Seed fats of Astelia and Collospermum,family liliaceae

The seed fats of thirteen species of Astelia and two of the closely related genus Collospermum have been examined. On the basis of their fatty acid composition they fall into two groups, one containing 12-30% γ-linolenic (6,9,12-octadecatrienoic) acid and the other containing no γ-linolenic acid. The latter group is distinguished from the New Zealand Agavaceae by the presence of traces of C₂₀ and and C₂₂ alkanoic, C₁₆, C₂₀, and C₂₂ alkenoic, C₂₀ alkadienoic and C₁₈ alkatrienoic acids and from the New Zealand Juncaceae by the absence of C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₅, C₁₇, C₁₉, and C₂₄ alkanoic and C₁₇ and C₂₄ alkenoic acids. The two groups based on chemical constituents do not coincide with the botanical classification suggested by Skottsberg⁴.     

Bioactive lipids and fatty acids profile of Cistanche phelypaea

Oil extracted from the wild plant of Cistanche phelypaea was analyzed for its fatty acid, sterol, hydrocarbon and tocopherol contents. Total lipids (TL) content was 10 g/kg (on dry weight basis). The majority of fatty acids were of the unsaturated type (50.4 % of total fatty acids), while the saturated (mainly palmitic acid) were about 43.2 % of the total fatty acids. Oleic acid was the dominating fatty acid followed by palmitic and linoleic acids. High amounts of sterols were found in the oil with the main component β-sitosterol. Other phytosterols (e.g. stigmasterol, ∆⁷-avenasterol and ∆⁵-avenasterol) were present at approximately equal amounts (6–9 % of total sterols). The main identified hydrocarbon compounds were C₂₁, C₂₆ and C₃₂ constituting about 61.2 % of total hydrocarbons. Small amounts of C₁₂, C₁₈ and C₂₂, however, were also detected. Tocopherol levels were high in the oil (3.36 g/kg oil), wherein β-tocopherol was the main component followed by α-isomer. Both tocopherol components comprised more than 87 % of total vitamin E content in the oil. Furthermore, γ- and δ-tocopherols were detected in small amounts in the oil accounting for 14–16 % of the total vitamin E content. Information provided by the present work will be of importance for food applications and chemotaxonomy of Cistanche phelypaea.     

Seed fats of some New Zealand liliaceae

The seed fats of Herpolirion novae-zelandiae, Xeronema callistemon, Dianella intermedia, two species of Arthropodium and six of Bulbinella, members of the family Liliaceae, have been examined, and found to contain as their predominant fatty acids linoleic 65–87%, oleic 7–24% and palmitic 5–16%. They are similar to Group 1 of Astelia (Liliaceae). Iphigenia novae-zelandiae (Liliaceae) shows a different pattern of fatty acids, containing 17% hexadecenoic, 20% palmitic, 26% linoleic and 34% oleic acids as well as trace amounts of C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₅ and C₁₇ alkanoic and C₁₅ and C₁₇ alkenoic acids. It is thereby distinguished from the other New Zealand Liliaceae, the New Zealand Agavaceae and the New Zealand Juncaceae.     

Changes in the composition and state of unesterified C14–C32 fatty acids during their passage through the ovine digestive tract

The total amounts of C₁₄–C₃₂ and their composition in the free and anionic state (fatty acid soaps) in the diet, entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were determined in sheep fed white clover or white clover plus corn oil. Only small amounts of fatty acid soaps were found in the digesta entering the small intestine while the hind gut was the major site of soap formation as 66-73% of the faecal fatty acids were present as fatty acid soaps. In the digesta and faeces the distributions of the C₁₄ and C₃₂, expressed as a percentage of the total fatty acids, within the free and anionic states were similar. In contrast to the C₁₄–C₁₈ fatty acids no significant apparent absorption of the C₁₉–C₃₂ fatty acids occurred.     

