Effect of hydrogen and LPG addition on the efficiency and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine

This paper presents some experimental investigations on dual fuel operation of a 4 cylinder (turbocharged and intercooled) 62.5 kW gen-set diesel engine with hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and mixture of LPG and hydrogen as secondary fuels. Results on brake thermal efficiency and emissions, namely, un-burnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), NO_x and smoke are presented here. The paper also includes vital information regarding performances of the engine at a wide range of load conditions with different gaseous fuel substitutions. When only hydrogen is used as secondary fuel, maximum enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency is 17% which is obtained with 30% of secondary fuel. When only LPG is used as secondary fuel, maximum enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency (of 6%) is obtained with 40% of secondary fuel. Compared to the pure diesel operation, proportion of un-burnt HC and CO increases, while, emission of NO_x and smoke reduces in both cases. On the other hand, when 40% of mixture of LPG and hydrogen is used (in the ratio 70:30) as secondary fuel, brake thermal efficiency enhances by 27% and HC emission reduces by 68%. Further, shortcoming of low efficiency at lower load condition in a dual fuel operation is removed when a mixture of hydrogen and LPG is used as the secondary fuel at higher than 10% load condition.     

模拟沼气发动机掺氢燃烧的试验研究

在一台改装的单缸柴油机上进行了模拟沼气掺氢燃烧的试验。模拟沼气由天然气含量为50%～80%,CO2含量为20%～50%组成,掺烧氢气的比例为10%～40%。结果表明,随着模拟沼气中CO2比例的增加,发动机动力性降低,排放污染物中CO和NOx排放减少,但HC排放增加。适当增加模拟沼气发动机的掺氢比例,发动机缸内最高压力和最大转矩升高,过多的掺氢比例会降低发动机的动力性。排放污染物中随着掺氢比例的增加,CO排放增多,HC排放减少,NOx排放量与模拟沼气中CO2的比例有关。     

柴油机燃用低比例小球藻生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的试验研究

以野生小球藻生物柴油(Chlorella Biodiesel Fuel,CBF)-柴油作为混合燃料,利用186FA柴油机进行台架试验。在CBF的掺混比例分别为0%,3%,5%(B0,B3,B5)时,对柴油机的动力性、燃料燃用的经济性和燃烧及排放特性进行了比较分析。试验分析表明:柴油机燃用混合燃料时,与燃用纯柴油相比,随着CBF掺混比例的增加,其扭矩和功率略有下降,最大降幅均为4%;柴油机的油耗率和能耗率略有上升,且在高、中负荷时更为明显;柴油机的缸内压力、放热率峰值稍有减小,而压力升高率峰值稍有增大,缸内压力峰值最大降幅为3.4%,放热率峰值最大降幅为12.8%,压力升高率峰值最大增幅为13.7%;柴油机滞燃期缩短了0.5~1.0°CA、燃烧持续期延长了1.0~2.0°CA,缸内压力、压力升高率和放热率峰值的出现时刻均提前了1.0~2.0°CA,燃烧速度加快;HC,CO和碳烟的排放均有所降低,而NOX的排放逐渐增多,全负荷时HC和碳烟排放的最大降幅分别为14.1%和31.7%,NOX排放的最大增幅为9.7%,CO排放的降幅为6%~12%。     

A study on the effect of hydrogen enriched intake air on the characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with ethanol blended diesel

