Discrete element modeling of asphalt concrete cracking using a user-defined three-dimensional micromechanical approach

We established a user-defined micromechanical model using discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete (AC). Using the “Fish” language provided in the particle flow code in 3-Demensions (PFC3D), the air voids and mastics in asphalt concrete were realistically built as two distinct phases. With the irregular shape of individual aggregate particles modeled using a clump of spheres of different sizes, the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model was able to account for aggregate gradation and fraction. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were performed to obtain input material parameters for the numerical simulation. A set of the indirect tensile test were simulated to study the cracking behavior of AC at two levels of temperature, i e, −10 °C and 15 °C. The predicted results of the numerical simulation were compared with laboratory experimental measurements. Results show that the 3D DEM model is able to predict accurately the fracture pattern of different asphalt mixtures. Based on the DEM model, the effects of air void content and aggregate volumetric fraction on the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete were evaluated.     

Predicting the dynamic behavior of asphalt concrete using three-dimensional discrete element method

A user-defined three-dimensional(3D)discrete element model was presented to predict the dynamic modulus and phase angle of asphalt concrete(AC).The 3D discrete element method(DEM)model of AC was constructed employing a user-defined computer program developed using the "Fish" language in PFC3D.Important microstructural features of AC were modeled,including aggregate gradation,air voids and mastic.The irregular shape of aggregate particle was modeled using a clump of spheres.The developed model was validated through comparing with experimental measurements and then used to simulate the cyclic uniaxial compression test,based on which the dynamic modulus and phase angle were calculated from the output stress-strain relationship.The effects of air void content,aggregate stiffness and volumetric fraction on AC modulus were further investigated.The experimental results show that the 3D DEM model is able to accurately predict both dynamic modulus and phase angle of AC across a range of temperature and loading frequencies.The user-defined 3D model also demonstrated significant improvement over the general existing two-dimensional models.     

Microstructure modeling and virtual test of asphalt mixture based on three-dimensional discrete element method

The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC~(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete element method.A randomly generating algorithm was proposed to capture the three-dimensional irregular shape of coarse aggregate.And then,modeling algorithm and method for graded aggregates were built.Based on the combination of modeling of coarse aggregates,asphalt mastic and air voids,three-dimensional virtual sample of asphalt mixture was modeled by using PFC~(3D).Virtual tests for penetration test of aggregate and uniaxial creep test of asphalt mixture were built and conducted by using PFC~(3D).By comparison of the testing results between virtual tests and actual laboratory tests,the validity of the microstructure modeling and virtual test built in this study was verified.Additionally,compared with laboratory test,the virtual test is easier to conduct and has less variability.It is proved that microstructure modeling and virtual test based on three-dimensional discrete element method is a promising way to conduct research of asphalt mixture.     

基于离散单元方法的多孔沥青混合料级配比选

应用离散单元方法结合PFC2D软件,对多孔沥青混合料的级配进行了评价,建立了细观尺度上的直观离散元数值模型,构建了粗细两种级配的PAC-13多孔沥青混合料骨架结构二维模型,进行了结构稳定性虚拟试验.仿真结果表明,相同空隙率条件下,PAC-13粗型级配的骨架结构比细型级配更稳定,结构承载力和抵抗局部变形的能力更佳.同时进...     

Effects of Aggregate Size and Specimen Scale on Asphalt Mixture Cracking Using a Micromechanical Simulation Approach

A micromechanical model based on discrete element method(DEM) was employed to investigate the effects of aggregate size and specimen scale on the cracking behavior of asphalt mixture. An algorithm for generating three-dimensional aggregates that can reflect the realistic geometry such as shape, size and fracture surface of aggregate particles was developed using a user-defined procedure coded with FISH language in particle flow code in three-dimensions(PFC3 D). The parallel-bond model(PBM), linear contact model(LCM), and slip model(SM), whose sets of micro parameters were obtained by comparing experimental tests with numerical simulation results, were used to characterize the internal contact behavior of asphalt mixture. Digital asphalt mixture specimens were used to simulate the effects of aggregate size and specimen scale on the cracking behavior by the indirect tensile(IDT) test. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: Both cracks and IDT strength decrease with increasing aggregate size. However, the heterogeneity of contact-force distribution augments with increasing aggregate size, especially with 13.2-16 mm aggregate. The aggregate size of 4.75-9.5 mm dominates in forming skeleton structure for asphalt mixture. The IDT strength decreases and cracks augment with increasing sample scale. The crack growth can be well interpreted from the perspective of energy analysis. The conclusions show that the proposed micromechanical model is suitable for the simulation of crack propagation. This study provides an assistant tool to further study the cracking behavior of particle-reinforced composites material such as asphalt mixture and Portland cement concrete.     

