表面粗糙度对喷丸残余应力场的影响

为定性研究表面粗糙度对喷丸残余应力场的影响,采用余弦曲线模拟靶材粗糙表面,建立喷丸二维有限元模型,采用ABAQUS/EXPLICIT求解器对喷丸过程进行数值模拟,研究了表面粗糙度喷丸残余应力场的影响规律,分析了同一粗糙度下弹丸尺寸和喷射速度对喷丸残余应力场的影响规律,并与表面理想光滑时的情况进行了对比.结果表明,表面粗糙度的增加使残余压应力区变浅变薄,甚至使靶材表面产生残余拉应力,不利于喷丸强化件抗疲劳性能的提高,喷丸件表面应尽可能光滑以改善喷丸效果.     

42CrMo曲轴钢喷丸强化有限元模拟

喷丸强化能够有效提高42CrMo曲轴钢的抗疲劳性能,且喷丸数值模拟是制定喷丸工艺方案、评估喷丸后工件表面疲劳抗力的主要理论工具。为了体现喷丸过程中的随机性,利用MATLAB软件提供的Rand随机函数产生弹丸的位置,建立随机喷丸模型,并在此模型基础上研究弹丸直径、弹丸材料、冲击速度以及覆盖率与残余应力间的分布规律,进一步讨论喷丸工艺对42CrMo曲轴钢表面粗糙度的影响。研究发现:随着弹丸直径以及速度的增大,残余应力增大,抗疲劳性能提高,但粗糙度也相应增大;随着覆盖率的增大,残余应力增大,表面残余应力分布更加均匀,稳定性提高;同时弹丸强度越高,残余应力越大。通过喷丸试验对随机多弹丸模型进行验证,为喷丸工艺的精确控制提供了科学依据和理论基础。     

核电轮盘及叶根槽喷丸层的残余应力

对核电轮盘以及叶根槽采用喷丸强化处理,利用X射线应力分析方法研究了轮盘喷丸后表面残余应力的均匀性,以及轮盘、叶根槽喷丸试样的残余应力沿层深的分布规律。结果表明:喷丸处理后轮盘表面残余应力分布均匀,轮盘及叶根槽最大残余应力值分别达到-667.9MPa和-587.5MPa。     

喷丸处理对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接残余应力的影响

对2219铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和喷丸处理，采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测量了搅拌摩擦焊和喷丸产生的残余应力，分析了残余应力的分布特征，研究了弹丸直径、弹丸材料、喷射距离等参数对搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力分布的影响。结果表明：焊接后，焊缝附近存在较大的残余拉应力，焊缝中心线±20 mm范围内的平均应力高达100.9 MPa,而远离焊缝的母材区域接近零应力状态；喷丸后，试样残余应力分布发生显著变化，表层残余应力表现为压应力，并且该压应力数值随着深度的增加先增大后减小，最后保持为拉应力；增大弹丸直径可提高最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度，但当弹丸直径继续增大至1.2 mm时，最大残余压应力值不再继续增大；选用合适的弹丸材料可获得理想的残余压应力分布情况；随着喷射距离的增大，最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度先增大后减小。     

关于残余应力的静载松弛与最佳喷丸残余应力场的研究

本文研究了喷丸残余应力场在疲劳加载初期的静载松弛现象及机理,并对最佳喷丸残余应力场进行了探讨。试验结界表明,残余应力在疲劳过程中的静载松弛是工件表层材料剧烈塑性变形的结果。残余应力的静载松弛会使晶界、相界等障碍物处形成一定数量的微裂纹,给工作表层材料带来损伤,降低疲劳裂纹的形核寿命。为了避免疲劳初期由于残余应力的静载松弛所造成的损伤,在喷丸后采用应力松弛低温回火工艺,预先降低残余应力场中的最大残余压应力值,建立最佳残余应力场。这种通过热激活的方式使残余应力发生的松弛属子非损伤性松弛,因而能够有效地提高材料在S—N曲线上的较高交变应力区的疲劳寿命。     