This work aims to replace conventional diesel fuel with low and no carbon fuels like ethanol and hydrogen to reduce the harmful emission that causes environmental degradation. Pursuant to this objective, this study investigated the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode by ethanol-diesel blends with H₂ enriched intake air at different engine loads with a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The results were compared to sole diesel operation with and without H₂ enrichment. The ethanol/diesel was blended in v/v ratios of 5, 10, and 15% and tested in a diesel engine along with a 9 lpm H₂ flow rate at the intake manifold. The results revealed that 10% ethanol with 9 lpm H₂ combination gives the maximum brake thermal efficiency, which is 1% and 4.8% higher than diesel with and without H₂ enrichment, respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption of the diesel-ethanol blends with H₂ flow increased with increasing ethanol ratio in the blend. When the ethanol ratio increased from 5 to 10%, in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were increased, whereas HC, CO, and NO_x emissions were decreased. At maximum load, the CO and HC emission of 10% ethanol blend with 9 lpm H₂ case decreased by about 50% and 28.7% compared to sole diesel. However, NO_x emission of the same blend was 11.4% higher than diesel. From the results, the study concludes that 10% ethanol blended diesel with a 9 lpm H₂ flow rate at the intake port is the best dual-fuel mode combination that gives the best engine characteristics with maximum diesel replacement.     

一种新型含氧燃料燃烧与排放性能研究

开展了柴油机燃用柴油／乙二醇单丁醚混合燃料的燃烧与排放性能研究。试验结果表明：在柴油机中加入一定比例的乙二醇单丁醚（NBE）,柴油机热效率得到明显提高,着火略有延迟,燃烧速度加快,燃烧持续期缩短。烟度和CO排放大幅度降低。加入159／5～25％NBE时,烟度下降43．9％～759／5,CO排放在高负荷下降46．5％～56％,HC排放也不同程度降低,NOx排放稍有下降。试验结果显示了柴油机燃用乙二醇单丁醚在降低排放方面的优越性。     

Investigation of hydrogen addition to methanol-gasoline blends in an SI engine

In this study, effects of hydrogen-addition on the performance and emission characteristics of Methanol-Gasoline blends in a spark ignition (SI) engine were investigated. Experiments were conducted with a four-cylinder and four stroke spark ignition engine. Performance tests were performed via measuring brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, cylinder pressure and exhaust emissions (CO, CO₂, HC, NOx). These performance metrics were analyzed under three engine load conditions (no load, 50% and 100%) with a constant speed of 2000 rpm. Methanol was added to the gasoline up to 15% by volume (5%, 10% and 15%). Besides, hydrogen was added to methanol-gasoline mixtures up to 15% by volume (3%, 6%, 9% and 15%). Results of this study showed that methanol addition increases BSFC by 26% and decreases thermal efficiency by 10.5% compared to the gasoline. By adding hydrogen to the methanol - gasoline mixtures, the BSFC decreased by 4% and the thermal efficiency increased by 2% compared to the gasoline. Hydrogen addition to methanol – gasoline mixtures reduces exhaust emissions by about 16%, 75% and 15% of the mean average values of HC, CO and CO2 emissions, respectively. Lastly, ?t was concluded that hydrogen addition improves combustion process; CO and HC emissions reduce as a result of the leaning effect caused by the methanol addition; and CO2 and NOx emission increases because of the improved combustion.     

Research on combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrous ethanol/hydrogen combined injection spark ignition engine under lean-burn conditions

Ethanol, as one of the carbon-neutral fuels for spark ignition (SI) engine, has been widely used. Dehydration and purification of ethanol during production process will lead to high energy consumption. If hydrous ethanol can be directly applied to the engine, the cost of use will be greatly reduced. Due to the high latent heat of vaporization of ethanol and water, it is necessary to consider the performance of atomization, evaporation and combustion stability when hydrous ethanol is used in engine. As a zero-carbon fuel, hydrogen has excellent characteristics such as low ignition energy, fast flame propagation speed and wide combustion limit. The combination of hydrous ethanol and hydrogen can reduce the use cost and ensure better combustion performance. Therefore, this study explores the performance of hydrous ethanol/hydrogen in SI combined injection engine. The hydrous ethanol is injected into the intake port and the hydrogen is directly injected into the cylinder during the compression stroke. In this study, we firstly analyze the optimal water blending ratio (ω) of hydrous ethanol, which including 0, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. The experimental results show that the hydrous ethanol with 9% water ratio has the best performance without hydrogen addition. Based on the 9% water ratio, the effects of hydrogen blending ratio (0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) on the combustion and emission under different excess air ratio (λ) (1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4). Hydrogen addition can increase the degree of constant volume combustion, so that the maximum cylinder pressure and temperature increase with the increase of the hydrogen blending ratio (HBR). When λ = 1.3 and HBR = 20%, the maximum in-cylinder pressure can be increased by 108.64% compared to pure hydrous ethanol. Hydrogen effectively increases the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and reduces the coefficient of variation of IMEP (COV_IMEP). Adding hydrogen can reduce CO and HC emissions, while NO_x emissions will increase. When λ = 1.2 and HBR increasing from 0 to 20%, the NOx emissions increase by 106.75%, but it is still less than the NOx emissions of pure hydrous ethanol at λ = 1. On the whole, hydrogen direct injection can improve the combustion performance of hydrous ethanol and achieve stable combustion under lean-burn conditions.     