Identification and characterization of surface lipid components of the dried-bean beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The dried-bean beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus is a major post-harvest pest, which can cause up to 30% losses from dry-stored beans. For the use of microbial agents for biocontrol of A. obtectus, it is of importance to identify cuticular lipids of this pest, if we are to understand the factors responsible for preferential adhesion or selective repulsion of entomopathogenic fungi that are potentially useful for biocontrol.The cuticular lipids of adult A. obtectus of both sexes were found to consist of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, methyl- and ethyl-esters of fatty acids, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, alcohols and sterols. All the fatty acids identified in this study were found in both ether extracts and dichloromethane extracts. The dominant fraction of all the lipids isolated from this species consisted of C_16:0, C_18:0, C_18:1, C_18:2 and C_18:3 compounds. Males and females contained similar amounts of hexadecanoic acid, but there was a significant difference between the total amounts of C_18:0, C_18:1 and C_18:2 acids in the two groups. We have also successfully identified one of the sesquiterpenes present in the cuticle as α-farnesene.     

Characteristics of some nutritional composition of melon (Cucumis melo hybrid 'ChunLi') seeds

Seeds from a melon hybrid ‘ChunLi’ were analysed for their proximate composition. The seeds contained high percentages of lipids (35.36%) and proteins (29.90%). Hexane‐extracted oil had acid, peroxide, iodine and saponification values of 1.51, 3.95, 89.5 and 226.73, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil revealed the presence of twenty‐five fatty acids varying from C₄ to C₂₄ with the exception of C₅, C₇, C₁₁ and C₁₉. The concentrations of individual fatty acids varied from trace quantities to about 54.8%. Linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids were the principal fatty acids contributing to 53.9%, 12.1%, 23.9% and 5.7%, respectively, of the total fatty acids which had a relatively high percentage (67.5%) of unsaturated fatty acids. Seed proteins were rich in arginine, aspartic and glutamic acids while limiting amino acids were methionine and lysine.     

Bioactive lipids and fatty acids profile of Cistanche phelypaea

Oil extracted from the wild plant of Cistanche phelypaea was analyzed for its fatty acid, sterol, hydrocarbon and tocopherol contents. Total lipids (TL) content was 10?g/kg (on dry weight basis). The majority of fatty acids were of the unsaturated type (50.4?% of total fatty acids), while the saturated (mainly palmitic acid) were about 43.2?% of the total fatty acids. Oleic acid was the dominating fatty acid followed by palmitic and linoleic acids. High amounts of sterols were found in the oil with the main component ??-sitosterol. Other phytosterols (e.g. stigmasterol, ?⁷-avenasterol and ?⁵-avenasterol) were present at approximately equal amounts (6?C9?% of total sterols). The main identified hydrocarbon compounds were C₂₁, C₂₆ and C₃₂ constituting about 61.2?% of total hydrocarbons. Small amounts of C₁₂, C₁₈ and C₂₂, however, were also detected. Tocopherol levels were high in the oil (3.36?g/kg oil), wherein ??-tocopherol was the main component followed by ??-isomer. Both tocopherol components comprised more than 87?% of total vitamin E content in the oil. Furthermore, ??- and ??-tocopherols were detected in small amounts in the oil accounting for 14?C16?% of the total vitamin E content. Information provided by the present work will be of importance for food applications and chemotaxonomy of Cistanche phelypaea.     

Determination of fatty acid composition and total trans fatty acids of Turkish biscuits by capillary gas-liquid chromatography

 In this research, fatty acid composition and total trans fatty acid contents of six types of biscuit produced by four different Turkish companies were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Total fat contents of the biscuit samples ranged between 8.5% and 26.0%. The highest fat content was determined in sesame biscuits (average 24.4%) and the lowest in petit beurre biscuits (average 13.5%). Total fat contents varied even for the same type of biscuit as a result of the use of different recipes by each company. The major fatty acids in the samples were C_16 : 0, C_18 : 0, trans C_18 : 1, C_18 : 1, trans C_18 : 2 and C_18 : 2. Depending on the biscuit type, total unsaturated fatty acid contents were between 52.1% and 72.8%. The ranges of total trans fatty acid contents in biscuit types were petit beurre 1.9–29.0%, sesame 15.0–23.1%, baby 3.0–30.5%, oat 17.6–22.4%, cocoa 1.5–22.9% and finger 1.0–24.7%. It is clear from the results that the percentage of trans fatty acids in the total fat content is significant because of the use of hydrogenated vegetable oils in biscuit production. Received: 26 July 1999 / Revised version: 9 September 1999     

