The dynamic behavior of a rotor system with a slant crack on the shaft

For a Jeffcott rotor system with a 45° slant crack on the shaft, the motion equations are established with four directions, i.e. two transversal directions, one torsional direction and one longitudinal direction. It can be seen from the deducing process of the stiffness with the strain energy release approach that there are coupling stiffnesses of bending–torsion, bending–tension and torsion–tension for the slant-cracked shaft and only bending–tension for the transverse-cracked one. The paper shows that besides the coupling stiffnesses, there is bending–torsion coupling caused by the eccentricity. All these couplings affect the responses of the slant-cracked shaft and the transverse-cracked one. Comparing responses of a cracked shaft with an open crack model and those with a breathing crack model finds that there are the same prominent characteristic frequencies for these two kinds of shafts, even though the cracked shaft with a breathing crack model behaves much more non-linear than that with an open crack model. Therefore, almost all studies in this paper adopt the open crack model since it needs taking much longer time to compute responses of a breathing cracked shaft than that of an open cracked shaft. Analyses of steady responses indicate that the combined frequencies of the rotating speed and the torsional excitation in the transversal response and the frequency of the torsional excitation in the longitudinal response can be used to detect the slant crack on the shaft of the rotor system.     

Coupled bending and torsional vibration of axially loaded thin-walled Timoshenko beams

A dynamic transfer matrix method of determining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of axially loaded thin-walled Timoshenko beams has been presented. In the analysis the effects of axial force, warping stiffness, shear deformation and rotary inertia are taken into account and a continuous model is used. The bending vibration is restricted to one direction. The dynamic transfer matrix is derived by directly solving the governing differential equations of motion for coupled bending and torsional vibration of axially loaded thin-walled Timoshenko beams. Two illustrative examples are worked out to show the effects of axial force, warping stiffness, shear deformation and rotary inertia on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the thin-walled beams. Numerical results demonstrate the satisfactory accuracy and effectiveness of the presented method.     

Effect of axial force on free vibration of Timoshenko multi-span beam carrying multiple spring-mass systems

The situation of structural elements supporting motors or engines attached to them is usual in technological applications. The operation of machine may introduce severe dynamic stresses on the beam. It is important, then, to know the natural frequencies of the coupled beam-mass system, in order to obtain a proper design of the structural elements. The literature regarding the free vibration analysis of Bernoulli–Euler single-span beams carrying a number of spring-mass system and Bernoulli–Euler multi-span beams carrying multiple spring-mass systems are plenty, but that of Timoshenko multi-span beams carrying multiple spring-mass systems with axial force effect is fewer. This paper aims at determining the exact solutions for the first five natural frequencies and mode shapes of a Timoshenko multi-span beam subjected to the axial force. The model allows analyzing the influence of the shear and axial force effects and spring-mass systems on the dynamic behavior of the beams by using Timoshenko Beam Theory (TBT). The effects of attached spring-mass systems on the free vibration characteristics of the 1–4 span beams are studied. The calculated natural frequencies of Timoshenko multi-span beam by using secant method for non-trivial solution for the different values of axial force are given in tables. The mode shapes are presented in graphs.     

Dynamic analysis of bending–torsion coupled composite beams using the Flexibility Influence Function Method

In this work the dynamic behaviour of symmetrical laminated beams was studied, taking into account the effect of bending–torsion coupling by a one-dimensional model. This model includes the influence of the shear force and rotatory inertia. To solve the equations of motion, the Flexibility Influence Function Method (FIFM) was used. The dynamic displacements (deflection, bending rotation, and torsional rotation) were calculated for a beam in which the deflection and torsional rotation were restricted at its both ends, allowing the bending rotation. The accuracy of this method was determined by using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM3D) model to compare the dynamic displacements. The need was shown to incorporate coupling in the one-dimensional model in order to calculate the dynamic deflection and bending rotation of a composite beam.     

Eigenanalysis and continuum modelling of an asymmetric beam-like repetitive structure

An asymmetric repetitive pin-jointed structure, based upon a 3-D NASA framework, is analysed using a state variable transfer matrix technique. A conventional transfer matrix cannot be constructed due to the singularity of one partition of the stiffness matrix; instead, a cell (rather than cross-sectional) state vector consisting of displacements only is employed, leading to a generalised eigenvalue problem. The asymmetry of the structure leads to tension–torsion and bending–shear couplings, which may be explained in terms of the tension–shear coupling of a single face of the structure. Equivalent continuum beam properties and coupling coefficients are determined, and the effect of (a)symmetry discussed as a trade between, for example, tension-Poisson's ratio contraction for a symmetric structure, against tension–torsion coupling for the asymmetric.     

