Flow visualization studies of vortices

An actual vortex in the Kármán vortex street downstream of a circular cylinder has a core of finite dimension which increases downstream. The circulation of the vortex is nearly constant. The ratiob/a which is 0.281 according to the theory of Kármán, grows from 0.2 to 0.4 in the near wake. In the flow about a circular cylinder rotating in a uniform flow, a Kármán vortex street, Görtler-type vortices and Taylor vortices are generated at the same time. In the flow about a circular cylinder impulsively started with a constant velocity, the primary twin vortices behind the cylinder induce secondary twin vortices near the separation point. At the beginning of the motion, the separation does not occur even though a reverse flow is observed in the boundary layer. Mutual slip-through of a pair of vortex rings was achieved by increasing the Reynolds number. A vortex ring rebounds from a plane surface due to the separation of the flow on the surface induced by the vortex ring, and the secondary vortex ring is formed from the separated shear layer.     

旋成体尾迹涡系的演化机理

通过数值模拟绕流过程,揭示了旋成体尾迹涡系的演化机理。较小迎角下三个层次的对称涡结构包含了非对称涡系结构中新生涡的起源结构。阐述了主涡形成脱体涡、tertiary涡演化为新生主涡、主涡与二次涡合并的物理现象,以及涡系展向运动与涡量合并的动力学过程。主涡左右交替生成并依次脱体,在旋成体背部演化出一个截面流态非常类似于卡门涡街的涡系序列,但它是三维的,其演化机理不同于卡门涡街。     

驻波场中圆柱形换热管外声流特性的数值研究

基于非线性Navier-Stokes方程推导了一般性的声流控制方程,并利用有限元软件COMSOL对平面驻波声场中单根圆柱形换热管和双圆柱形换热管外包含二阶流场信息的Navier-Stokes方程进行全域求解,得到了一阶和二阶流场信息。研究了雷诺数Re和斯特劳哈尔数Sr对换热管外声流结构的影响规律。研究发现:随Re和Sr的增大,换热管边界层内的涡流区域变小,直至消失,而边界层外的涡流区域逐渐增大;且单换热管外涡流个数由8个减少到4个,双换热管外涡流个数从12个减少到8个。此外,边界层内和边界层外的涡流结构呈反向旋转;边界层外流场沿着振荡方向远离换热管,而在垂直方向流向换热管。     

VORTEX SHEDDING FROM FIXED AND OSCILLATING RECTANGULAR PRISMS IN SHEAR FLOWS

ABSTRACT

The main focus of this paper is to study the results of experiments on six different rectangular prisms with varied side ratios, with and without forced oscillation, displaced in two shear free streams and one uniform flow. The setting of free stream shear parameters β=dU/dyxD/Uc are 0.024 and 0.032. With respect to vortex shedding phenomena, a comparison between shear flows and uniform flows is also part of the focus.

Experimental results indicate that disturbance on the two-dimensional vortex shedding of the uniform flow is caused by the longitudinal vortex of the shear flow gradient. As a result, a spanwise distribution of cells among the vortex shedding frequencies is created. Increases in the side ratios of the rectangular prisms can cause a shifting of cell boundaries toward the high-speed end. As shear parameters for the same prism increase, the cell boundaries move toward the low-speed end. During oscillation, differences arise between the vorticity structures of cells, and the vortices of each cell are more unified, with improvements in correlation.     

On the interaction of a vortex pair and a vortex ring with a flat shield

The approximate method of calculation of nonstationary flow in the interaction of a vortex pair and a vortex ring with a parallel and respectively perpendicular flat shield is presented. It is shown that these primary vortices induce transverse wall flow on the shield in the ideal-fluid approximation; in this flow, with allowance for the fluid’s viscosity, a boundary layer is generated which represents vortex flow with sign opposite to that of the primary vortices. Boundary-layer separations occur on the portion of the shield with a positive longitudinal pressure gradient. Secondary flows interact with the primary ones due to which the flow is rearranged; the transverse displacement of the initial vortex pair with a loop-shaped trajectory of its motion is observed in the plane problem, whereas the formation of ascending flow along the axis of the vortex ring is observed in the axisymmetric problem. The effect found in the latter case in laminar and turbulent regimes of flow is confirmed for the laminar regime by experiment and by the data of numerical simulation of Navier–Stokes and Reynolds equations.     