Investigation of micro-mechanical response of asphalt mixtures by a three-dimensional discrete element model

The micro-mechanical response of asphalt mixtures was studied using the discrete element method. The discrete element sample of stone mastic asphalt was generated first and the vehicle load was applied to the sample. A user-written program was coded with the FISH language in PFC3D to extract the contact forces within the sample and the displacements of the particles. Then, the contact forces within the whole sample, in asphalt mastic, in coarse aggregates and between asphalt mastic and coarse aggregates were investigated. Finally, the movement of the particles in the sample was analyzed. The sample was divided into 15 areas and a figure was drawn to show how the balls move in each area according to the displacements of the balls in each area. The displacements of asphalt mastic balls and coarse aggregates were also analyzed. The experimental results explain how the asphalt mixture bears vehicle load and the potential reasons why the rutting forms from a micro-mechanical view.     

旧沥青路面上加铺水泥混凝土层的力学分析

水泥混凝土加铺层作为一种新型、有效,快速、经济且简便的旧沥青路面维修技术,虽在美国己进行了大量试验路研究,但在路面应力分析方面尚属空白.本文借助大型有限元分析软件ANSYS建立三维道路实体结构模型,对旧沥青路面水泥混凝土加铺层的复合路面结构进行力学分析.分析了:车辆荷载作用下结构层弹性模量和厚度的变化对路面加铺层的受力影响;温度作用下的温度应力及温度和车辆荷载的耦合作用;对旧路坑槽的修补及旧路面存在的裂缝带来的路面荷载应力的影响进行分析.对水泥混凝土加铺层的设计提出一些有意义的建议.     

基于离散元方法的沥青混凝土断裂机理分析

为了从细观角度深入分析沥青混凝土的断裂机理,根据概率理论,建立了集料质量级配与二维数量级配的关系,并通过计算机随机投放技术生成了具有2种不同沥青膜厚度的沥青混合料二维数字试件;利用离散元方法,模拟了沥青混合料小梁试件的断裂过程,分析了沥青砂浆抗拉强度、砂浆与集料黏结强度和沥青膜厚度对沥青混合料断裂过程的影响.结果表明:对于沥青膜较厚的沥青混合料而言,起裂阶段和扩展阶段的裂纹主要出现在沥青砂浆中,沥青砂浆的抗拉强度是影响混合料断裂的主要因素;当沥青膜较薄时,起裂和扩展阶段的裂纹在沥青砂浆内部和砂浆与集料界面中都有发现,砂浆抗拉强度决定着混合料的破坏应力和应变,砂浆与集料的黏结强度决定着混合料裂纹扩展的速率.     

Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Air Voids on the Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixtures

The aim of this study is to investigate the asphalt mixture anisotropy of both the modulus and Poisson's ratio due to air voids using a discrete element modeling simulation method. Three three-dimensional cubic digital samples of asphalt mixture with different shapes of single air void were built using discrete element software PFC~(3D). The aggregate gradation, air voids and mastic included in the digital samples were modeled using different contact models, with due consideration of the volumetric fractions of the different phases. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. Simulation of the uniaxial cyclic compressive tests was performed on the three cubic samples loaded in three different directions. Dynamic modulus in three directions and Poisson's ratio in six directions were calculated from the compression stress-strain responses. Results show that both the modulus and Poisson's ratio are dependent on the preferential orientation of air voids. The anisotropy of the modulus and Poisson's ratio increases as the pressure loading on the asphalt mixture increases. Compared to the modulus, Poisson's ratio due to air voids has been shown to be more anisotropic. The maximum of Poisson's ratio and modulus is shown to be up to 80% and 11% higher than the minimum, respectively.     

