A knowledge-aid approach for designing high-performance buildings

Today, global warming and the sustained increase in energy prices have led to a quest for energy-efficient buildings among designers and users alike. This has been accompanied by increasingly strict thermal and energy regulations for buildings. In addition to such changes on the energy front, building regulations have also been created or reinforced in other areas, including accessibility, fire safety and seismic risk, alongside the demands of users. The combined effects of these two factors have made building design much more complex. Thus, designers are constantly in search of tools and information that can provide them with ways of designing high-performance buildings for their projects. In response to these needs, we propose an optimization-based, knowledge-aid approach for designing high-performance buildings. This approach is aimed at providing architects and design offices with clear knowledge of their project’s potential (exploration of various options) that will allow them to design the best possible high-performance buildings (in this version of the approach only energy needs and construction cost are assessed). This potential is evaluated by means of the external and internal geometric parameters as well as the energy characteristics of buildings. In this paper, the approach will be applied to an office building in Lyon, France.     

多层木结构建筑防火要求及应用现状

我国规范允许的木结构建筑层数不超过3层;而在欧洲和北美,多层木结构建筑的建造技术和火灾安全设计较为成熟,6～9层的多层木结构建筑已有不少的应用实例。对国内外多层木结构建筑的防火规范要求进行对比调研,整理分析国内外多层木结构建筑的应用案例,为了解各国多层木结构建筑的火灾安全性能和实际应用状况提供参考资料和佐证。     

钢屋盖结构防火的性能化消防工程分析

因为建筑学上和构造上的原因,越来越多的建筑设计采用了钢结构。为了保证建筑结构构件的完整性,建筑规范提出了结构耐火性能的要求。但是,已规定的要求没有促进具有良好经济效益的设计,并且假定遵照规范是达到安全等级的唯一途径。本论文提出采用以性能设计为基础的消防工程理论方法来证明火灾中钢构件的性能。消防工程准则已发展至符合规范的要求,并能保证结构在火灾中的安全性能。本文采用一个游泳/跳水馆作为例子来讨论对钢屋顶结构进行耐火保护。本例的研究表明,游泳/跳水馆的钢屋顶结构可以不用耐火涂料,并且不会降低整个建筑的防火安全等级。     

北京工体海底世界暖通空调设计

结合该工程，介绍了海底世界工程特点，对室内空气温湿度的要求、暖通空调和防排烟系统设计以及直流式空调系统中热管换热器的应用。在目前国内尚无地下水下建筑防炎规范的情况下，该工程设计除遵循了《高层民用建筑设计防火设计规范》外，还参照执行了《人民防空工程设计防火规范》。     

大型商业建筑消防性能化设计探讨

随着城市化发展,大量的大型商业建筑迅速兴起,使得建筑物的功能也越来越多样化。根据以往的经验为基础的制订出来的"处方式"防火设计已难以适应大型商业建筑的需要。以火灾安全工程学的思想为指导,结合具体实例对某大型商业建筑的消防性能化设计进行分析,供同类工程参考。     

浅析高层建筑消防电梯设计的问题探讨

消防电梯是消防人员在火灾或者紧急事故发生时进行救援所使用的重要通道,这个通道对于保障建筑中居民的人身与财产安全具有重大的意义。因此,高层建筑中消防电梯的设计必须与安全消防的具体要求相符合。本文就消防电梯设计中容易出现的问题提出了阐述,并对高层建筑消防电梯设计的安全性能设计的改进提出了建议。     

建筑师主导下基于能耗模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设 计研究 — —以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例

介于当下建筑师在绿色建筑设计过 程中的长期角色缺失以及设计后期为了能耗 达标而过分依赖节能设备等现象,由建筑师 主导的、以能耗模拟为途径的节能设计研究 更加刻不容缓。在详细分析由建筑师主导的 节能设计所展现的优势并对能耗模拟工具 进行选择后,提出了建筑师主导下基于能耗 模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设计流程。 接下来以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例,展示了在方案设计阶段建筑形体与空间组织关系的节能设计思路与过程,详细剖析了建筑师对 整体概念、功能布局和能耗负荷等问题的把控与决策。最后总结了建筑本体设计与节能设计这 两者的协同关系,阐明了建筑师在其中发挥主导角色的重要意义。     