On the transverse vibrations of non-uniform beams with axial loads and elastically restrained ends

The dynamic behaviour of slender tapered beams is examined, in the presence of conservative axial loads, and lower and upper bounds on the free vibration frequencies are obtained. Two different approaches are employed, in order to obtain a narrow range to which the frequencies belong. In the first case a Rayleigh–Ritz method is used, with displacement trial functions given by linearly independent orthogonal polynomials. In the latter case the structure is reduced to rigid bars, connected together by means of elastic hinges, and lower bound to the true frequencies is obtained. It is well known that the Rayleigh–Ritz approach leads to upper bounds, and therefore a (narrow) range is obtained for the exact frequencies.The paper ends with some numerical examples which confirm the usefulness of the proposed methods, and are in good agreement with some previously known results.     

Free transverse vibration of an axially loaded non-uniform spinning twisted Timoshenko beam using differential transform

This study investigates the vibration problems of an axially loaded non-uniform spinning twisted Timoshenko beam. First, using the Timoshenko beam theory and Hamilton's principle, we derive the governing equations and boundary conditions of the beam. Secondly, the differential transform method is used to solve these equations with appropriate boundary conditions. Finally, the effects of the twist angle, spinning speed, and axial force on the natural frequencies of a non-uniform Timoshenko beam are investigated and discussed.     

The dynamic analysis of nonuniformly pretwisted Timoshenko beams with elastic boundary conditions

The coupled governing differential equations and the general elastic boundary conditions for the coupled bending–bending forced vibration of a nonuniform pretwisted Timoshenko beam are derived by Hamilton's principle. The closed-form static solution for the general system is obtained. The relation between the static solution and the field transfer matrix is derived. Further, a simple and accurate modified transfer matrix method for studying the dynamic behavior of a Timoshenko beam with arbitrary pretwist is presented. The relation between the steady solution and the frequency equation is revealed. The systems of Rayleigh and Bernoulli–Euler beams can be easily examined by taking the corresponding limiting procedures. The results are compared with those in the literature. Finally, the effects of the shear deformation, the rotary inertia, the ratio of bending rigidities, and the pretwist angle on the natural frequencies are investigated.     

Stability behaviour of arbitrarily laminated composite plates with free and elastically restrained unloaded edges

In this paper, the initial buckling loads and the corresponding buckling modes of symmetric rectangular laminated plates are investigated. The considered laminates are supposed to have a uniform thickness, are subjected to a linearly distributed inplane compressive normal load and are simply supported at the two loaded edges with one free unloaded plate edge and with one simply supported unloaded edge where elastic rotational restraints are considered. Unlike in many other investigations, the composite laminates presently under consideration may have arbitrary yet symmetric lamination schemes with bending–torsion coupling. The initial buckling loads of such plates are calculated using the RITZ-method for which some especially adjusted displacement shape functions are employed. Since a series expansion of the buckling shape is performed in the load direction only while in the perpendicular direction one single displacement function can be shown to be sufficient, the present approach is numerically very efficient when compared to approaches in which a series representation is chosen with respect to both inplane directions. Comparison with reference results and with finite element computations leads to an excellent agreement. Some new findings on the general stability behaviour of this class of laminated plates are presented as a closure.     

磁场中轴向变速运动载流梁的参强联合共振

研究磁场环境中轴向变速运动载流梁在简谐激励作用下的参强联合共振问题,应用弹性力学理论、电磁场基本理论以及哈密顿变分原理,得到轴向变速运动载流梁的非线性磁弹性耦合振动方程。利用伽辽金积分法对其进行时间变量和空间变量的离散化,进而运用多尺度法以及坐标变换的方法求得系统主共振-主参数共振的幅频响应方程。通过算例,得到了系统随不同参数变化的幅频响应曲线图、时间历程图、相轨迹图、庞加莱映射图和共振系统的动相平面轨迹图,分析了轴向速度、轴向拉力、磁感应强度、电流密度及强迫激励对系统主共振-主参数共振特性的影响,结果表明系统呈现典型的非线性振动特征和复杂的动力学行为。     