Effect of different rumen-inert fatty acids supplemented with a dietary antioxidant on performance and antioxidative status of early-lactation cows

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with fatty acids of different degrees of saturation, in the absence or presence of an antioxidant (AOX; Agrado Plus, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO), on dairy cow lactation performance. Calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids were supplemented as a source of lower saturation fatty acid, and a palm acid product was supplemented as the higher saturation fatty acid source. Sixty early-lactation Chinese Holstein cows (100 ± 23 d in milk) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) lower saturation fatty acid (LS), (2) LS and AOX, (3) higher saturation fatty acid (HS), and (4) HS and AOX. The Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids and palm acid product were supplied at 1.8 and 1.5% on a dry matter basis, respectively, to form isoenergetic diets. The AOX was added at 0.025% in the ration. The experiment lasted 9 wk, including 1 wk for adaptation. Lactation performance was recorded and milk was sampled and analyzed weekly. Blood samples were taken from the coccygeal vein to determine metabolism parameters on d 16, 36, and 56 during the experiment. Neither fatty acid type nor AOX supplementation showed a significant effect on dry matter intake during the study. Milk yield was lower in the LS-fed cows compared with the cows fed HS. Milk fat and milk protein concentrations were not affected by fatty acid type or AOX supplementation. Adding AOX increased the yield of milk in the LS-fed cows, but did not affect those fed HS. Activity of plasma superoxide dismutase was significantly lower, plasma glucose tended to be lower, and plasma malondialdehyde was higher in the LS-fed animals compared with those fed HS. Addition of AOX decreased both plasma nonesterified fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide contents and increased total antioxidant capacity across the fatty acid types. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was not affected by fatty acid type or AOX treatment. Cows fed LS had higher cis-9 C_18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C_18:2 in milk at the expense of C_18:0, whereas AOX addition increased milk cis-9 C_18:1 at the expense of milk C_12:0, C_16:0, and trans-10, cis-12 C_18:2. It is inferred that feeding LS resulted in inferior lactation performance, whereas addition of antioxidant partially alleviated these negative effects.     

Generation of glycerophospholipid molecular species in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fatty acid pattern of phospholipid classes and selective acyl turnover at sn-1 and sn-2 positions

Acyl chains linked to phospholipids of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are mainly C16:1 and C18:1 accompanied by minor amounts of C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0. In view of this rather simple fatty acid composition, the question arose whether in yeast, as in higher eukaryotes, fatty acyl groups were characteristically distributed among the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of distinct phospholipid classes. Analysis of fatty acids linked to the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of the major phospholipids showed that indeed saturated fatty acyl groups predominated in the sn-1 positions. While the percentage of saturated fatty acids was low (10%) in phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from cells grown on rich medium, it was higher in phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) (25%) and highest in phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) (41%). Oleate was mainly linked to position sn-2, while palmitoleate predominated in position sn-1. Striking differences in the fatty acid distribution of phospholipids that are metabolically closely related (e.g. PtdSer and PtdEtn, PtdEtn and PtdCho, and PtdIns and PtdSer) suggest that pathways must exist for the generation of distinct phospholipid molecular species within the different phospholipid classes. The highly selective incorporation of exogenous [¹⁴C]palmitic acid (90%) and [³H]oleic acid (99%) into the sn-2 position of PtdCho, and the preferential incorporation of these fatty acids into the sn-2 position of PtdEtn (70 and 90%, respectively, for palmitic and oleic acid) are compatible with the postulate that phospholipase A₂-mediated deacylation followed by reacylation of the lysophospholipids is involved in the generation of phospholipid species in yeast.     