Mass transfer effects on the generalised vortex flow over a stationary surface with or without magnetic field

The effect of injection and suction on the generalised vortex flow of a steady laminar incompressible fluid over a stationary infinite disc with or without magnetic field under boundary-layer approximations has been studied. The coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the self-similar flow have been numerically solved using the finite-difference scheme. The results indicate that the injection produces a deeper inflow layer and de-stabilises the motion while suction or magnetic field suppresses the inflow layer and produces stability. The effect of decreasingn, the parameter characterising the nature of vortex flow, is similar to that of increasing the injection rate.     

Dynamic response of an elastic fence under wind action

Abstract

The along‐wind response of a surface‐mounted elastic fence under the action of wind was investigated numerically. In the computations, two sets of equations, one for the simulation of the unsteady turbulent flow and the other for the calculation of the dynamic motion of the fence, were solved alternatively. The resulting time‐series tip response of the fence as well as the flow fields were analyzed to examine the dynamic behaviors of the two.

Results show that the flow is unsteady and is dominated by two frequencies: one relates to the shear layer vortices and the other one is subject to vortex shedding. The resulting unsteady wind load causes the fence to vibrate. The tip deflection of the fence is periodic and is symmetric to an equilibrium position, corresponding to the average load. Although the along‐wind aerodynamic effect is not significant, the fluctuating quantities of the tip deflection, velocity and acceleration are enhanced as the fundamental frequency of the fence is near the vortex or shedding frequency of the flow due to the occurrence of resonance. In addition, when the fence is rather soft, a higher mode response can be excited, leading to significant increases in the variations of the tip velocity and acceleration.     

Edge effects in flow around a plasma actuator

We have studied the structure of flow formed in the boundary layer at the lateral edge of the discharge zone of a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator. It is established that a region with nonzero component of tangential velocity exists near the plasma layer boundary. At some distance downstream of the actuator, a concentrated vortex is formed with the axis aligned with the flow direction. In the presence of two closely spaced boundaries of the plasma region, a pair of counter-rotating vortices is formed. Separate microdischarges in the plasma layer also appear to be a source of similar longitudinal vortices with smaller amplitude.

     

同向旋转涡对融合机理的数值模拟研究

飞机起降过程中,翼尖涡和襟翼涡相互作用,形成同向旋转的涡对。它们相互诱导同时向上卷起,并逐渐融合成为一对尾涡。尾涡对后面飞机的安全飞行有非常大影响,并且直接关系到机场航班数量。通过研究涡对融合的机理,可以预见甚至控制涡对融合的位置以及尾涡耗散。采用大涡模拟方法对同向旋转涡对融合机理进行了研究。分析了从涡丝生成到涡对融合的过程,并给出了不同平板间距及不同迎角下,涡对融合距离的非线性特性,计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,认为两者相符很好。     

Wind pressure features of large-span flat roof in different wind fields induced by conical vortex

The wind pressure features on a large-span flat roof in uniform flow field and turbulent field induced by conical vortex were studied, through wind tunnel tests. From the comparison of the mean and fluctuating wind pressure distributions on a flat roof in different wind fields induced by conical vortex, results indicate that the mean suction dominates in the smooth flow, whereas the fluctuating suction is more obvious in the turbulent flow. The probability density function for the pressure fluctuations under different approaching flows is analyzed. The two-peaked distribution, peculiar to turbulent flow field, is observed on the curve of probability density. The fluctuating pressures at reattachment points are larger under the turbulent flow. This indicates a more intense reattachment, which may cause overturning moment for roof-mounted items. Point vortex, RanKine vortex, and simplified Cook expression are applied to fit the pressure profiles beneath conical vortices, respectively. The results have shown that the RanKine vortex model and simplified Cook expression were applicable to forecast the wind pressure profiles beneath conical vortices, while point vortex underestimated the real wind suction. The wind pressure distributions in turbulent fields induced by different wind angles were contrasted, when the approaching flow is along the diagonal of the roof, the intensity of the vortex pairs is almost equal, with obvious reattachment. When the approaching flow deviate from the diagonal of the roof, the lateral turbulent component spins the vortex more quickly; this induces larger mean suctions beneath windward vortices. Smaller suctions are observed beneath the leeward vortex, due to less vorticity being converted to vortex motion from the freestream.     

