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1.
W. R. Miller E. W. Bell J. C. Cowan H. M. Teeter 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1961,38(5):235-237
The reaction of dimethyl maleate and some related dienophiles with vegetable oils under pressure has been studied successfully.
When safflower oil reacts with 100% excess maleate, sulfur dioxide catalyst, and hydroquinone inhibitor at 290° for 1hr.,
80 to 90% yields of adduct fraction, based on linoleate, are obtained. Under the same conditions almost equally good yields
result with either linseed or soybean oils. With safflower oil, dimethyl fumarate gave slightly lower yields. Di-n-butyl maleate gave even poorer yields, and much residue was formed.
Paper II in a series entitled, “Reactions of Dienophiles with Vegetable Oils”. Presented at annual meeting, American Oil Chemists'
Society, St. Louis, Mo., May 1–3, 1961.
This is a laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture. 相似文献
2.
D. J. Moore E. H. Pryde J. C. Cowan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(10):894-898
Sixteen different participating solvents and certain combinations thereof were evaluated for their effects on the conversion
of methyl oleate to carbonyl compounds by ozonolysis. Depending upon the alcohol or carboxylic acid used as a single solvent,
chemical reduction with zinc and acetic acid gave yields of 70–100%; catalytic hydrogenation with 10% Pd/C, 62–84%. When equimolar
mixtures of an acid and a primary, unhindered alcohol were used, catalytic hydrogenation gave yields of 94–98%. In preparative
scale experiments, catalytic hydrogenation gave 98% yields of methyl azelaaldehydate in the representative solvent combinations
of 2-methoxyethanol/acetic acid and 1-butanol/propionic acid. When anhydrous calcium sulfate was used as a drying agent for
aldehyde/alcohol solutions significant acetal was formed in the absence of other catalysts.
Presented in part at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, La., April, 1964.
A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
3.
S. C. Ndlela J. M. L. N. de Moura N. K. Olson L. A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(6):1145-1153
Aqueous extraction using subcritical water is an environmentally friendly alternative to extracting oil and protein from oilseeds with flammable organic solvents. The effects of solids-to-liquid ratio (1:3.3–1:11.7), temperature (66–234 °C), and extraction time (13–47 min) were evaluated on the extraction of oil and protein from soybean flakes and from extruded soybeans flakes with subcritical water. A central composite design (23) with three center points and six axial points was used. Subcritical water extractions were carried out in a 1-L high-pressure batch reactor with constant stirring (300 rpm) at 0.03–3.86 MPa. In general, oil extraction was greater for extruded soybean flakes than with soybean flakes. More complete oil extraction for extruded soybean flakes was achieved at around 150 °C and extraction was not affected by solids-to-liquid ratios over the range tested, while oil extraction from soybean flakes was more complete at 66 °C and low solids-to-liquid ratio (1:11.7). Protein extraction yields from flakes were generally greater than from extruded flakes. Protein extraction yields from extruded flakes increased as temperature increased and solids-to-liquid ratio decreased, while greater protein extraction yields from soybean flakes were achieved when using low temperatures and low solids-to-liquid ratio. 相似文献
4.
Continuous hydrogenation of soybean oil with a stationary copper catalyst bed was performed at 110–180 C, 30–75 psig hydrogen
and Iiquid hourly spaced velocities (LHSV) of 0.25–0.6 cc/hr/cc catalyst. In contrast to batch, continuous hydrogenation was
achieved at a lower temperature with no need to postfilter the product. The soybean oil products from the continuous and batch
processes hydrogenated to 0% triene were similar in fatty acid composition,trans content of 29% and linolenate selectivity of 5.
Biometrician, North Central Region, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, stationed at the Northern
Regional Research Center, Peoria, IL 61604. 相似文献
5.
C. D. Evans E. N. Frankel Patricia M. Cooney Helen A. Moser 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1960,37(9):452-456
Summary Oxidation prior to deodorization was shown to be detrimental to the flavor and oxidative stability of soybean oil. The increase
in the nonvolatile carbonyl content of freshly deodorized oils was proportional to the peroxide value of the oils before deodorization.
Rate of loss of flavor and oxidative stability of the oil were related to the extent of carbonyl development. All oils, whether
or not they had been submitted to any known oxidation, contained some nonvolatile carbonyls. The loss in stability was not
due to a loss of the antioxidant tocopherol.
