柴油/汽油反应活性控制压燃发动机喷油协调控制与排放特性研究

对某4缸高压共轨柴油机进气道进行改造,搭建了柴油/汽油双燃料反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)发动机专用试验台架,设计了柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧汽油喷射控制策略,实现了全工况下汽油与柴油的协调喷射控制,系统地研究了不同运行工况下,不同汽油替代率对柴油机燃烧与排放性能的影响规律。结果表明:采用柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧控制策略,发动机可在其运行工况范围内实现高效清洁燃烧,随着汽油替代率的增加,发动机缸内最高压力逐渐增大,缸压峰值出现时刻推迟,放热率峰值降低,燃烧持续期延长,燃油消耗率降低,有效热效率升高,全碳氢、CO排放增加,NOx和碳烟排放降低。     

基于光学发动机的柴油/聚甲氧基二甲醚引燃乙醇对比研究北大核心CSCD

为了改善内燃机燃烧与排放,探究反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)燃烧规律,在一台轻型光学发动机上对比了缸内分别直喷柴油和聚甲氧基二甲醚(polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers,PODE)引燃进气道喷射乙醇的燃烧特性。通过调节缸内直喷的喷油时刻和喷油比例,对燃烧过程进行了可视化试验分析。结果表明:随喷油时刻不断推迟,缸内燃烧压力与放热率呈现先增后减的趋势,喷油时刻在上止点前20°时燃烧效果最好。随着缸内直喷燃油比例的增加,每循环燃烧压力峰值和放热率峰值不断增加,燃烧相位提前,燃烧更充分。利用高速成像技术获得的图片结果显示:两种引燃模式下火焰均发生于近壁区域并向四周扩散。火焰亮度最高和面积最大的时刻出现在燃烧始点附近。PODE引燃乙醇时火焰场中无曝光区域而柴油引燃乙醇时存在较多曝光区。PODE/乙醇燃料组合相对于柴油/乙醇燃料组合的缸压和放热率峰值更高,滞燃期和燃烧持续期更短,燃烧效率更高,碳烟生成量更少。     

柴油引燃天然气发动机不同喷射时刻和引燃油量下的燃烧和颗粒排放特性研究

在一台改装的柴油引燃天然气发动机上对不同的柴油喷射时刻和引燃油量(喷射油量)下的燃烧和颗粒排放进行了试验研究,并对相关的燃烧和颗粒排放特性进行分析。研究结果表明:随着喷射时刻和引燃油量的变化,柴油引燃天然气发动机的颗粒排放呈现单峰分布,其粒径分布无太大的变化,峰值粒径出现在29nm附近。随着喷射时刻的提前,纳米级颗粒数量浓度显著增加,颗粒的质量浓度呈现先减小后增加的趋势,滞燃期逐渐推迟,总燃烧持续期先减小后缓慢增加,相应的放热率曲线型心在逐渐靠近上止点后逐渐远离;随着引燃油量的增加,柴油引燃天然气发动机滞燃期和总燃烧持续期持续减小,放热率曲线型心逐渐靠近上止点,发动机排放颗粒的数量浓度明显减小,但其颗粒的质量浓度逐渐增加。     

引燃柴油喷油正时对LNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响

以一台涡轮增压六缸柴油机改造的发动机为试验对象,研究引燃柴油喷油正时对LNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响。研究了不同喷油正时下的双燃料发动机的缸内压力、压力升高率、缸内温度、燃烧放热规律、循环变动等参数。研究结果表明:引燃柴油喷油正时对双燃料发动机燃烧特性影响很大。随引燃柴油喷油正时的增大,最高缸内压力、最高压力升高率、最大燃烧温度和最大瞬时放热率先升高后降低且所对应的曲轴转角减小;峰值压力循环变动系数先降低后增大,峰值压力升高率循环变动系数降低。     

甲醇预混合气F-T柴油引燃模式下发动机燃烧特性研究

为了提高甲醇在能量转化效率方面的优势,在一台CY25TQ型柴油机上,利用F-T柴油和煤基甲醇研究了甲醇占能比、F-T柴油喷油时刻对甲醇预混合气F-T柴油引燃燃烧方式下发动机燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明:甲醇占能比增加,此燃烧方式滞燃期、持续期波动较大。在平均有效压力为0.45MPa下,缸内最大压力、瞬时放热率峰值、最大压力升率明显降低,最大降幅分别为26.40%、59.25%和58.00%。高负荷时,不同甲醇占能比下F-T柴油喷射时刻调整,能促进压升率进一步降低。与原柴油机扩散燃烧方式相比,虽然采用引燃喷射的双燃料发动机在中低负荷时的有效热效率有所降低,但是随着负荷增加,高负荷下的热效率比原柴油机高,最大提高了17.14%。     