Effect of addition of hydrogen and TiO2 in gasoline engine in various exhaust gas recirculation ratio

The effects of hydrogen ratios on combustion and emission characteristics of gasoline engine were studied under different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), ignition timing and ignition pressure. The test performed in a modified gasoline direct ignition engine at different hydrogen ratios of 0%, 5%, 10% and 25%. In addition, the EGR rate set to 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% to study the combustion and emission characteristics. Addition to the different hydrogen fractions, 5% of TiO₂ is added to increase the combustion characteristics with reduced emission. Regarding the results of the current study, the engine torque increases by 15% due to the addition of hydrogen in gasoline, while mechanical efficiency is improved by achieving a large throttle opening. At the same time, NOx emission decreased by 62% compared to the unmodified engine due to the influence of EGR, hydrogen ratio and high oxygen concentration TiO₂. Moreover, the emission of CO and HC also reduced due to the influence of hydrogen fuel. Additionally, few more tests are taken to monitor the effect of the injection pressure for the hydrogen fuel. Higher injection reports higher effective thermal efficiency at 4 MPa and lower NOx. Reasonable injection pressure results in shorten flame development period.     

Effect of hydrogen and ethanol addition in cashew nut shell liquid biodiesel operated direct injection (DI) diesel engine

In this experimental research, the hydrogen gas at a different flow rate (4 lpm, 8 lpm, & 12 lpm) is introduced into the intake port of a diesel engine fueled with B20 (20% CNSL (Cashew nut shell liquid) + 80% diesel) biodiesel blend to find out the best H₂ flow rate. Then, ethanol-blended (5%, 10%, and 15% by volume) B20 blend along with the best H₂ flow rate are tested in the same engine to examine the engine performance. The experimental results showed that B20 with 8 lpm H₂ flow gives the maximum brake thermal efficiency and subsequently reduces the BSFC. Furthermore, by blending ethanol with the B20 blend, the BTE of the engine is improved further. The 10% ethanol blended B20 blend with 8 lpm hydrogen flow gives the maximum BTE of 37.9% higher than diesel whose values are 33.6% at full load. Also, this fuel combination led to the maximum reduced levels of CO and HC emissions with an increase in exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions. From the results, the 10% ethanol blended B20 blend with 8 lpm H₂ flow dual-fuel configuration is recommended as an alternative to sole diesel fuel.     

Effect on performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine using hydrogen and producer gas as secondary fuels