Oxidized soybean oil methyl esters were shown to develop nonvolatile carbonyl compounds upon heating at deodorization temperatures.
The addition of isolated methyl ester peroxide decomposition products to deodorized soybean oil reduced its flavor and oxidative
stability in proportion to the amount added. The results obtained were parallel and similar to those obtained by oxidizing
soybean oil prior to deodorization.
Flavor deterioration and undesirable flavors were typical of aging soybean oil whether or not the oils were oxidized before
deodorization or whether an equivalent amount of nonvolatile thermal decomposition products was added to the oil. These oxidatively
derived, nonvolatile carbonyl materials are believed to enter into the sequence of reactions that contribute to flavor instability
and quality deterioration of soybean oil. The structure of these materials is not know.
This work indicates the importance of minimizing autoxidation in soybean oil particularly before deodorization to insure good
oxidative and flavor stability.
Presented at fall meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, October 20–22, 1958, Chicago, Ill.
This is a laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture. 相似文献
6.
C. B. Croston I. L. Tubb J. C. Cowan H. M. Teeter 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1952,29(8):331-333
Summary At relatively low temperatures boron trifluoride and hydrogen fluoride gave high yields of polymers from soybean fatty acids
and methyl esters.
The use of 2% boron trifluoride as catalyst at 150° to 200° resulted in the polymerization of 50–60% of the methyl esters
within one hour. The viscous polymeric fraction usually had a dark color, a high acid number, and a low ratio of dimer to
higher polymer.
The boron trifluoride-ether complexes were equally effective catalysts and more convenient to handle. Use of the aliphatic
ether complexes resulted in products having lighter colors.
It was necessary to use large amounts of hydrogen fluoride to produce comparable yields at less than 100°, but 70% yields
of polymers having light colors and low acid numbers were obtained.
Presented at fall meeting of American Oil Chemists' Society in Chicago, Oct. 8–10, 1951.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. Report of a study made under the Research and Marketing Act of 1946. 相似文献
7.
Soybean oil (900 g) was heated by deep frying at 200°C for 1 h with the addition of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mL water, and
then stored at 55°C for 26 weeks. Soybean oil, corn oil and lard were heated by stir frying and then stored at 55°C for 30
weeks. The volatiles and peroxide values of these samples were monitored. All samples contained aldehydes as major volatiles.
During heating and storage, total volatiles increased 260-1100-fold. However, aldehyde content decreased from 62–87% to 47–67%,
while volatile acid content increased from 1–6% to 12–33%; especially hexanoic acid which increased to 26–350 ppm in the oils
after the storage period was completed. Water addition to the oils heated by deep frying tended to retard the formation of
volatile compounds. The total amount of volatile constituents of lard heated by stir frying increased more during storage
than that of corn oil or soybean oil. Peroxide values did not reflect the changes of volatile content in the samples. 相似文献
8.
Sakina Khatoon R. G. Raja Rajan A. G. Gopala Krishna 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2010,87(3):321-326
The deodoriser distillate (DOD) of Indian soybean oil obtained from two industries processing soybean oil was investigated
for its physicochemical characteristics, its composition of tocopherols, phytosterols, fatty acids and recovery of phytosterols
for use in nutraceutical products. It was found that the two DOD samples studied were dark in color and had higher amounts
of free fatty acids (22.7 and 49.9%), unsaponifiable matter (11.8 and 21.9%) (5–10 times found in soybean oil), total tocopherols
(1957–2256 mg/100 g) (20 times the amount in soybean oil), and 6–10% of phytosterols (12–20 times the soybean oil). The fatty
acids found were palmitic (23.2–25.5%), stearic (1.4–2.4%), oleic (23.8–26.1%), linoleic (40.4–41.1%) and linolenic (2.7–3.2%)
acids. The unsaponifiable matter (21.9%) and phytosterols (8.7%) content of DOD-2 were higher than in DOD-1 and hence was
more suited for isolation of phytosterols. Using hexane and water for crystallisation, the DOD-2 yielded a phytosterol fraction
with lower recovery of 13.2–17.8% while treatment with alkali to remove FFA and the glycerides followed by organic solvent
extraction yielded unsaponifiable matter containing phytosterols with a recovery of 74.6%. Later the unsaponifiable matter
was purified by double crystallisation into a mixture of phytosterols of 87% purity containing β-sitosterol (34.3%), stigmasterol
(3.1%) and campesterol (50.1%). The product may find use in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and allied industries probably
as a nutraceutical. 相似文献
9.