激光粉末床熔融成形腔内非稳态流场特性研究

目的 研究激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)中成形腔内保护气的流动规律,获得气流速度脉动和旋涡等流场非稳态特征及其变化规律。方法 利用热线测速计测量腔内的瞬时速度,研究保护气的速度分布及其脉动特性;基于数值模拟方法探究腔内气流形成的旋涡情况,分析涡的分布及其旋转速度;利用烟雾示踪方法对保护气流场进行可视化处理,分析气流的运动过程。结果 腔内气流经历了射流扩散、上下波动、大涡流、汇流等复杂运动过程,气流速度随时间的变化呈明显脉动特征,且气流脉动幅度受位置影响较大,进出风口的平面流速最大可达2.4 m/s,最小为0.25 m/s。同时,气速随平面高度的增大而逐渐减小;腔内存在以纵向大尺度旋涡为主、若干小尺度旋涡共同作用的涡流,由腔内边壁至中心,涡流切向速度呈先上升后下降的趋势,且随入口气速的增大而增大,在切向速度急剧降低的腔体角落、透镜等区域,易形成流动“死区”,导致烟尘颗粒聚集且难以排出,影响构件的高质量成形制造。结论 保护气在LPBF成形腔内形成了复杂的非稳态流动,并以剧烈的速度脉动和多尺度的涡流为典型特征,而针对非恒定的层流、成形腔结构的优化设计仍需进行更深入的研究。     

Three-dimensional vortex wake structure of flapping wings in hovering flight

Flapping wings continuously create and send vortices into their wake, while imparting downward momentum into the surrounding fluid. However, experimental studies concerning the details of the three-dimensional vorticity distribution and evolution in the far wake are limited. In this study, the three-dimensional vortex wake structure in both the near and far field of a dynamically scaled flapping wing was investigated experimentally, using volumetric three-component velocimetry. A single wing, with shape and kinematics similar to those of a fruitfly, was examined. The overall result of the wing action is to create an integrated vortex structure consisting of a tip vortex (TV), trailing-edge shear layer (TESL) and leading-edge vortex. The TESL rolls up into a root vortex (RV) as it is shed from the wing, and together with the TV, contracts radially and stretches tangentially in the downstream wake. The downwash is distributed in an arc-shaped region enclosed by the stretched tangential vorticity of the TVs and the RVs. A closed vortex ring structure is not observed in the current study owing to the lack of well-established starting and stopping vortex structures that smoothly connect the TV and RV. An evaluation of the vorticity transport equation shows that both the TV and the RV undergo vortex stretching while convecting downwards: a three-dimensional phenomenon in rotating flows. It also confirms that convection and secondary tilting and stretching effects dominate the evolution of vorticity.     

微涡流发生器对激波边界层作用诱导的流体分离控制

基于大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation)方法,结合高阶TCD/WENO混合格式,对2.5Ma超声速激波/边界层干扰诱导的微楔和微叶片两种微涡流发生器控制进行了数值模拟。数值结果表明:从边界层厚度与分离区大小及结构变化均说明两种涡流发生器对激波边界层分离起到明显抑制作用。对于微楔式涡流发生器,入射激波对微楔尾涡压缩作用明显,使流向涡对的卷吸加强,从而增加边界层内外流体能量交换。微叶片式涡流发生器的控制机理与微楔相似,但其涡对在尾部较远处易破裂,会影响内外流体之间的能量交换。     

Stuart vortices in a stratified mixing layer: the Holmboe model

Asymptotic techniques are used to model the quasi-steady state vortices that have been observed in two-dimensional simulations of vortex roll-up in stratified shear layers. A time-independent nonlinear critical layer analysis is used to find a family of steady-state finite amplitude vortices in the Holmboe model of an inviscid stratified shear layer, with the vorticity inside closed streamlines based on the Stuart vortex. The vortices are compared to results of simulations and also an alternative model where the vorticity was constant inside closed streamlines.     

Vorticity evolution mechanism in near‐field of a transverse jet

Abstract

Flow structure and vorticity evolution processes in the near field of an elevated jet in a crossflow are experimentally studied in a wind tunnel. The instantaneous and time‐averaged flow field characteristics are observed and measured by using a flow visualization technique and a high‐speed Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV). Time histories of the instantaneous velocity of the vortical flows in the shear‐layer are recorded by a hot‐wire anemometer and a high‐speed data acquisition system in order to analyze the frequency characteristics of the traveling coherent structure in the shear‐layer. Experiments are performed between two different jet‐to‐crossflow momentum flux ratios R = 0.08 and 0.56, which are selected from two regimes with different kinds of flow patterns at a fixed crossflow Reynolds number 2051. The behaviors and mechanisms of the vortical flow structure and the vorticity evolution mechanisms appear to be distinct in different flow regimes. By analyzing the pictures of the smoke flow visualization and the instantaneous vorticity contour maps, two kinds of vorticity evolution mechanisms, “shear‐induced vortices” and “swing‐induced vortices”, can be identified in the shear‐layer evolving from the jet exit. The time‐averaged velocity field and vorticity properties are also discussed in this paper.     