Performance of dairy cows fed roasted sunflower seed

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects on milk yield, milk composition, ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient utilization of feeding roasted whole sunflower seed to dairy cows. Three diets were formulated: a control diet with no sunflower seed (NSF), a raw sunflower seed diet (USF) and a roasted sunflower seed diet (RSF). The level of sunflower seed in USF and RSF was 78 g kg^?1 of dry matter (DM). The effects of dietary treatments on yield and composition of milk were determined using nine Holstein cows in three 3 × 3 Latin squares. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used to determine the effects of dietary treatments on ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed sunflower seed diets consumed 8% less (P < 0.05) DM but produced similar amounts of milk as cows fed NSF. However, milk fat content (30.7 vs 33.5 g kg^?1) and yield (1.33 vs 1.47 kg day^?1) were lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed USF and RSF than for those fed NSF. Supplemental sunflower seed had no effect on concentrations and yields of other milk components. The concentrations of short‐chain (C_4:0 to C_12:0) and medium‐chain (C_14:0 to C_16:0) fatty acids were, respectively, 27% and 29% lower (P < 0.05) while those of long‐chain fatty acids (C_18:0 to C_18:3) were 51% higher (P < 0.05) in the milk of cows fed USF and RSF than for cows fed NSF. Ruminal pH, ammonia N and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Feeding sunflower seed (USF or RSF) reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of acetate and increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of propionate. Total tract nutrient digestibilities were not affected by sunflower seed supplementation or by heat treatment. Supplementing dairy cow diets with unheated or roasted sunflower seed improved the efficiency of milk production and increased concentrations of long‐chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Feeding sunflower seed at up to 78 g kg^?1 of diet DM had no adverse effects on nutrient utilization. Roasting had no additional benefits on milk yield or milk fatty acid composition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fatty acids of a whitefish (Coregonus albula) flesh lipids

Using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods 50 fatty acid components of the flesh lipids of a fresh-water whitefish have been examined in detail. The total lipids represented, on average, 3.0% of the wet weight of whitefish fillets. Saturated, monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids were present in proportions of 31.4, 22.4 and 44.2%, respectively. About half of the total saturated acids was composed of palmitic acid (16:0, 16.1 %), which is generally abundant in fish lipids. The proportion of saturated iso- and anteiso-acids was 2.9%. The major monoenoic acid was oleic acid (18:1,ω9 10.6%), whereas the monoenoic C₂₀-acids were present only in minor amounts and the monenoic C₂₂-acids were not detected at all. The polyenoic fatty acids were predominantly of ω3 series with docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3, 9.4%) and cicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3, 7.7%) acids as the major components. Linoleic (18:2ω6), linolenic (18:3ω3), octadecatetraenoic (18:4ω3) and arachidonic (20:4ω6) acids were also present in remarkable proportions each amounting to about 4.5% of the total fatty acids.     

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MENHADEN FISH OIL ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE EGG

The influence of menhaden fish oil and other oils on the fatty acid composition of the egg was studied. Diets containing 1.5% menhaden oil, 1.5% corn oil and no oil added were fed to 50 hens. The menhaden oil diet increased the composition of C_14:0, C_16:1, C_18:1, C_18:3w3, C_20:5w3 and C_22:6w3 in the eggs but decreased C_18:2w6 and C_20:4w6 compared with the corn oil diet. The concentration of C_20:5w3 was greater than C_22:6w3 in menhaden oil, but more C_22:6w3 was found in eggs than C_22:6w3. A significant increase in total w-3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) occurred in the eggs after feeding the menhaden oil diet for 5 days and the concentration continued to increase through day 15. Dietary fats tend to produce a fatty acid pattern in eggs similar to that of the diet and varies with the oil source concentration. Most fatty acid profiles in egg yolks were altered within 15 days after hens began to consume test diets.     