Sevim Z. Erhan Marvin O. Bagby T. C. Nelsen 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(6):703-706
Soybean oil was metathesized with the standard homogenous metathesis catalyst, which consisted of tungsten hexachloride (WCl6) and tetramethyl tin (Me4Sn) in chlorobenzene as solvent. The reactions were terminated at different time intervals. Soybean oil was mixed with metathesized
soybean oil in the presence of cobalt-drier to evaluate drying properties. Five weight percentage (% w) of metathesized oil
was found to be all that was needed to decrease the drying time of soybean oil from 312 to 182 min. Drying times for heat-polymerized
soybean oil with Gardner-Holdt viscosity of Z1–Z2 and Z3–Z4 were 71 and 75 min, respectively. In both cases, 5% weight metathesized soybean oil in the blend gave the best results for
reducing drying time to 67 and 69 min, respectively.
Statistician. 相似文献
10.
E. N. Frankel 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1970,47(1):11-14
Chromium carbonyl complex catalysts were used to selectively hydrogenate polyunsaturates in vegetable oils into products retaining
90% to 95%cis configuration and their liquid properties. The product from soybean oil contained 42–69% monoene, 10–40% diene and 0–4% triene.
The product from safflower oil contained 73–82% monoene and 8–17% diene. About 45–55% of the double bonds in monoenes from
hydrogenated soybean oil remained in the C9 position, and the rest was distributed between C10, C11, and C12. Preliminary oxidative and flavor stability evaluations showed that these hydrogenated soybean oils compared favorably with
a commercial sample of hydrogenated-winterized soybean oil. Liquid fatty acids prepared by saponification of hydrogenated
soybean and safflower oils (IV 90–100) had analyses about the same as those of commercial oleic acid.
Presented before the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 156th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Atlantic
City, N.J., September 1968. 相似文献
11.
Flaking as a Pretreatment for Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction Processing of Soybeans 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
J. M. L. N. de Moura N. M. de Almeida S. Jung L. A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2010,87(12):1507-1515
Soybean moisture content (7.2–12.8%) and conditioning temperature (51–79 °C) during flaking were evaluated to determine their
effects on oil and protein extraction and oil distribution among fractions produced in enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction
processing (EAEP). Extractions were performed by using two-stage countercurrent EAEP at a 1:6 solids-to-liquid ratio with
0.5% protease (wt/g extruded flakes) at pH 9.0 and 50 °C for 1 h. Oil extraction improved when using soybeans with moisture
contents ranging from 8.0 to 12.0% for flaking but was not affected by conditioning temperature. Oil extraction was reduced
when moving away from 10% moisture with the lowest values at 7.2 and 12.8% moisture. Free oil extraction increased as soybean
moisture content increased from 7.2 to 12.8% although total oil extraction was reduced at 12.8% moisture. Higher (79 °C) and
lower conditioning temperatures (51 °C) improved free oil extraction and reduced cream emulsion formation. Skim oil content
was not significantly affected by soybean moisture content and the conditioning temperature, although an undesirable high
oil content in the skim was observed at 8% moisture and at 55 °C. The cream with a high oil yield was easily demulsified compared
with cream containing a low oil yield (95 vs. 76.5% de-emulsification). Due to differences in cream stability, similar oil
recoveries (78–80%) were obtained for treatments yielding creams with either low or high oil yields. Mean protein extraction
of 95% was achieved for all treatments and was not significantly affected by soybean moisture content at flaking or conditioning
temperature. 相似文献
12.
Summary Concentrates of natural linoleic acid (linoleic acid content, 85–95%) have been prepared in 50–72% yields from corn oil fatty
acids by preferential precipitation of the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids at room temperature as their urea complexes.
By a similar procedure, concentrates of natural linolenic acid (linolenic acid content, 87–89%) have been prepared in 55–61%
yields from perilla oil fatty acids by preferential precipitation of the saturated, monounsaturated, and diunsaturated fatty
acids. Although concentrates of natural linolenic acid containing only 66–70% linolenic acid were obtained from linseed oil
fatty acids, yields were 87–90%.
A levelling-off effect has been observed in the use of the preferential precipitation technique in raising the purity of concentrates
of linoleic and linolenic acid. This parallels the experience in the purification of these acids by low-temperature crystallization.
The preceding papers in this series are references 12 and 13.