基于离散元法的沥青混合料虚拟疲劳试验方法

为了从细观角度深入分析沥青混合料疲劳机理,运用离散元方法实现了沥青混合料小梁试件的虚拟疲劳试验。首先,根据概率理论,建立了由混合料三维体积级配至沥青混合料二维数字试件数量级配推导公式;接着,根据蒙特卡洛方法,编制了考虑集料不规则形状的沥青混合料二维数字试件生成程序,以此生成了沥青混合料二维数字试件;然后,结合离散元基本原理,提出了包括沥青混合料离散元模型的建立、离散单元的接触模式选择和疲劳失效判断标准在内的一整套沥青混合料虚拟疲劳试验方法;最后,进行了沥青混合料小梁疲劳试验,并与基于离散元方法的虚拟试验结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,虚拟试验结果与真实试验结果相差无几,所建立的虚拟疲劳试验方法可以作为沥青混合料疲劳性能分析的辅助手段。     

多孔混凝土基层缩缝处沥青面层荷载应力分析

为了研究多孔混凝土基层上覆沥青面层的受力状态,建立了沥青路面三维有限元模型,引入横观各向同性弹性本构关系模型作为正交各向异性接触模型,利用有限元软件ANSYS计算了多孔混凝土基层缩缝处沥青面层的荷载应力.计算结果的对比分析表明:当沥青面层模量不超过1 600 MPa时,多孔混凝土基层缩缝处沥青面层处于受压状态.荷栽作用下,多孔混凝土基层缩缝处沥青面层内的最大剪应力随面层模量的增加而减小,随面层厚度的增加而减小,随基层厚度的增加而减小,随基层与地基模量比的增加而增加.     

多层砌体填充墙框架结构的非线性有限元分析

采用ABAQUS软件中非线性分析常用实体单元C3D8R模拟混凝土框架和砌体填充墙,杆单元T3D2模拟钢筋,弹簧单元SPRINGA模拟框架和填充墙体的连接,建立了有限元非线性分析模型。对4榀单跨双层和1榀单跨单层砌体填充墙钢筋混凝土框架结构模型进行了非线性有限元分析,同时将计算值与试验值进行了比较,论证了有限元分析的可行性,进一步分析了砌体填充墙对框架结构性能的影响。     

行车和温度荷载作用下沥青路面的松弛响应分析

目的研究沥青混凝土路面在行车和温度荷载作用下的松弛特性,更好地做到防裂控制工作．方法确定黏弹性材料参数及能够反应温度、沥青混合料黏弹性本构关系,建立典型的路面结构三维有限元模型,模拟面层材料在不同初始变形的应力状态,分析路表弯沉、沥青面层层底和土基顶面的响应．结果沥青路面在荷栽和温度作用下,面层黏弹性材料会使路面应力减小．面层层底和基层层底应力会发生松弛,最后趋于稳定值;在行车载荷作用下弯沉会随着时间的推移发生回弹,最后逐渐趋于稳定．结论松弛是材料本身属性与其他因素无关;应力松弛模量越小,松弛性能越好,低温抗裂性越好．     

不同受力模式下的沥青混合料接触力链分布特征

为了研究拉压弯剪不同受力模式下沥青混合料内部的接触力链传递分布情况,明确骨料砂浆不同组分抵抗荷载时的各自贡献水平,基于工业CT与数字图像处理技术获取了骨料颗粒模型,利用PFC3D软件构建了SMA13级配的沥青混合料三维数字化试件并进行了不同受力模式下的虚拟试验,对沥青混合料内部接触力链的传递分布特征以及砂浆骨料不同组分的接触力组成分布情况进行可视化及量化分析,以力链概率作为量化指标对不同受力模式下各类接触力链的分布特征进行统计分析。研究结果表明:利用离散元方法建立的三维数字化模型可以较好地模拟沥青混合料低温力学行为;单轴压缩受力模式下各类接触的强力链占比均为4种受力模式当中的最高水平,骨料间的嵌挤作用为抵抗外载的主要因素,骨料所传递的接触力水平占总接触力的69.9%;间接拉伸与半圆弯拉载荷模式下,沥青砂浆内部与界面位置的强力链占比显著高于骨料间的强力链占比,沥青砂浆所传递的接触力分别占总接触力的50.1%和57.4%,沥青砂浆间的黏结力为抵抗破坏的主导因素;单轴贯入受力模式下沥青砂浆与界面位置的强力链占比略高于骨料间接触的强力链占比,骨料所传递的接触力占总接触力的64.7%。强弱力链占比可以较好地反映沥青混合料不同组分在不同受力模式下的传递载荷能力,依据研究结果可以从细观结构角度为深入了解沥青混合料的力学行为提供理论依据。     