Energy is an essential prerequisite for economical and social growth of any country. Skyrocketing of petroleum fuel cost s in present day has led to growing interest in alternative fuels like CNG, LPG, Producer gas, Biogas in order to provide suitable substitute to diesel for a compression ignition engine. This paper discusses some experimental investigations on dual fuel operation of a 4 cylinder (turbocharged and intercooled) 62.5 kW gen-set diesel engine with hydrogen, producer gas (PG) and mixture of producer gas and hydrogen as secondary fuels. Results on brake thermal efficiency and emissions, namely, un-burnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and NO_x are presented here. The paper also contains vital information relating to the performances of an engine at a wide range of load conditions with different gaseous fuel substitutions. When only hydrogen is used as secondary fuel, maximum increase in the brake thermal efficiency is 7% which is obtained with 20% of secondary fuel. When only producer gas is used as secondary fuel, maximum decrease in the brake thermal efficiency of 8% is obtained with 30% of secondary fuel. Compared to the neat diesel operation, proportion of un-burnt HC and CO increases, while, emission of NO_x reduces in all Cases. On the other hand, when 40% of mixture of producer gas and hydrogen is used (in the ratio (60:40) as secondary fuel, brake thermal efficiency reduces marginally by 3%. Further, shortcoming of low efficiency at lower load condition in a dual fuel operation is removed when a mixture of hydrogen and producer gas is used as the secondary fuel at higher than 13% load condition. Based on the performance studied, a mixture of producer gas and hydrogen in the proportion of 60:40 may be used as a supplementary fuel for diesel conservation.     

Effect of different types of fuels tested in a gasoline engine on engine performance and emissions

In this study, three different fuels named G100 (pure gasoline), E20 (volume 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline blend) and ES20 (20% sodium borohydride added ethanol solution and 80% gasoline) were used to test in a gasoline engine. First of all, G100 fuel, E20 and ES20 blended fuels, respectively, were tested in a gasoline engine and the effects of fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at full load and at five different engine speeds ranging from 1400 to 3000 rpm, and engine performance and exhaust emission values were determined for each test fuel. When the test results of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels are compared with the test results of the engine operated with gasoline; engine torque of E20 blended fuel increased by 1.87% compared to pure gasoline, while engine torque of ES20 blended fuel decreased by 1.64%. However, the engine power of E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased by 2.02% and 5.10%, respectively, compared to the power of pure gasoline engine, while their specific fuel consumption increased by 5.02% and 6.57%, respectively, compared to pure gasoline fueled engine. On the other hand, CO and HC emissions of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased compared to the pure gasoline engine, while CO₂ and NO_x emissions increased.     

Influence of injection timing on performance,combustion and emission characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel engine

The study of effect of injection timing along with engine operating parameters in Jatropha biodiesel engine is important as they significantly affect its performance and emissions. The present paper focuses on the experimental investigation of the influence of injection timing, load torque and engine speed on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel engine. For this purpose, the experiments were conducted using full factorial design consisting of (3³) with 27 runs for each fuel, diesel and Jatropha biodiesel. The effect of variation of above three parameters on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), peak cylinder pressure (P_max), maximum heat release rate (HRR_max), CO, HC, NO emissions and smoke density were investigated. It has been observed that advance in injection timing from factory settings caused reduction in BSFC, CO, HC and smoke levels and increase in BTE, P_max, HRR_max and NO emission with Jatropha biodiesel operation. However, retarded injection timing caused effects in the other way. At 15 N m load torque, 1800 rpm engine speed and 340 crank angle degree (CAD) injection timing, the percentage reduction in BSFC, CO, HC and smoke levels were 5.1%, 2.5%, 1.2% and 1.5% respectively. Similarly the percentage increase in BTE, P_max, HRR_max and NO emission at this injection timing, load and speed were 5.3%, 1.8%, 26% and 20% respectively. The best injection timing for Jatropha biodiesel operation with minimum BSFC, CO, HC and smoke and with maximum BTE, P_max, HRR_max is found to be 340 CAD. Nevertheless, minimum NO emission yielded an optimum injection timing of 350 CAD.     

Effect of addition of hydrogen and exhaust gas recirculation on characteristics of hydrogen gasoline engine

The effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions under different hydrogen ratios were studied based on an engine with a gasoline intake port injection and hydrogen direct injection. The peak cylinder pressure increases by 9.8% in the presence of a small amount of hydrogen. The heat release from combustion is more concentrated, and the engine torque can increase by 11% with a small amount of hydrogen addition. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions can be reduced by EGR dilution. Hydrogen addition offsets the blocking effect of EGR on combustion partially, therefore, hydrogen addition permits a higher original engine EGR rate, and yields a larger throttle opening, which improves the mechanical efficiency and decreases NOx emissions by 54.8% compared with the original engine. The effects of EGR on carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are not obvious and CO and HC emissions can be reduced sharply with hydrogen addition. CO, HC, and NOx emissions can be controlled at a lower level, engine output torque can be increased, and fuel consumption can be reduced significantly with the co-control of hydrogen addition and EGR in a hydrogen gasoline engine.     

