大缸径点燃式天然气发动机爆震的影响因素

爆震被认为是缸内燃烧火焰传播过程中末端混合气局部热点自燃引起的压力振荡.通过抑制局部热点自着火的反应速率可以降低爆震强度.通过一台缸径为190,mm的天然气发动机,研究不同过量空气系数对降低爆震强度的影响.在过量空气系数较小的工况下,当自着火发生时可以观察到压力振荡;在过量空气系数较大的工况下,当自着火发生时爆震强度较微弱.爆震强度随着缸内最高温度和最大压力变化而变化.在过量空气系数大于1.45的工况下,爆震的发生由局部热点反应速率决定;而在过量空气系数小于1.45的工况下,爆震的发生受自着火出现时刻控制.     

四气门天然气发动机缸内瞬态流场数值模拟

采用K-ε双方程模型对四气门天然气发动机进气道及缸内的瞬态流场进行数值模拟,模拟了发动机进气、压缩及燃烧过程。结果表明：四气门发动机缸内涡流由外向内形成;缸内平均湍动能强度在进气冲程中总体呈先增大后减小的趋势,压缩冲程中耗散作用使湍动能降低,但挤流作用使气缸中部的湍动能升高;进气过程中存在流动分层,为改善小负荷时发动机性能,天然气应尽可能在进气冲程中、后期进入气缸;缸内涡流中心的位置和气流速度梯度对火焰径向传播的均匀性有很大影响。     

LNG发动机缸内气体流动及其对燃烧过程影响的数值分析

应用STAR-CD软件对缸内直喷LNG发动机建立工作过程的计算模型,分析了缸内流场的运动及对发动机燃烧过程的影响.模拟结果表明:进气过程所产生的涡流运动能够维持到压缩上止点附近,压缩行程后期缸内的滚流破裂成众多小尺度的涡,湍流强度增大,可以提高火焰传播速率;压缩冲程接近终了时,缸内混合气呈明显分层现象,在火花塞及LNG喷嘴附近聚集较浓的可燃混合气,利于实现天然气发动机的稀薄燃烧.     

缸内涡流比对冷起动燃烧火焰的影响探究

针对汽油发动机冷起动存在的燃烧不稳定、燃烧效率低的问题,基于单缸可视化发动机在冷起动工况下调节进气涡流,通过分析缸内燃烧火焰特性来探究增强进气涡流对发动机循环波动及输出功率的影响。试验所用发动机为单缸四气门(两进两出)缸内直喷汽油机,其中一个进气道加装有涡流控制阀,通过将一个进气道关闭或者开启来改变缸内涡流的强度。利用高速相机从活塞上的光学通道得到发动机缸内的火焰传播图像,并计算火焰传播面积,提取火焰边界,获取火焰中心速度及火焰扩散速度等信息,同时也利用燃烧分析仪对缸内压力、燃烧放热率等特性进行同步测量和记录,通过多角度的对比和分析揭示缸内燃烧状况与发动机宏观性能的相关联系,有效地发掘了在不同涡流强度下缸内火焰的传播特征。研究结果从缸内燃烧火焰的角度解释了提高涡流比能够很好地提高冷起动的燃烧稳定性,促进发动机缸内燃烧。研究表明,早期火核分布越集中,波动越小,后期循环波动就越小。试验结果还表明,由缸压计算的瞬时放热率与火焰面积存在很好的线性关系。     

燃烧室形状对天然气发动机燃烧过程影响的研究

在对天然气发动机燃烧室进行优化的过程中,在一定压缩比下,开发设计了3种不同形状的燃烧室.应用CFD对不同形状燃烧室的缸内气体流动及燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,并在台架上进行了试验验证.模拟得出了缸内气体湍动能分布、温度场分布及燃烧持续期.针对不同形状燃烧室的缸内气体湍动能与温度场进行了详细分析后得出:增大挤气面积,则挤流强度增大,提高了缸内气体的流动速率,有利于提高火焰传播速度,改善天然气燃烧速度慢的特点;但挤气面积过大时,缸内燃烧速度过快,温度峰值增大,使NOx排放增加.最终将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比,综合考虑动力性经济性与排放性能,选取了最优形状燃烧室.     