Fire Safety Measures in Historic Buildings for University Use

The paper summarises the results of an investigation intended to develop guidelines for implementing fire safety measures in historic buildings converted to university use, and which can be utilised in making design decisions and assessing project feasibility. In particular, the paper focuses on the relationships between a building's historical type, the applicable regulatory and performance requirements, and the design solutions that can be adopted in a given situation. The examples of such solutions provided in the paper, which regard functional requirements as well as those for fire safety, accessibility and utilities systems, are drawn from an analysis of recent case studies of historic building conversion to university use, evaluating the design approaches which were adopted and possible alternatives. In addition, the paper presents a series of parametric appraisals of the typical costs incurred in construction and utilities installation, together with a discussion of the development and application of a risk analysis method which can be used to evaluate the overall performance of specific design solutions or construction situations.     

Integration of fire safety and building design

A new framework is presented to facilitate better incorporation of building fire safety performance options into the building design process. Based on the building design process and key design decisions undertaken at each phase, a knowledge set is developed to aid building designers to understand better the effects of design decisions on building fire performance. This also minimizes potential competing objectives in later design phases by sharing necessary concerns in advance. Drawing on the knowledge set, a conceptual building fire safety evaluation tool illustrates how primary building designers and fire safety engineers can quantitatively assess fire safety performance for different solutions. It is shown how building fire safety performance attributes can be arranged by building design phase, how various scenarios can be explored, and how appropriately balanced building design and fire safety design solutions can be identified at different phases of the building design process.     

Elevator shaft pressurization for smoke control in tall buildings: The Seattle approach

CONTAM simulations of both commercial and residential tall building models are conducted in order to study recently adopted Seattle code requirements for elevator shaft pressurization systems. In contrast to the International Building Code (IBC) requirements, the Seattle approach specifies across elevator door pressure minimums and maximums on only four “fire floors” (including one above, and two below, the fire floor). This is accomplished using a minimal pressurization of the entire elevator shaft in conjunction with venting of the four fire floors. The present study adresses the feasibility of calibrating such a system to meet the design objectives in tall buildings (system performance during an actual fire event is not considered). The two building models correspond to 37 story buildings with dual elevator and dual stairwell shafts extending the entire height of the building. Each model is calibrated to experimental data. Simulations are conducted for a variety of ambient temperatures and exterior building door positions. Coupled pressurization of the stairwells is also considered. The system requirements are found to be achievable for both elevator only and coupled elevator and stairwell pressurization systems. However, the observed pressure differences do change with changes in the ambient temperature as well as changes in the ground floor exterior door position. It is therefore recommended that such systems should be calibrated for pressure differences intermediate to the prescribed minimum and maximum values to compensate for changes to the system performance. Providing a relief vent to ambient on any recall floor may also be advisable.     

汶川地震建筑震害启示——三水准设防和抗震设计基本要求

汶川大地震造成大量房屋建筑破坏倒塌,通过对砌体结构和工业厂房、设备及设施的震害调查与分析,对我国《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011-2001)的三水准设防和抗震设计基本要求进行探讨,分别对比了在遭遇"小震"、"中震"和"大震"情况下,按一定设防烈度设计的房屋建筑的破坏状态,判别是否达到了设防目标。结果表明,在1990年以后设计建造的房屋建筑,基本都能达到三水准抗震设防目标,严重破坏或倒塌的大多是建造年代较早、设计不满足规范要求或施工质量存在问题的建筑。针对抗震设计规范中有关结构整体性、传力路径、地基基础、抗震缝、疏散通道、设备和设施的抗震设计基本要求,对照实际震害情况,包括过去地震震害情况,总结经验教训,提出改进意见。对震前经过加固的建筑物在地震中的表现作了介绍,证明了结构抗震加固的效果和必要性。     

A parametric approach for performance optimization of residential building design in Beijing

During the early design stage of green residential buildings, there are tremendous potential of using parametric optimization to achieve preferable green performance, such as building energy consumption efficiency, daylighting, ventilation and thermal comfort. Taking residential design features into consideration, this paper presents an optimization workflow and effects based on a case study of a residential building project in Beijing. Firstly, 27 design parameters related to residential spatial form and building envelope were selected for the optimization. The simulation results of the cooling and heating load were taken as the optimization objects. Secondly, optimized schemes were obtained from 6246 simulation results, with 1925 verified simulation results proving that the optimized result is reliable. Finally, analysis was performed to establish the correlations between design parameters and performance in order to create the easy access for architects to determine design parameters depending on the performance sensitivity of each parameter. Analysis results showed that parametric optimization of spatial form and building envelope at the design stage is a feasible approach to reducing energy consumption in residential building design.