Hydrogen enriched waste oil biodiesel usage in compression ignition engine

In the present study, hydrogen enrichment for biodiesel-diesel blends was evaluated to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Biodiesel was obtained from waste oil and blended to pure diesel fuel by volume fraction of 0%, 10% and 20%. After that, pure hydrogen was introduced through the intake air at different flow rates. Effects of pure hydrogen on performance and emission characteristics were investigated by evaluating power, torque, specific fuel consumption, CO, CO₂ and NO_x emissions. Experimental study revealed that waste oil biodiesel usage deteriorated performance and emission parameters except CO emissions. However, the enrichment test fuels with hydrogen fuel can improve performance characteristics and emission parameters, whereas it increased NO_x emissions. Brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were improved when the test fuels enriched with hydrogen gas. Because of absence of carbon atoms in the chemical structure of the hydrogen fuel, hydrogen addition dropped CO and CO₂ emissions but increment in cylinder temperature caused rising in NO_x emissions.     

Experimental investigation of SI engine characteristics using Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) – Gasoline blends and optimization using Particle Swarm Optimization

This study conducts an experimental investigation of spark ignition (SI) engine characteristics using gasoline blended with Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) that act as hydrogen and oxygen carriers. The number of experiments is planned and executed according to a design of experiments with full-factorial design, wherein ABE blend percentage and speed are taken as input parameters and brake thermal efficiency (BTE), emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are taken as the responses. In the present study, a multi-objective optimization technique, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), is used to optimize spark ignition engine performance and emission parameters. The results predicted by the regression model are compared with the experimental results. PSO is used to study the Pareto front of BTE, CO, HC, and NOx, respectively. The results indicated that when the engine is run at 1500 rpm, with the fuel blend having 5.4% ethanol, a minimum value of 0.58% CO, 211 ppm of HC are obtained, giving a maximum BTE of 28%. Similarly, when the engine is run at 2264 rpm with a 5% ethanol blend, minimum NOx emission of 1029 ppm and a maximum BTE of 30% are obtained.     

乙醇与柴油混合燃料燃烧特性及排放特性的试验研究

在一台YC4112ZLQ增压柴油机上进行了不加任何助溶剂和着火改进剂的情况下,无水乙醇与柴油混合对柴油机燃烧过程影响的研究。试验结果表明,随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的提高,滞燃期延长,放热峰值增大,缸内最大爆发压力和最大压力升高率升高。与柴油相比,E10和E20有效热效率与原机相当,E30在高速大负荷工况热效率降低,NOx和碳烟排放明显降低;但HC和CO排放随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的增大,发动机转速为1500 r／min时,HC排放和CO排放均降低,发动机转速为2300 r／min时,HC排放和CO排放均有所升高。     

聚甲氧基二甲醚-甲醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性研究

将甲醇按体积比0、10%、20%、30%分别掺混到聚甲氧基二甲醚(polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers,PODE)中制备出PODE-甲醇混合燃料,并依次标记为M0、M10、M20和M30,在一台高压共轨发动机上研究了最大转矩转速不同负荷下混合燃料的缸内燃烧过程和排放性能。结果表明:在PODE中添加甲醇后,各负荷下缸内压力降低,滞燃期逐渐延长,放热始点推迟。低负荷和中负荷时甲醇体积比的增加会使放热率峰值先增加后减小,而高负荷下放热率峰值却逐渐升高。甲醇体积比较低时,各负荷下燃烧持续期缩短;当甲醇体积比为30%时,中低负荷下燃烧持续期延长,各负荷下燃烧重心(CA50)推迟。掺烧甲醇可以降低NO_x浓度,M30较M0降低幅度为28.1%;而随甲醇体积比的增加,各负荷下HC和CO排放量均呈上升趋势,烟度则先减小后增大。甲醇的低温氧化使混合燃料的甲醛排放量上升,同时NO_2排放量及NO_2占NO_x比例随甲醇体积比的升高而增加,与纯PODE相比,低负荷下M30的NO_2排放量和NO_2占NO_x比例增幅分别为65%和107%。     

