成苹果酯的研究

以固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3为催化剂，对以乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇为原料合成苹果酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明，SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3是合成苹果酯的良好催化剂，较系统地研究了原料物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响，最佳反应条件为：n乙酰乙酸乙酯：n乙二醇=1：1．6，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1．25％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间1．5h．上述条件下，苹果酯的收率可达87．3％。     

苯磺酸酮催化合成苹果酯

以苯磺酸酮为催化剂,对乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇为原料合成苹果酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明苯磺酸酮是合成苹果酯的良好催化剂,最佳反应条件为:n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇)为1∶1.5,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.5%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间1.0h,苹果酯收率达82.7%。     

改性粉煤灰催化合成苹果酯的研究

以过硫酸铵改性工业废渣粉煤灰为催化剂,对乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇合成苹果酯的催化工艺进行了系统研究。讨论了反应时间、酯醇比、催化剂用量和带水剂用量对酯化率的影响。最佳反应条件为：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（乙二醇）：1：1．8,催化剂用量为乙酰乙酸乙酯质量的1．5％,带水剂用量为15mL,反应时间3h。在优化条件下反应,苹果酯产率达到95．9％,选择性98．0％以上。实验表明,改性粉煤灰是合成苹果酯的优良催化剂,与其他酸催化剂相比,它还具有活性高、用量少且可重复使用等优点。     

磷钨酸催化合成苹果酯

探讨磷钨酸对苹果酯合成反应的催化活性,研究了带水剂用量、催化剂用量、乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇的物质的量之比、反应时间等因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：磷钨酸是合成苹果酯的优良催化剂,在n(乙酰乙酸乙酯):n(乙二醇)为1：1．5,催化剂用量为反应物总量的0．5%,环己烷作带水剂,反应时间为1．0h的优化条件下,苹果酯的收率可达82．2％。     

合成香料苹果酯的研制

采用乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇为主要原料合成了新型香料苹果酯，讨论了催化剂，原料配比，反应时间，带水剂种类等因素对合成反应的影响。通过正反试验得到的优化合成条件为：乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇的摩尔配比为1：1．2，催化剂用量为0．05％，反应时间为6．5h，带水剂为环乙烷。产物收率≥85．60％。苹果酯经理化检测和经红外光谱确证。     

铌酸催化合成苹果酯的研究

以铌酸为催化剂，由乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇合成了苹果酯，考察了影响收率的因素，其最佳条件为：乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇的物质的量比为1：1．5、催化剂用量为反应物质量的1．4％、带水剂用量为反应物只的42．2％，反应在回流温度下进行，反应时间2．5h，收率达84．8％。     

阳离子交换树脂催化合成乙酰乙酸乙酯乙二醇缩醛

在强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化剂存在下，以乙酰乙酸乙酯、乙二醇为原料合成缩醛，分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成苹果酯的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度为97℃，反应时间4h，n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)：n(乙二醇)：0．15：0．21；带水剂环己烷为15mL(乙酰乙酸乙酯为0．15mol的情况下)；强酸性阳离子交换树脂用量为总物料质量的5．8％。苹果酯的收率可达到95．02％，产品纯度w(苹果酯)达到99．5％以上。     

SO_4~（2-）/ZrO_2-TiO_2固体酸催化剂催化合成苹果酯

采用共沉淀法制备了SO42-/ZrO2-TiO2固体酸催化剂,通过乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇反应合成了苹果酯,考察了反应物摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂、反应时间等工艺条件对产品收率的影响。结果表明,在乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇摩尔比1：1.5,催化剂用量占反应物总量2%,带水剂环己烷用量为总反应物体积37.5%的条件下,反应2小时苹果酯的收率可达76.8%。     

固体酸催化合成苹果酯的研究

氨基磺酸为催化剂,通过乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇反应合成苹果酯,反应条件为：０．２ｍｏｌ乙酰乙酸乙酯,０．２４ｍｏｌ乙二醇,氨基磺酸０．４ｇ,４０ｍＬ环己烷为共沸剂,产率８２．５％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。