     

Fire safety standards—help or hindrance

This paper reviews the various documents which establish the level of safety associated with UK buildings in the absence of explicit safety criteria, considering their nature and derivation. It identifies the significant role played by national standards in support of building regulations, but recognises that the requirements of the different standards are often incompatible. It considers whether they act as a help or hindrance to various users and to what extent they direct the advances in fire safety design in a positive way. It suggests that in order to arrive at a wholly compatible package of national fire safety standards, which will be a help to all and a hindrance to none, a framework for future standardisation activity is needed. This must be supported by all parties, especially the fire safety regulators.     

装饰艺术风格在既有建筑改造中的尝试——上海市向明中学西校区教学楼立面改造设计分析

分析了上海市中心区校园既有建筑改造设计的实际需求,提出建筑设计需同时满足安全、功能、文化三方面的需求。同时,文章以近期完成的向明中学西校区教学楼改造工程为例,建筑师采用了装饰艺术风格的立面设计,比较好地满足了三方面的要求。该工程实例也对市中心区内的类似改造工程具有参考借鉴意义。     

高层建筑消防安全现状及预防措施探讨

结合高层建筑工程的实际情况,分析了高层建筑的消防难点和火灾特点,并针对高层建筑消防设计不合理、防范措施不到位、管理制度不健全等安全现状,提出了高层建筑消防安全的预防措施,以提高高层建筑的安全性。     

超限高层建筑结构基于性能抗震设计的研究

基于性能的设计方法已引起工程界的关注 ,在超限高层建筑的结构抗震设计中 ,采用基于性能要求的抗震设计方法 ,有助于提高高层建筑工程抗震设计的可靠性、避免抗震安全隐患 ,同时又促进高层建筑技术发展。本义阐述基于性能抗震设计方法与常规抗震设计方法的比较 ;针对超限高层建筑结构的特点 ,提出结构的抗震性能目标、性能水准以及实施性能设计的主要方法 ,包括性能水准判别准则、性能目标的选用及结构计算和试验要求。文中还列举了应用性能设计理念和要求的部分工程实例。     

Results from a cost-effective, decision-making model for building fire safety and protection

Presented in this paper are results obtained from the application of a cost-effective, decision-making system model that is used to appraise the level of fire safety and protection in office buildings. The effects of fire spread are calculated using two performance parameters; namely the fire-cost expectation and the expected risk to life. Designs in conformity with building code requirements and alternative building designs were considered.

Following consideration of various risk assessment procedures, it was decided to adopt a decision criterion which identifies alternative designs that are equivalent (in terms of expected risk to life) to code-specified designs, and which achieve such performance at a lower fire-cost expectation. On the basis of the decision criterion described herein, alternative designs were identified that are shown to be more cost-effective than designs in conformity with building codes. For the selected alternative designs, it was found that whilst both the fire-cost expectation and the capital cost of building construction are significantly lower, a similar level of life safety is maintained for occupants, compared with designs in conformity with building code requirements.

The system model can be used as a basis both to make immediate changes to current building code provisions, and for the introduction of a performance-based approach to design. In addition, the model can be used to identify those areas of research which have a major impact on the provision of cost-effective fire safety and protection provisions in buildings, and which accordingly are deserving of further investigation.     

安全通道在商业建筑疏散设计中的应用研究

安全通道可以解决商业建筑中常见的疏散距离过长和疏散楼梯间首层不直通室外的人员疏散设计问题.根据防火分隔形式,安全通道可分为防火墙安全通道、防火卷帘安全通道和组合式安全通道.归纳了三种安全通道的特点并针对某超市工程实例,使用层次分析法对三种安全通道的适用性进行分析.结果表明,组合式安全通道在该工程中最为适用.