氢混天然气燃气轮机加湿低氮燃烧性能研究

为了解贫预混燃烧室天然气掺氢加湿燃烧时的性能变化和容许加湿范围,解决氢混燃气轮机NO_x排放超标问题,以某燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象,数值研究了掺氢比和加湿比对燃烧性能及污染物排放特性的影响。结果表明：燃料无加湿条件下,燃烧室出口CO和CO₂排放值随着掺氢比的增加而减小,较高燃烧温度将导致热力型NO_x排放值增加,掺氢比达到0.2以上时,NO_x排放已超出环保限值;燃料加湿条件下,随着加湿程度增加,燃气出口平均流速及水蒸气组分含量均增加,燃烧筒内全局温度、CO₂和NO_x排放值均降低,CO排放值先降低后增加;掺氢天然气加湿可实现低氮燃烧,考虑到低掺氢工况燃气轮机功率输出效能和高掺氢工况燃烧性能恶化问题,水蒸气加湿量不宜过多,当掺氢比为0.3时,推荐燃料加湿比为0.463。     

Synergistic effect of hydrogen and waste lubricating oil on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine

The demand for energy is increasing every year. For a long time, fossil fuels have been used to satiate this energy demand. However, using hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels has led to an enormous rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere resulting in global warming. It is therefore necessary to look for alternatives to fossil fuels. The research carried out till date have shown biomass and waste-derived fuels as plausible alternatives to fossil fuels. The biomass feedstock includes jatropha oil, Karanja oil, cottonseed oil, and hemp oil among others and wastes include used cooking oil, used engine oil, used tire and used plastics etc. In this study, the authors aim to explore waste lubrication oil as a fuel for the diesel engine. The used lubrication oil was pyrolyzed and diesel-like fuel with 80% conversion efficiency was obtained. A blend of the fuel and diesel in the ratio of 80:20 on volume basis was prepared. Engine experiments at various load conditions was carried out with the blend. As compared to diesel, a 2% increase in thermal efficiency, 6.3%, 16.1% and 13.6% decrease in smoke, CO and HC emissions & 3.2% and 1.8% increase in NOx and CO₂ emission were observed at full load with the blend. With an aim to further improve the engine performance and reduce the overall emissions from the engine exhaust, a zero-carbon fuel namely gaseous hydrogen was inducted in the intake manifold. The flow rate of hydrogen was varied from 3 to 12 Litres per minute (LPM). As compared to diesel, at maximum hydrogen flow rate the thermal efficiency increased by 12.2%. HC, CO and smoke emissions decreased by 42.4%, 51.6% and 16.8%, whereas NOx emissions increased by 22%. The study shows that the combination of pyrolyzed waste lubricant and hydrogen were found to be suitable as a fuel for an unmodified diesel engine. Such fuel combination can be used for stationary applications such as power backups.     

天然气掺氢发动机的性能研究

以台架试验的方法,对不同负荷与点火提前角下天然气掺氢发动机的经济性和排放特性进行了研究,试验中使用了掺氢比为0%～40%的天然气掺氢混合燃料。试验结果表明,随着掺氢比的增加,燃气消耗率呈降低趋势,发动机的经济性得到明显的改善;在不同负荷下,随着掺氢比的增加,NOx与CO的排放都呈增加趋势,CH4的排放呈降低趋势。掺氢比一定时,随着点火提前角和掺氢比的增加,NOx、CH4与CO排放都呈增加趋势,优化点火提前角可以改善天然气发动机的排放。