Fractionation of buffalo butter oil by supercritical carbon dioxide

Buffalo butter oil was fractionated by supercritical carbon dioxide into four fractions (F₁-F₄). Fractionation was performed at 50 and 70 °C over a pressure range of 10.9-40.1 MPa. Short chain fatty acids (C₄-C₈), medium chain fatty acids (C₁₀-C₁₄) and saturated fatty acids were decreased from F₁ to F₄, while long chain fatty acids (C₁₆-C_18:3) and unsaturated fatty acids were increased. Triacylglycerol molecular species exhibited a similar trend as fatty acids. Cholesterol was concentrated in F₁, and with increasing the fluid density, it decreased by more than 50% in F₄. Substantial changes occurred in the chemical composition of the fractions led to distinctive differences in their thermal profile and solid fat content. Fractions obtained in the initial stages of the fractionation exhibited lower melting behavior that obtained in the late stages.     

Influence of inclusion of chestnut in the finishing diet on fatty acid profile of dry-cured ham from Celta pig breed

The effect of the inclusion of chestnut in the finishing diet on fatty acid profile of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. Twelve hams of each type (from three different diets: concentrate, mixed and chestnut) were used. Significant differences between treatments (P < 0.001) were found regarding total saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Ham samples from the mixed and chestnut groups had less SFA (35.57% and 35.63%, respectively) with respect to ham samples from the concentrate group (40.33%), while hams from the mixed and chestnut batches showed higher values of MUFA than hams from the concentrate group (50.70 vs. 49.79 vs. 43.85, P < 0.001, respectively). From a nutritional point of view, Celta hams from chestnut diets could be considered as healthier regarding their fatty acid profiles (low n−6/n−3 ratio and high hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic ratio). Discriminant analysis selected five variables (C_16:0, C_16:1cis-9, C_20:2, C_20:3n−6 and C_20:4n−6) and calculated two discriminating functions which verifies the presence of chestnut in the finishing diet.     

Digestion and absorption of lipids by sheep fed chopped and ground dried grass

Three wether sheep equipped with re-entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were given dried cocksfoot in the chopped or ground form and the samples of duodenal and ileal digesta and faeces obtained for both diets were analysed for individual long-chain fatty acids. The total quantities of fatty acids entering the proximal duodenum (15.2 and 15.4 g/24 h on chopped and ground feed, respectively) were markedly higher than the amounts consumed (8.7 and 7.8 g/24 h, respectively), whilst losses within the small intestine were 13.9 and 14.2 g/24 h, respectively. None of these effects was found to be significantly influenced by the processing of the diet (P > 0.05). The quantity of C₁₈ unsaturated fatty acids in the two feeds comprised 78% of the total fatty acids but the level of these acids was considerably reduced (19%) in duodenal digesta and was not significantly influenced by diet (P > 0.05), whilst the levels of stearic acid (C_18:0) entering the small intestine were markedly increased on both diets.     

The effect of decanoic,dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids on silage fermentation

The ability of decanoic (C₁₀), dodecanoic (C₁₂) and tetradecanoic (C₁₄) acids to restrict the fermentation of ryegrass and lucerne was investigated with laboratory silos. With ryegrass, addition of the C₁₂ acid alone at 1 kg t^?1 of fresh crop had no effect on extent or pattern of fermentation compared to that of the untreated crop, though at 2 kg t^?1 the acid appeared to reduce the content of butyric acid but not ammonia-N in the silage. Formic acid, added alone or with C₁₀, C₁₂ and C₁₄ acids restricted extent of fermentation and butyric acid production, but in this experiment addition of these acids had relatively little effect on the content of ammonia-N in the silages. With lucerne, extent of fermentation was similar for all treatments, though the untreated silage and those which received C₁₂ or formic acid alone at 1 kg t^?1 or 1 kg t^?1 of C₁₄ acid with 1 kg t^?1 of formic acid contained butyric acid in excess of 3% of the dry matter (DM). It is concluded that acids in the range C₁₂-C₁₄ are not effective in restricting silage fermentation and that their effectiveness is not increased by reduction in pH produced by the addition of formic acid. Microbiological assessments largely confirmed these findings.     