2024铝合金喷丸试件疲劳寿命试验及仿真研究

现有的喷丸材料疲劳性能研究扩展有限元模型没有考虑残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。对2024铝合金的喷丸与未喷丸试样进行三弯疲劳试验,以明确喷丸工艺对试件疲劳寿命的强化作用。通过ABAQUS建立试件的二维平面应力模型,导入残余应力并利用扩展有限元法模拟循环载荷下裂纹的萌生与扩展,对比试验结果来验证该扩展有限元数值模型的正确性。最后基于该数值模型,改变载荷工况,研究不同载荷工况下残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响,得到喷丸残余应力强化作用与载荷工况的关系。结果表明:喷丸引入的残余应力可以有效地增强试件的疲劳寿命;过大的循环载荷可能造成喷丸残余应力发生松弛;在最大载荷不变的前提下,应力比越小,试件疲劳寿命越短;应力比越大,残余应力对疲劳寿命强化效果越明显。     

7075-T651铝合金喷丸工艺的仿真与试验研究

为探究喷丸工艺参数对材料残余应力分布的影响,以7075-T651铝合金材料为研究对象,基于铝合金材料特性和试验条件,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立喷丸有限元模型,获得了不同喷射距离、喷射压力和弹丸直径下残余应力的分布情况。结果表明：增大喷射压力和弹丸直径可以显著提高最大残余压应力和残余压应力影响深度,且喷射距离应保持在适当的范围内,最后将应力计算值和实测值进行对比,最大偏差为(10.0±12.5) MPa,偏差率不超过6.9%。分析认为通过有限元模型能够准确地获得残余应力的分布情况,有助于开展喷丸工艺参数对残余应力分布规律的影响研究。     

喷丸改性对7050铝合金FSW接头性能的影响

对5 mm厚的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行喷丸表面改性处理,并对喷丸前后的接头进行残余应力测量、低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究喷丸改性对焊接接头残余应力分布和焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,喷丸处理提高了接头表面粗糙程度,但接头表层及近表层产生硬化层,二次喷丸处理后的表层硬度值达198HV。二次喷丸最高硬度值比焊接态高33.1%。喷丸引入的残余压应力随喷丸次数增加而增大,最大压应力值位置也移向板材更深处。焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对焊接态均降低,表明喷丸改性提高了接头两微区抗疲劳断裂的能力。     

运七飞机主起落架减震内筒开裂分析

对运七飞机主起落架减震内筒上出现的裂纹进行了试验和分析.确认裂纹系在使用中产生的应力腐蚀开裂.对起落架减震内筒的维修工艺进行了讨论.     

再次喷丸周期对TC18钛合金疲劳寿命的影响

研究了再次喷丸对于经过预先喷丸的TC18钛合金残余应力和室温疲劳寿命的影响。使用X射线衍射仪和旋转弯曲疲劳机测定了再次喷丸后的合金的表面残余应力以及总疲劳寿命。结果表明,疲劳试验会使预先喷丸的TC18钛合金疲劳试样表面残余压应力松弛30%～50%,而再次喷丸可以使由于疲劳而松弛的表面残余压应力回复到疲劳试验前试样的50%～70%。此外,相比未经过再次喷丸的试样,选择合适的再次喷丸周期可使TC18钛合金的总疲劳服役寿命提高了75%。     

Improvement in the fatigue strength of chromium electroplated AISI 4340 steel by shot peening

In landing gear, an important mechanical component for high responsible applications, wear and corrosion control is currently accomplished by chrome plating or hard anodising. However, some problems are associated with these operations. Experimental results have also shown that chrome‐plated specimens have fatigue strength lower than those of uncoated parts, attributed to high residual tensile stress and microcracks density contained into the coating. Under fatigue conditions these microcracks propagate and will cross the interface coating‐substrate and penetrate base metal without impediment. Shot peening is a surface process used to improve fatigue strength of metal components due to compressive residual stresses induced in the surface layers of the material, making the nucleation and propagation of fatigue cracks difficult. This investigation is concerned with analysis of the shot peening influence on the rotating bending fatigue strength of hard chromium electroplated AISI 4340 steel. Specimens were submitted to shot peening treatment with steel and ceramic shots and, in both cases, experimental results show increase in the fatigue life of AISI 4340 steel hard chromium electroplated, up to level of base metal without chromium. Peening using ceramic shot resulted in lower scatter in rotating bending fatigue data than steel shots.     