Presented at the Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Cincinnati, O., Oct. 20–22, 1952.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
13.
Keito Boki Hidehito Mori Naohito Kawasaki 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(6):595-601
Efficiencies of synthetic adsorbents and attapulgites in bleaching alkali-refined rapeseed and soybean oils ranged from 13–53%
and 93–97%, respectively. The Freundlich equation was more applicable than the Langmuir equation to the experimental adsorption
isotherms of β-carotene on attapulgites. Bleaching with attapulgites reduced tocopherols by 12.5–29.5% in rapeseed oil and
by 18.9–44.8% in soybean oil. Cosmetic-grade attapulgite was superior to the others in bleaching efficiency, equilibrium amount
adsorbed and removal of free fatty acids. 相似文献
14.
E. N. Frankel C. D. Evans Helen A. Moser D. G. McConnell J. C. Cowan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1961,38(3):130-134
A liquid-partition chromatographic method was developed to determine dimers in fats. Silicie acid treated with 20% methanol
in benzene served as the immobile phase. A mixture of 2% methanol in benzene was the mobile solvent. Chromatographic separation
of free fatty acids from oxidized-deodorized oils gave three well-isolated fractions composed of unoxidized acids, dimeric
or polymeric fatty acids, and polar fraction (ethyl ether eluate). Recovery of acidic materials from the column was essentially
quantitative (96–100%), reproducibility was good, and the standard error of regression was ±0.26.
A linear relationship exists between the dimer content of deodorized soybean oil and the peroxide value of the oil before
deodorization. An increase of 1% in dimer concentration corresponds to an increase in peroxide value of approximately 40.
Dimer content of different vegetable oils varied from 1 to 3%.
The chromatographic method can be used to estimate the degree of oxidation that an oil has received before deodorization and
to follow various phases of fat oxidation, polymerization, and processing.
Presented at spring meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Dallas, Tex., April 4–6, 1960.
This is a laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture. 相似文献
15.
Two-Stage Countercurrent Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction Processing of Oil and Protein from Soybeans 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Juliana Maria Leite Nobrega de Moura Lawrence A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2009,86(3):283-289
Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) is an increasingly viable alternative to hexane extraction of soybean
oil. Although considered an environmentally friendly technology where edible oil and protein can be simultaneously recovered,
this process employs much water and produces a significant amount of protein-rich aqueous effluent (skim). In standard EAEP,
highest oil, protein and solids yields are achieved with a single extraction stage using 1:10 solids-to-liquid ratio (extruded
flakes/water), 0.5% protease (wt/g extruded flakes), pH 9.0, and 50 °C for 1 h. To reduce the amount of water used, two-stage
countercurrent EAEP was evaluated for extracting oil, protein and solids from soybeans using a solids-to-liquid ratio of 1:5–1:6
(extruded flakes/water). Two-stage countercurrent EAEP achieved higher oil, protein and solids extraction yields than using
standard EAEP with only one-half the usual amount of water. Oil, protein and solids yields up to 98 and 96%, 92 and 87%, and
80 and 77% were obtained when using two-stage countercurrent EAEP (1:5–1:6) and standard single-stage EAEP (1:10), respectively.
Recycling the second skim obtained in two-stage countercurrent EAEP enabled reuse of the enzyme, with or without inactivation,
in the first extraction stage producing protein with different degrees of hydrolysis and the same extraction efficiency. Slightly
higher oil, protein and solids extraction yields were obtained using unheated skim compared to heated skim. These advances
make the two-stage countercurrent EAEP attractive as the front-end of a soybean biorefinery. 相似文献
16.
Hydrolysis of olive oil, soybean oil, mink fat, lard, palm oil, coconut oil, and a hydrogenated, hardened oil with lipase
from anAspergillus sp. has been studied. The lipase had high specific activity (60,000 U/g) and did not show any positional specificity. The
lipase proved to be a more effective catalyst than Lipolase fromA. oryzae, with an optimal activity at 37°C and pH 6.5–7.0. It was activated by Ca2+ but inactivated by organic solvents such as isopropanol and propanone. All substrates examined could be hydrolyzed to corresponding
fatty acids with this enzyme at concentrations of 5–30 U/meq with yields of 90–99% in 2–24 h. The degree of hydrolysis was
almost logarithmically linear with reaction time and occurred in two stages. The lipase was stable and could be repeatedly
recycled for hydrolysis. 相似文献
17.