Behaviour of spiral vortices on a rotating cone in axial flow

Summary The purpose of the present paper is to investigate experimentally in detail the boundary layer transition process and the behaviour of spiral vortices appearing in the transition range of the boundary layer on a 30°-cone, rotating in axial flow. Counterrotating spiral vortices in the transition range are visualized with a white smoke method, and observed the time dependent behaviour of them using a drum camera and a light sheet illumination method with a stroboscope flash light. The light passes a slit in order to illuminate only a thin sheet in the flow. With this method, the time dependent growing up and breaking down process of these spiral vortices is greatly clarified. A hot wire anemometer is also used for measuring in the flow field quantitatively. The results show that the spiral vortices are generated in the thin region of the steep shear velocity gradients near the wall. As the vortices grow up in z-direction, they are strongly distorted by the mean velocity field there, and finally they are teared off.With 7 Figures     

Simulating three-dimensional vortex motion by a vortex blob method

A three-dimensional vortex blob method was applied to calculate several vortex motions: the deformation of pseudo-elliptic vortex rings, the jet issuing from the pseudo-elliptic nozzle into flow of uniform velocity, the unsteady separated flow around a circular disk with an angle of attack, and the interaction of several vortex rings which approximately reproduced the Kolmogorov spectrum. In the first three cases, the viscous diffusion of vorticity was included. The pseudo-elliptic vortex rings experienced axis switching and split into a few deformed vortex rings. Rolling-up vortices in the pseudo-elliptic jet had a symmetric arrangement in the minor-axis plane and an antisymmetric arrangement in the major-axis plane in the developing region; further downstream, the vortices were arranged antisymmetrically in both planes. The wake behind the disk normal to the main flow reproduced the spiral and columnar modes of instability. A problem in the three-dimensional vortex method is that vorticity tends to diverge at a stage of evolution of the vortex motions. An approximate method of avoiding the divergence of vorticity is proposed.     

电磁体积力作用下的圆柱绕流实验研究

利用电介质溶液中圆柱体侧表面附近分布的电磁场产生电磁体积力,作用于流体边界层,从而控制圆柱绕流。电极与磁极交替分布的电磁场激活板包覆在圆柱体表面置于流动的电解质溶液中,产生的电磁力沿圆柱体表面分布,可以改变流体边界层结构。在流体边界层上电磁体积力的作用下,圆柱绕流分离点可以在前驻点和后驻点之间变动,产生不同的控制效果。调整电磁场的时空分布控制参数,电磁体积力能连续控制圆柱绕流、尾流涡街的形态,具有明显的消涡与增涡控制效应;具有较好的减震、减阻控制效果;具有制动控制效应。     

Roll‐up of a viscous vortex sheet

Abstract

The vortex sheet roll‐up for a viscous fluid flow under an initially periodic perturbation is studied by using a core‐spreading vortex method [2]. The viscous term, usually neglected in prior studies, is considered in the present study. In order to avoid the singularity at the center of point vortices, a convolution decomposition procedure is applied to form the vortex blobs. When calculating the stream function and the velocity field, the computations for the vortex method are usually time‐consuming due to the involvement of a large number of vortex blobs. This is improved by employing an efficient algorithm based on multipole expansions [6] to perform far‐field calculations. With the help of the fast algorithm, the time complexity of the one‐step calculation is directly proportional to the number of vortex blobs.

Numerical results show that the roll‐up of a vortex sheet with the viscous effect is slower than that of an inviscid vortex sheet. During the roll‐up of the vortex sheet, the spread and the flatness of the vorticity distribution are also studied by calculating the second moments and the fourth moments, respectively. Both results indicate the roll‐up of an inviscid vortex sheet is stretched slightly longer than that of a viscous vortex sheet.     

Coherent helical structures in swirl flows

A nonstationary flow with rotating helical filaments formed in the region of swirl flow breakdown has been studied using the method of phase averaging of the output signal of a laser Doppler velocimeter. Vortices in the measured flow field were separated using the λ₂ technique based on an analysis of the velocity gradient tensor. It is shown for the first time that precession of the central monopolar vortex is accompanied by the formation of a pair of secondary vortices with the opposite directions of circulation, which form a helical dipole structure.