Effect of Shot Peening Parameters to Residual Stress Profiles and Barkhausen Noise

The production of gear components includes numerous manufacturing operations which are carried out to ensure proper surface characteristics of components to deal with wear and fatigue. Surface shot peening is one way to increase the compressive residual stresses on the surface and thus ensure better wear and fatigue resistance. An experimental plan for shot peening was conducted to produce samples with varying surface characteristics. Residual stress profile and Barkhausen noise measurements were carried out for the samples. The objective of the study was to evaluate the interactions between the shot peening parameters studied, the residual stress profiles and the Barkhausen noise measurements. A multivariable regression analysis was applied for the task. Some remarkable correlations were found between the shot peening parameters, residual stress profile and Barkhausen noise features. The most important finding was that when the shot peening intensity was high enough, over 0.5 mmA, it dominated the shot peening coverage density parameter and thus no correlations could be gained. On the other hand, if the intensity parameter was lower than the limit of 0.5 mmA, the correlation between residual stress and Barkhausen noise measurements was remarkable. This means that the surface Barkhausen noise measurements could be used for the evaluation of the stress gradient in the shot peening process.     

The effect of residual stresses arising from laser shock peening on fatigue crack growth

Residual stresses have in the past been introduced to manipulate growth rates and shapes of cracks under cyclic loads. Previously, the effectiveness of shot peening in retarding the rate of fatigue crack growth was experimentally studied. It was shown that the compressive residual stresses arising from the shot peening process can affect the rate of crack growth. Laser shock peening can produce a deeper compressive stress field near the surface than shot peening. This advantage makes this technique desirable for the manipulation of crack growth rates. This paper describes an experimental program that was carried out to establish this effect in which steel specimens were partially laser peened and subsequently subjected to cyclic loading to grow fatigue cracks. The residual stress fields generated by the laser shock peening process were measured using the neutron diffraction technique. A state of compressive stress was found near the surface and tensile stresses were measured in the mid-thickness of the specimens. Growth rates of the cracks were observed to be more affected by the tensile core than by the compressive surface stresses.     

Surface state of Inconel 718 ultrasonic shot peened: Effect of processing time,material and quantity of shot balls and distance from radiating surface to sample

Plates of Inconel 718 in precipitated state have been subjected to ultrasonic shot peening (USP), varying the distance from the radiating surface of the booster to the sample, the processing time and the material (WC/Co and steel) and number of shot balls, in order to study the effect of these parameters on the final state generated by the USP process. A change to more compressive residual stresses at the surface of the treated parts has been measured in all cases. For higher USP processing times and/or lower booster-sample distances, the degree of plastic deformation in the treated material increases, leading to a change to more compressive surface stresses and a higher density of impact marks in the treated surface. The same occurs when WC/Co balls are used instead of steel balls. The tendency to more compressive stresses reaches a saturation level after a certain processing time, when the system is not able to force the material to continue with more plastic deformation. If a higher quantity of balls is used, there will be less impacts of the shots with the surface and their energy will be lower (due to losses of energy after inelastic collisions). This diminishes the effect of the impacts in introducing compressive stresses and leads to less and shallower impact marks in the treated surface.     

Residual stresses at the surface of automotive suspension springs

This study concentrates on the origins of unfavourable stresses at the surface of silicon-manganese automotive suspension springs. The residual stresses have been investigated at the various stages of the spring manufacturing--quenching, tempering and shot peening. Residual stresses from quenching depend in a complex fashion on the microstructural state of the surface and on the variation of the thermal gradient into the quenched spring wire. Contrary to expectations, oil-quenching of decarburised spring wire results in tensile residual stresses at the surface, while water quenching results in compressive residual stresses. The residual stresses do not disappear after tempering. Moreover the shot peening after quenching and tempering, if not conducted properly, may result in small compressive or even tensile residual stresses at the surface, which severely diminishes the fatigue resistance of the suspension springs.     

The effect of overloading sequences on landing gear fatigue damage

In service, landing gear can be subject to unexpected hard landing load, which is beyond the design domain. The consequences due to overload can affect the design life of a landing gear to some extent. In this paper, the effect of overload and different loading sequences in random spectra on fatigue damage are investigated, using strain–life based fatigue analysis methods. The discussions are emphasised on the effect of loading sequences on residual stress and mean stress, especially the effect of overload on the fatigue damage of subsequent cycles. In addition, different fatigue analysis techniques in commercial fatigue analysis packages are reviewed and compared. The analysis indicates that the overload effect is stress state dependent and dominated by local residual and mean stress. A ‘Begin’ overload in a load spectrum would cause more damage in the local compressive yield area and an ‘End’ overload within a spectrum will worsen the tensile yielding area. It is suggested that the load sequence effect should be considered in common fatigue analysis if local yielding would exist before or after overloading.     