缸内直喷天然气低速船机压力振荡抑制方法数值研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)软件CONVERGE建立了大型低速2冲程柴油引燃缸内直喷天然气船用发动机燃烧仿真模型。首先通过试验结果对模型进行了验证,进而开展了天然气高压喷射模式(high pressure direct injection,HPDI)下米勒循环和天然气两次喷射策略对发动机压力振荡的抑制效果研究。结果表明,推迟排气门关闭时刻,整体燃烧压力降低,燃烧相位推迟,发生剧烈压力振荡的时刻也推迟。排气门关闭时刻推迟较小时压力振荡强度降低,但过度推迟反而提高缸内压力振荡的强度,这主要是缸内热力学状态变化和燃料自燃特性相互作用的结果。通过调整预喷射量,可以降低燃烧前形成的可燃混合气量,从而影响燃烧过程中预混合燃烧比例,可以有效抑制压力振荡.但会导致输出功率降低及能耗增大。相比预喷射量,喷射间隔对缸内压力振荡的影响较小,但过大喷射间隔会影响燃烧相位,导致功率损失严重。合理的喷射策略可以在抑制压力振荡的同时保证功率输出。     

对置活塞二冲程汽油机活塞运动相位差的匹配

通过对对置活塞二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的活塞运动规律、扫气过程及缸内工作过程进行数值模拟,研究了对置活塞运动相位差对扫气过程、混合气的形成和燃烧过程及整机性能的影响。研究结果表明:活塞运动相位差影响活塞相对运动规律的同时,直接影响扫气正时和有效压缩比进而影响扫气过程、缸内工作过程和整机性能及对置活塞非对称做功特性。随着活塞运动相位差的增大,扫气效率增大,火焰发展期和快速燃烧期增大,循环指示功先增大后减小,在相位差为15°曲轴转角时达到最大值。综合相位差对扫气和缸内工作过程的影响,在15kW、6 000r/min、全负荷工况时最佳活塞运动相位差为15°曲轴转角。     

对置活塞二冲程汽油机燃烧特性试验

通过对置活塞二冲程缸内直喷汽油机进行原理样机燃烧特性试验,研究了对置活塞运动相位差、扫气压力、点火正时和点火方式等对燃烧过程和整机性能的影响规律.对置活塞二冲程汽油机缸内放热规律试验结果与传统汽油机一致,可分为火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和燃烧后期.对置活塞运动相位差过小会导致缸内扫气效率较低、残余废气量较高,不利于燃烧过程的组织;同时,对置活塞相对运动速度过快会导致内止点过后气缸工作容积变化率较大,缸内压力和温度下降较快.对置活塞运动相位差为15°,CA时,可有效改善扫气过程和燃烧组织.随着转速的升高,需要提高扫气压力,在提高扫气效率的同时增加混合气质量,提高燃烧速率.扫气压力为0.12,MPa时可兼顾中、高转速下缸内扫气过程和燃烧组织.对置活塞采用平顶结构时,需要配合双火花塞对置点火且点火提前角为20°,CA,可保证中、高负荷具有最高的指示热效率.     

初始温度/压力对天然气层流燃烧速率的影响

在定容燃烧弹内利用高速纹影摄像法研究了不同初始温度和初始压力下不同当量比的天然气-空气混合气的火焰传播过程,并结合火焰传播照片分析了初始压力和初始温度对混合气层流燃烧速率的影响.研究表明,天然气-空气混合气的无拉伸火焰传播速率和无拉伸层流燃烧速率随当量比的增加先增大后减小,且最大值出现在化学当量比附近.火焰传播速率和层流燃烧速率均随着初始压力的升高而降低,随着初始温度的升高而提高.     

喷油对二冲程汽油机混合燃烧模式影响的模拟

利用三维数值模拟,研究了小负荷时两次喷油策略对气门式二冲程直喷汽油机缸内混合气形成和火花点火形成的火焰诱发自燃的混合燃烧(SFI)特性的影响.结果表明:缸内燃油和温度的分层形式是影响混合气自燃特性的重要因素.在固定循环喷油量下,随着第二次喷油比例的增大,火花点火时火花塞周围燃空当量比增大,从气缸中心区到外围区的燃油浓度减小,着火时刻先略有提前然后逐步推迟,同时燃烧持续期先减小后增加,而平均指示压力、最大压力升高率和最大气缸压力均呈先增加后降低的趋势.与单次喷油相比,两次喷油更容易实现SFI燃烧.其中,第二次喷油比例为30%,时,火焰传播速度最快、自燃持续期最短.第二次喷油比例大于70%,时,气缸周围的偏稀混合气在火焰传播过程中难以自燃,缸内以火焰传播为主.     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.