轴向运动功能梯度梁的横向振动

新型非均匀复合材料,功能梯度材料具有防止脱层和减缓热应力等优良性能,将其应用于功能梯度梁的结构有着非常重要的工程应用价值。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论和Hamilton原理,建立轴向运动功能梯度梁横向自由振动的运动微分方程,其中假设功能梯度梁的材料特性沿梁厚度方向按各组分材料体积分数的幂函数连续变化;再对运动微分方程和边界条件进行量纲一处理,采用微分求积法对其进行离散化,导出系统的广义复特征方程,然后计算分析轴向运动功能梯度简支梁横向振动复频率的实部和虚部随量纲一轴向运动速度、梯度指标等参数的变化情况,并讨论量纲一轴向运动速度和梯度指标对功能梯度梁的横向振动特性以及失稳形式的影响。     

机械加工工艺知识库系统研究

探讨了知识库系统技术在工艺知识系统化处理方面的应用，介绍了一个基于规则表示的工艺知识库及其管理系统；在此基础上，应用面向对象技术及数据库技术，提出了面向对象的工艺知识表示及基于数据库管理系统的工艺知识库系统结构，并认为以工艺知识库管理系统的开发来促进ＣＡＰＰ应用系统的开发，是ＣＡＰＰ系统实用化的重要途径     

Three-dimensional vibration analysis of thick, tapered rods and beams with circular cross-section

A three-dimensional (3-D) method of analysis is presented for determining the free vibration frequencies and mode shapes of thick, tapered rods and beams with circular cross-section. Unlike conventional rod and beam theories, which are mathematically one-dimensional (1-D), the present method is based upon the 3-D dynamic equations of elasticity. Displacement components u_r, u_θ, and u_z in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions, respectively, are taken to be sinusoidal in time, periodic in θ, and algebraic polynomials in the r and z directions. Potential (strain) and kinetic energies of the rods and beams are formulated, the Ritz method is used to solve the eigenvalue problem, thus yielding upper bound values of the frequencies by minimizing the frequencies. As the degree of the polynomials is increased, frequencies converge to the exact values. Convergence to four- digit exactitude is demonstrated for the first five frequencies of the rods and beams. Novel numerical results are tabulated for nine different tapered rods and beams with linear, quadratic, and cubic variations of radial thickness in the axial direction using the 3-D theory. Comparisons are also made with results for linearly tapered beams from 1-D classical Euler–Bernoulli beam theory.     

Improved flexural–torsional stability analysis of thin-walled composite beam and exact stiffness matrix

A simple but efficient method to evaluate the exact element stiffness matrix is newly presented in order to perform the spatially coupled stability analysis of thin-walled composite beams with symmetric and arbitrary laminations subjected to a compressive force. For this, the general bifurcation-type buckling theory of thin-walled composite beam is developed based on the energy functional, which is consistently obtained corresponding to semitangential rotations and semitangential moments. A numerical procedure is proposed by deriving a generalized eigenvalue problem associated with 14 displacement parameters, which produces both complex eigenvalues and multiple zero eigenvalues. Then the exact displacement functions are constructed by combining eigenvectors and polynomial solutions corresponding to non-zero and zero eigenvalues, respectively. Consequently exact element stiffness matrices are evaluated by applying member force–displacement relationships to these displacement functions. As a special case, the analytical solutions for buckling loads of unidirectional and cross-ply laminated composite beams with various boundary conditions are derived. Finally, the finite element procedure based on Hermitian interpolation polynomial is developed. In order to verify the accuracy and validity of this study, the numerical, analytical, and the finite element solutions using the Hermitian beam elements are presented and compared with those from ABAQUS's shell elements. The effects of fiber orientation and the Wagner effect on the coupled buckling loads are also investigated intensively.     

Flexural–torsional coupled vibration and buckling of thin-walled open section composite beams using shear-deformable beam theory

A general analytical model based on shear-deformable beam theory has been developed to study the flexural–torsional coupled vibration and buckling of thin-walled open section composite beams with arbitrary lay-ups. This model accounts for all the structural coupling coming from the material anisotropy. The seven governing differential equations for coupled flexural–torsional–shearing vibration are derived from Hamilton's principle. The resulting coupling is referred to as sixfold coupled vibration. Numerical results are obtained to investigate effects of shear deformation, fiber orientation and axial force on the natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes as well as load–frequency interaction curves.     