Effects of feeding micronised flaxseed on yield and composition of milk from Holstein cows

Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in three 3 × 3 Latin squares to investigate the effects of feeding unheated and micronised flaxseed on milk yield and milk fatty acid composition. Three diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of dairy cows in early lactation: a control diet with no added flaxseed (NFS), an unheated flaxseed diet (UFS) and a micronised flaxseed diet (MFS). The level of flaxseed in UFS and MFS was 70 g kg^?1 of the diet dry matter (DM). Feeding flaxseed to dairy cows had no effect on DM intake or milk yield. However, energy‐corrected milk was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed MFS than for those fed UFS or NFS. Supplemental flaxseed reduced (P < 0.05) the milk fat percentage without affecting the concentration of milk protein or milk lactose. However, the yield of milk components was not affected by feeding flaxseed. The concentrations of short‐chain (C_4:0 to C_12:0) and medium‐chain (C_14:0 to C_17:0) fatty acids were decreased (P < 0.05) while those of long‐chain fatty acids (C_18:0 to C_18:3) were increased (P < 0.05) in the milk of cows fed UFS and MFS compared with cows fed NSF. Feeding flaxseed to dairy cows can alter the milk fatty acid composition, but only minor effects on milk fatty acid composition can be expected by feeding micronised versus unheated flaxseed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LIPASE FROM LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM 2739

A 65 kDa intracellular lipase from Lactobacillus plantarum 2739 was purified to homogeneity (482-fold, specific activity of 251 μmol/mg per min) and characterized. The purification procedure included chromatography with Q-Sepharose, Sephacryl 200, Phenyl-Superose and Mono Q. The purified lipase was optimally active at pH 7.5 and 35C; it retained about 40% of the maximum activity at pH 5.0 and 15C. The enzyme was stable at 65C (D_65C= 18.6 min) and was irreversibly inactivated at 75C for 2 min. On triglycerides, the highest activity was determined on tributyrin but trilaurin and tripalmitin were hydrolyzed also. The Km on tributyrin was 2.31 mM. β-Naphthyl esters of fatty acids from C2 to C12 were hydrolyzed with a preference for β-naphthyl butyrate. After lipolysis, the fatty acid profiles in β-monoacylglycerols of milk fat showed similarities among porcine pancreatic lipase, rennet paste and lipase from Lb. plantarum 2739, but the bacterial enzyme caused a greater hydrolysis of C10 and C12 fatty acids esterified at the Sn-2 position of glycerol. The lipase was strongly inhibited by 1 mM Nethylmaleimide and iodoacetic acid, by 10 mM Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺, and was moderately stimulated by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺.     

A new,direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible oils

A new, direct analytical method for the determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD esters) was developed. The targeted 3-MCPD esters included five types of monoester and 20 types of diester. Samples (oils and fats) were dissolved in a mixture of tert-butyl methyl ether and ethyl acetate (4:1), purified using two solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (C₁₈ and silica), then analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five monoesters and five diesters with the same fatty acid group could be separated and quantified. Pairs of 3-MCPD diesters carrying the same two different fatty acid groups, but at reversed positions (sn-1 and sn-2), could not be separated and so were expressed as a sum of both compounds. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were estimated to be between 0.02 to 0.08?mg?kg^?1, depending on the types of 3-MCPD ester. Repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD_r%) varied from 5.5% to 25.5%. The new method was shown to be applicable to various commercial edible oils and showed levels of 3-MCPD esters varying from 0.58 to 25.35?mg?kg^?1. The levels of mono- and diesters ranged from 0.10 to 0.69?mg?kg^?1 and from 0.06 to 16?mg?kg^?1, respectively.