Thermal relaxation of residual stresses in shot peened surface layer of (TiB + TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V composite at elevated temperatures

As an effective and important surface treatment method, shot peening can introduce high residual compressive stress and microstructure variation at near surface deformation layers. In this work, residual stresses relaxation behaviors of the shot peened layer of (TiB + TiC)/Ti-6Al-4V composite were investigated during thermal exposure, and the microstrain was calculated according to the integral breadth after isothermal annealing. The microstrain decreased fast and reached the minimum at 500 °C, which resulted from the thermal recovery and dynamic recrystallization. At elevated temperatures, the residual compressive stresses were relaxed in the whole deformation layers, which were caused by the thermally activated gliding of dislocations. The processes of relaxation can be described using a Zener-Wert-Avrami function and the activation energy of the residual stresses relaxation was higher than that of titanium self diffusion, which was ascribed to the hindrance effects of reinforcements as sink sources of dislocations during annealing.     

The wear and corrosion resistance of shot peened–nitrided 316L austenitic stainless steel

316L austenitic stainless steel was gas nitrided at 570 °C with pre-shot peening. Shot peening and nitriding are surface treatments that enhance the mechanical properties of surface layers by inducing compressive residual stresses and formation of hard phases, respectively. The structural phases, micro-hardness, wear behavior and corrosion resistance of specimens were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Vickers micro-hardness, wear testing, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic polarization tests. The effects of shot peening on the nitride layer formation and corrosion resistance of specimens were studied. The results showed that shot peening enhanced the nitride layer formation. The shot peened–nitrided specimens had higher wear resistance and hardness than other specimens. On the other hand, although nitriding deteriorated the corrosion resistance of the specimens, cyclic polarization tests showed that shot peening before the nitriding treatment could alleviate this adverse effect.     

Technical note A study on stress, reflection and double shot peening to inrease compressive residual stress

The technique of shot peening is commonly used to increase the fatigue limit of a steel. However, there are many practical difficulties in applying it to very high HV steel and complicated components. To overcome these problems, the authors proposed two new methods: stress double shot peening and stress reflection double shot peening. Both techniques were applied to quench and tempered steel (QT steel) and induction-heated steel (IH steel). The main results were as follows: (a) by double shot peening, the compressive residual stress near the sample surface was increased considerably; (b) by stress shot peening, the maximum compressive residual stress ( σ _max ) and the surface compressive residual stress ( σ _s ) were greatly increased; (c) by stress double shot peening, very high compressive residual stresses ( σ _max = −1710 MPa and σ _s = −1320 MPa) were successfully introduced into a hard steel (HV = 700); (d) in the new method (stress reflection double shot peening), very high compressive residual stresses ( σ _max = −1760 MPa and σ _s = −1460 MPa) were successfully introduced into a hard steel (HV = 700).     

Eigenspannungsmessungen an unterschiedlich abgekohlten,kugelgestrahlten und torsionsschwellbeanspruchten Proben aus Federstahl

Residual Stress Measurements on Differently Decarburized, Shot Peened and Cyclic Torsional Loaded Specimens of a Spring Steel In addition to previous fatigue tests with the spring material 55 Cr 3, X-ray residual stress measurements were carried out on differently decarburized, shot peened and cyclic torsional loaded specimens. It was shown that longer duration of decarburization leads to higher residual tensile stress in the surface zone for not peened specimens. Shot peening, however, effects almost equal residual compressive stresses in the surface zone in spite of different starting conditions, with a slight decrease for specimens with a long duration of decarburization, which corresponds to the results of the fatigue tests. By cyclic torsional loading with mean stress the residual compressive stresses due to shot peening are diminished in the axial and circumferential directions. A main stress system is now to be found with an angle of 45° to axis, whereas the residual stresses in the s?₁-(tensile direction) retain their values, those in the s?₂-(compressive) direction are decreased distinctly.