聚酯纤维沥青混凝土路面的疲劳寿命计算

目的研究在沥青混凝土中加入聚酯纤维后的沥青混凝土路面的疲劳寿命．方法通过劈裂试验确定了不同温度下的聚酯纤维沥青混凝土的劲度模量，并基于损伤力学计算理论，采用平面应变有限单元法，考虑在车辆荷载和温度荷载耦合作用下对含有反射裂缝的路面体结构的疲劳寿命进行了计算．结果加入0．296的聚酯纤维沥青混凝土路面结构体的疲劳寿命提高了51％．结论在沥青混凝土中加入聚酯纤维能够增加混合料劲度模量，提高路面的疲劳寿命．     

半刚性路面TDC成因的有限元分析

沥青路面向下扩展裂纹(Top-down Cracking,简称TDC)是导致沥青路面破坏的原因之一,也是目前道路工程领域研究的热点.为探讨TDC成因,建立了路面结构的三维有限元模型,并采用大型有限元软件进行计算.计算结果表明,在假定的车轮荷载作用下,路面结构最大剪应力发生在路面表层,位置在轮迹边缘,其大小接近或超过常温下沥青混合料的抗剪强度,是导致半刚性路面产生TDC的主要原因.     

利用改进开窗转换法确定沥青离散松弛时间谱

为了精确地获得沥青胶结料的离散松弛时间谱,提出了一种改进开窗转换法的线性黏弹性材料函数转换算法．此方法可以用于离散延迟时间谱和离散松弛时间谱的相互转换．与开窗转换法相比,改进开窗转换法对于时间常数的设置更加精确,并且不会产生负数谱线．将改进开窗转换法用于一种传统非改性沥青的弯曲梁流变仪试验数据的离散延迟时间谱的转换,成功地确定了相应的离散松弛时间谱．经有限元模型验证表明,此离散松弛时间谱能很好地还原该沥青结合料的应力松弛特性．     

沥青路面永久变形数值模拟及车辙预估

沥青混合料的永久变形(车辙)是我国沥青路面早期病害中最主要的破坏类型,因而快速、简便、科学的进行车辙预估对于我国现阶段的路面结构设计与养护管理是非常必要的.提出基于有限元非线性理论沥青路面车辙数值模拟和车辙预估方法,结合廊沧高速廊坊段路面设计,分别进行SBS改性沥青混合料与高模量沥青混凝土进行车辙预估.结果表明:基于有...     

大粒径沥青混合料(LSM)在反射裂缝防治中的应用

反射裂缝是旧水泥混凝土路面上沥青混凝土加铺层的主要病害之一,针对这一问题,提出了采用开级配大粒径混合料抗反射裂缝的方法。通过有限元分析,大粒径混合料多空隙结构能减小接缝处由交通荷载及环境温度变化所产生的应力,说明大粒径混合料用于防治反射裂缝是可行的。并介绍了大粒径沥青混合料的级配范围与施工工艺,以便推广大粒径混合料的应用。     

沥青加铺旧混凝土路面复合结构行为分析

目的为探求圆形均布荷载作用下双层地基上沥青加铺旧水泥混凝土路面复合结构的受力性能.方法采用弹性地基上的多层薄板理论,建立了双层地基上多层复合路面的统一计算模型.结果得出了有沥青加铺层刚性路面的求解方法,其混凝土板底弯沉及应力值与AN-SYS有限元分析结果吻合较好.同时对有沥青加铺层的旧水泥混凝土复合路面进行了参数分析.结论混凝土板底最大弯沉随沥青层和旧混凝土板厚度、弹性模量及路基回弹模量增大而减小;混凝土板最大应力值随沥青层和旧混凝土板厚度、沥青层弹性模量及路基回弹模量的增大而减小,并随混凝土板弹性模量增大而增大.其中混凝土板厚度和路基回弹模量影响最为显著.