Exact static analysis of partially composite beams and beam-columns

The ordinary differential equations and general solutions for the deflection and internal actions and, especially, the pertaining consistent boundary conditions for partially composite Euler–Bernoulli beams and beam-columns are presented. Static loading conditions, including transverse and axial loading and first- and second-order analyses are considered. The theoretical procedure is applicable to general loading and boundary conditions for uniform composite beams and beam-columns with interlayer slip. Further, the exact closed form characteristic equations and their associated exact buckling length coefficients for composite columns with interlayer slip are derived for the four Euler boundary conditions. It is shown that these coefficients are the same as those for ordinary fully composite (solid) columns, except for the Euler clamped-pinned case. For the clamped-pinned case, the difference between the exact buckling length coefficient and the corresponding value for solid columns is less than 1.8% depending on the so-called composite action parameter and relative bending stiffness parameter. Correspondingly, the maximum deviation between the exact and approximate buckling load is at most 2.5%. These small differences can in most practical cases be neglected. Also, the maximum theoretical range for the relative bending stiffness for partially composite beams and beam-columns is derived. An effective bending stiffness, valuable in the determination of the critical buckling load for partially composite members, is derived. This effective bending stiffness is also suitable for analysing approximate deflections and internal actions or stresses in composite beams with flexible shear connection. The beam-column analysis is applied to a specific case. The difference in the approaches to the first- and second-order analysis is illustrated and the results clearly show the magnification in the actions and displacements due to the second-order effect. The magnification of the internal axial forces is different from magnifications obtained for the other internal actions, since only that portion of an internal axial force that is induced by bending is magnified by the second-order effect.     

Dynamic finite element method for generally laminated composite beams

A dynamic finite element method for free vibration analysis of generally laminated composite beams is introduced on the basis of first-order shear deformation theory. The influences of Poisson effect, couplings among extensional, bending and torsional deformations, shear deformation and rotary inertia are incorporated in the formulation. The dynamic stiffness matrix is formulated based on the exact solutions of the differential equations of motion governing the free vibration of generally laminated composite beam. The effects of Poisson effect, material anisotropy, slender ratio, shear deformation and boundary condition on the natural frequencies of the composite beams are studied in detail by particular carefully selected examples. The numerical results of natural frequencies and mode shapes are presented and, whenever possible, compared to those previously published solutions in order to demonstrate the correctness and accuracy of the present method.     

减振器阻尼对扭力梁疲劳寿命的影响

为了研究减振器阻尼对扭力梁疲劳寿命的影响,建立了扭力梁有限元模型以及刚柔耦合整车模型。通过试验采集强化路面道路载荷谱作为整车模型的输入激励,仿真得到疲劳寿命分析所需文件,利用模态应力恢复法对扭力梁进行疲劳寿命分析,并通过扭力梁耐久性台架试验证明了仿真模型与疲劳寿命分析方法的准确性。仿真得到了不同阻尼系数下的扭力梁疲劳寿命分布云图以及最小疲劳寿命循环数,分析结果总结出了减振器阻尼大小对扭力梁本体疲劳寿命的影响规律。     

Dynamic responses of composite H-beams with different elastic couplings

Governing equations are derived via Hamilton’s principle for composite thin-walled H-type open cross-section beams that show a number of non-classical effects such as transverse shear, primary and secondary warping, and anisotropy of constituent materials. The vibration characteristics of composite thin-walled beams with different elastic couplings, such as circumferentially asymmetric stiffness (CAS) and circumferentially uniform stiffness (CUS) configurations are investigated with respect to the bending-transverse shear coupling and the bending-twist coupling resulting from the directional properties of fiber reinforced composite materials. The dynamic responses of anisotropic thin-walled beams to harmonic and exponentially time-dependent loads are also investigated. It was revealed that transverse shear, elastic couplings, and warping effects greatly influence the free vibration and dynamic response characteristics of composite H-type open cross-section beams.     

Identification of prestress force from measured structural responses

A method for the identification of prestress force of a prestressed concrete bridge deck is presented using the measured structural dynamic responses. A Euler–Bernoulli beam finite element model is used to represent the bridge deck, and the prestress force is modelled as the axial prestress force in each beam element. The state-space approach is used to calculate the dynamic responses of the structure and the sensitivities of dynamic responses with respect to the structural parameters, such as the prestress force, flexural rigidity, etc. The prestress force in each beam element is taken to be a system parameter, and it is expressed explicitly in the system equation for forward analysis. The prestress force in each element is identified using a sensitivity-based finite element model updating method in the inverse analysis. Data obtained from a single or multiple accelerometers or strain gauges are used in the identification. Both sinusoidal and impulsive excitations are illustrated to give very good results. Two numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. Laboratory work on an axially prestressed concrete beam is also included as a practical application.