紊流浑水异重流交混区的阻力系数的研究

为进一步研究紊流浑水异重流交混区阻力规律,并简化该阻力计算方法,通过对紊流浑水异重流交混区上下两部分流速分布的研究,提出了最大流速点以上流速分布修正公式及适合高含沙水流的最大流速点以下流速分布公式。在此基础上对紊流浑水异重流交混区阻力系数进行了探讨,推导出了水库紊流异重流交界面阻力系数公式,并对其进行了讨论,论证了公式的合理性。并利用天然实测资料和实验室异重流试验数据对公式进行了验证,结果表明:推导出的异重流交界面阻力系数计算方法可以较好地模拟异重流交界面阻力变化规律。     

论悬移质含沙量沿垂线的分布

按扩散理论、二相流理论、湍流猝发理论和随机理论对悬移质含沙量沿垂线分布的近期研究成果进行了分析、归纳和总结.得到了一个与张红武分布公式等价，但更简单，应用更方便的结果，给出了应用实例.推导了基于二相流理论、湍流猝发理论和随机理论的悬移质垂线分布的解析公式.     

基于植被粗糙度的生态渠道阻力系数研究

天然渠道中遍布种类众多的水生植被，河道中的植被在改善水质、减少水土流失和生态修复中起到了重要作用，但同时也会产生阻力，影响河流流速的大小以及流量的分布。本文通过对植被化河道阻力系数进行理论分析，分析出相对粗糙度和阻力长度是影响植被阻力系数的两个关键因子。通过收集到的不同学者不同工况条件下刚性植被的实验数据，利用遗传算法获得植被阻力系数的计算公式。最后通过对比实验及验证组的实测数据与公式计算值，验证该公式对于计算植被阻力系数的精确性。结果表明：本文提出的植被化生态渠道的阻力系数公式相对简洁，模拟精度较高，为阻力系数公式在植被化渠道中的应用提供了参考，对植被化渠道的流量预测及生态修复提供了理论依据。     

稀薄气－固两相流中相间的相互作用模型

本文以稀薄气－固两相湍流流动为研究对象，推导并模化了考虑固体颗粒存在时，气相的湍流模型方程，在拉格朗日方法中实现了气－固两相间动量、湍动能的相互作用。尤其是提出当量密度及当量耗散系数两个概念后，使模型方程的型式等同于标准Ｋ－ε模型，很适合工程应用。而气相对粒子湍流扩散的影响则由类似于布朗粒子扩散的ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法来描述，实现了对确定性轨道模型的修正。最后，对颗粒在网格后均匀湍流中的扩散规律及圆管内的气－固两相湍流进行了数值模拟，表明本文提出的模型及方法很有工程应用价值。     

用两相流模型模拟混流式水轮机内空化流动

本文采用两相流中两流体模型模拟混流式水轮机转轮内三维湍流空化流场, 基于两相流中两流体模型的理论和方程, 推导了水轮机转轮中空化两相流的两流体基本方程, 并利用k-ε-kp两相湍流模型计算水轮机转轮中三维空化两相湍流. 计算结果包括了液相和空泡相的主要流动特征, 模拟结果可初步预测流体机械空化性能, 缩短模型试验周期.     

水涡轮机械中的湍流固—液两相流动及磨损研究

导出了固体颗粒在任意流场中运动的Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ方程对此方程进行线性化，并求出了其颗粒运动方程的解析通解。使用颗粒运动方程数值求解和分析稀疏颗粒湍流场中固体颗粒的运动。建立了湍流固－液两相液的Ｋ－ε双方湍流模型，体积分数流模型，Ｅｕｎｌｅｒｉａｎ－Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ混合湍流模型以及颗粒磨损模型，利用这些模型对一些水涡轮机械过流通道内的流动及固壁磨损进行了模拟，其预测结果与实验结果较为一致。     

稀薄气—固两相流中相间的相互作用模型

本文以稀薄气－固两相湍流流动为研究对象，推导并模化了考虑固体颗粒存在时，气相的湍流模型方程，在拉格郎日方法中实现了气－固两相间动量、湍动能的相互作用。尤其是提出当量密度及当量耗散系数两个概念后，使模型方程的型式等同于标准Ｋ－ε模型，很适合工程应用。而气相对粒子湍流扩散的影响则由类似于布朗粒子扩散的Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ方法来描述，实现了对确定性轨道模型的修正。最后，对颗粒在网格后均匀湍流中的扩散规     

两相流中颗粒对连续相湍流的影响及计算模型

对于两相流中由于颗粒存在会增强或减弱连续相湍流强度的实验现象,本文提出了一种改进型k-ε模型,对轴对称气—固射流进行的计算能在模拟该现象方面有明显的改进。     

两相流动中流固两相耦合阻力的数值估计

本文从纳维-斯托克司方程出发,用有限差分法计算粘性流体绕三维均匀正方排列无穷球点阵的流动,以图估计两相流动中颗粒体积率和颗粒雷诺数对颗粒阻力的影响。计算中使用了贴体坐标数值网格生成方法。计算结果和实验结果、经验公式作了比较。考虑到真实两相流动的复杂性及本文采用的力学模型的理想性,可以认为两者吻合较好。     

旋流流动中的颗粒相非线性双尺度k_p-ε_p湍流模型

基于多尺度湍流的概念,建立了颗粒相的非线性双尺度k_p-ε_p湍流模型.利用该模型对旋流突扩室内的两相流动进行了数值模拟,并且将两相平均速度及脉动速度的模拟结果和实验数据以及颗粒相的单尺度k_p-ε_p两相湍流模型的结果做了对照.结果表明:对两相切向速度,两种模型具有相接近的模拟能力;但是对脉动速度及轴向速度,本模型的预报结果比单尺度两相模型所获得的结果有较大改进.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).