甲醇替代率对双燃料发动机燃烧及其循环变动的影响

为研究甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机甲醇替代率对燃烧及其循环变动的影响,通过在单缸柴油机上加装进气道甲醇喷射系统,进行了不同甲醇替代率的试验研究。研究表明,随着甲醇替代率增加,缸内着火时刻推迟,放热率双峰现象逐渐消失,放热率峰值、最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率均增加。甲醇替代率对不同工况下指示热效率的影响不同,低速工况指示热效率随甲醇替代率的增加而降低,高速高负荷工况指示热效率随甲醇替代率的增加而略有增加。不同工况下的排放影响也存在明显差异,随甲醇替代率的增加,低速低负荷工况排放变化较小,而在高速高负荷下排放变化大。甲醇替代率对燃烧循环变动影响表明,低速低负荷循环变动随甲醇替代率增加而明显增加,当替代率增加至28.7%时,峰值压力的循环变动率增加2.5%,峰值压力对应曲轴转角分布也更加分散。     

柴油喷射压力对HCII燃烧过程影响的可视化

均质混合气引燃(HCII)的燃烧方式融合了柴油机与汽油机的优点,具有提高发动机指示热效率、改善排放的潜力.通过光学发动机,采用高速摄影和燃烧分析系统,研究纯柴油(缸内直喷)与汽油均质混合气柴油引燃两种工作模式下柴油喷射压力对燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:随着柴油喷射压力的提高,两种燃烧模式的燃油雾化质量改善,滞燃期缩短,着火时刻提前,缸内压力和放热率峰值增大,峰值位置提前,同时着火面积增大,燃烧速率加快.在相同柴油喷射压力下,HCII燃烧模式的着火点较为分散,着火时刻相比纯柴油更早,但火焰发展初期速度较慢.纯柴油模式在各喷射压力下均有扩散燃烧特征,中、高喷射压力时扩散燃烧现象更加明显,HCII燃烧模式在低喷射压力下为预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧共存.中等喷射压力下,视窗内分布大片蓝色火焰,着火面积较大,为典型的预混燃烧.高喷射压力下,前期燃烧主要为汽油均质混合气的预混燃烧,放热率峰值点之后以柴油的扩散燃烧为主.     

EGR对柴油机燃烧影响的可视化研究

基于单缸柴油机和phantom高速相机,搭建柴油机燃烧过程可视化平台,进行EGR对柴油机燃烧影响的可视化研究。在不同EGR率条件下分析了EGR对燃烧过程和火焰温度的影响规律。研究表明,通过可视化平台可以从燃烧室底部直接拍摄燃烧火焰。在小负荷、自然吸气条件下,随着EGR引入,着火时刻推迟,火焰温度降低,高温区域的面积减小。EGR率为20%时,缸内着火区域面积明显减小,火焰亮度显著降低。缸压数据分析结果显示,随着EGR率的增加,爆发压力和放热率峰值减小,缸内平均温度降低。     

柴油喷射压力对柴油/甲醇二元燃料发动机燃烧和排放影响的试验研究

在一台增压中冷电控共轨柴油机上,研究了柴油喷射压力对柴油/甲醇二元燃料(DMDF)燃烧和排放特性的影响。研究表明:柴油喷射压力较低时,DMDF模式压缩冲程的缸压要低于纯柴油模式,降幅随着甲醇替代率的增大而增大;而柴油喷射压力较高时,降幅较小,甲醇替代率为20%时的最大缸压要略高于纯柴油模式,且对应的最大放热率明显高于纯柴油模式和甲醇替代率为40%时。DMDF模式的NO_x排放量随着甲醇替代率的增加而降低,相同替代率时随着柴油喷射压力的增加而增加。CO和总碳氢(THC)排放量随柴油喷射压力的增加略有降低,随替代率的增加几乎线性增加。在低柴油喷射压力下,DMDF模式可以明显降低烟度,且排放量随着替代率的增加而减小,最多可减少约35%的碳烟排放。其他柴油喷射压力时,烟度随着甲醇替代率的增加而基本保持不变。     

增压中冷柴油-天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的实验研究

对天然气替代率、引燃柴油喷油时刻和中冷后进气温度等燃烧系统参数对增压中冷柴油—天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响进行了实验研究。研究结果表明：增压中冷柴油—天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧放热速率比纯柴油快，引燃柴油的着火时刻和缸内燃料空燃比值决定着双燃料发动机的燃烧特性，即着火时刻在上止点前且空燃比值较小时，其燃烧接近于定容燃烧过程，随着天然气替代率的升高，缸内最大爆发压力和最高燃烧温度升高；而着火时刻在上止点后且空燃比值较大时，其燃烧接近于等压燃烧过程，随着天然气替代率升高，缸内最大爆发压力和最高燃烧温度降低。最大爆发压力、最高燃烧放热率和最高燃烧温度随引燃柴油喷油提前角的增大而升高；而随着进气温度升高，最大爆发压力和缸内温度增大。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.