Oxidative stabilities of crude soybean oils obtained by different extraction solvents such as hexane, water and Folch's solvent
(mixture of two volumes of chloroform and one volume of methanol) were determined by gas chromatographic analyses of headspace
and peroxide value of oil samples. For the determination of oxidative stability of oil samples, total volatile compounds formation,
molecular oxygen disappearance in the headspace and peroxide value of oil samples were measured. Iodine value (133–136), saponification
value (195–198), unsaponifiable matters (0.3–0.4%), iron (0.6 ppm), sterols content (2,400–2,590 ppm), tocopherols content
(1,250–1,520 ppm) and fatty acid composition of crude oils obtained by different solvent extraction were not significantly
different. Acid value of Folch-extracted oil was the highest as 1.3, whereas those of hexane-and aqueous-extracted oils were
0.5 and 0.4, respectively. Crude soybean oil extracted by Folch's method was found to contain the most phosphorus, while hexane-
and aqueous-extracted oils contained similar amounts of phosphorous. Crude soybean oil obtained by Folch extraction was most
stable in oil oxidation, and oxidative stabilities of oils obtained by hexane and aqueous extraction, which were significantly
much less stable than Folch-extracted oil, were not significantly different during ten weeks storage. 相似文献
18.
S. A. Hussain F. G. Dollear R. T. O’Connor 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1949,26(12):730-732
Summary Lalob fruit from the Sudan has been examined by modern chemical and physical methods. The kernels which amount to 9 to 10%
of the fruit contain approximately 46% oil. Extraction of the ground kernels with commercial hexane yields a light yellow
oil, having a composition calculated from iodine-thiocyanogen values corresponding to 43.8% linolein, 30.5% olein, 23.7% saturated
acid glycerides, and 2.0% unsaponifiable matter. Calculation of the composition from ultraviolet absorption measurements gave
results in fairly close agreement with those obtained by the iodine-thiocyanogen method. It was shown that the color of the
crude oil was due almost entirely to the presence ofa-carotene.
Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, New Orleans, La., May 10–12, 1949.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
19.
M. E. Carr M. O. Bagby W. B. Roth 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1986,63(11):1460-1464
The examination of plant species for their potential as renewable sources of industrial raw materials, conducted at the Northern
Regional Research Center, has been extended to include 110 species from North Dakota (ND), Colorado (CO), and Oregon (OR),
U.S.A. Plant samples were collected and analyzed for yields of “oil,” “polyphenol,” “hydrocarbon” and crude protein as well
as for botanical characteristics. Data are presented only for the relatively high-yielding species. Oil and hydrocarbon extracts
of plants that yielded at least 3.0% oil (dry, ash-free, plant sample basis) and/or at least 0.4% hydrocarbon were analyzed
for classes of constituents. Oils of such species were saponified to determine yields of fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter.
Hydrocarbon was examined for the presence of rubber, gutta and/or waxes. Polyisoprenes were analyzed for average molecular
weight and molecular weight distribution. Even when compared to about 1000 species previously analyzed in this program, seven
of the species yielded high amounts of oil (7.1–11.1%) plus substantial amounts of polyphenol (10.0–19.7%). Of these, six
are evergreen trees or shrubs and one is a nonwoody perennial. Another seven species yielded substantial amounts of oil (5.4–6.6%),
of which five gave 17.1–24.7% polyphenol. The most notable oil-producing species wereJuniperus scopulorum (11.1%),Pinus albicaulis (10.1%),Pinus flexilis (9.3%),Pinus mugo (8.4%),Liatris punctata (8.0%) andJuniperus communis (7.8%). Crude protein contents for all 22 species were low (4.2%) to moderate (10.4%). Maximum hydrocarbon content for the
22 selected species reported was only 0.5%. The highest total amount of oil, polyphenol, hydrocarbon and crude protein was
38.9% forAcer ginnala. Data obtained in this study are discussed with respect to those from species previously analyzed in this program. 相似文献
20.
C. M. Thierfelder H. M. Teeter J. C. Cowan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1962,39(4):215-217
Dimer acid was hydroxyethylated at 110–240C in the presence of alkaline catalysts. Products having ethylene oxide: dimer acid
mole ratios of 0.8 to 1.4 were transformed into flexible urethane foams of density 2.0 to 4.4 lb/ft3. Hydrogenated “aldehyde oil” gave a rigid foam which had a density of 1.2 lb/ft3.
A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, USDA. 相似文献