Dielectric losses in materials with limited range of relaxation times

Features of the spectra of dielectric materials with the range of relaxation times limited from below have been studied. It is established that the dielectric losses (and conductivity) exhibit relaxation at an average frequency that is significantly (up to several orders of magnitude) greater than the permittivity relaxation frequency. These effects are characteristic of both homogeneous materials with non-Debye spectra and inhomogeneous materials of the statistical mixture type near the percolation threshold. A giant enhancement of the permittivity and conductivity in these statistical mixtures takes place at various concentrations of components corresponding to the dielectric-conductor and conductor-dielectric phase transitions.     

Comment on“Hole-pinned defect-dipoles induced colossal permittivity in Bi doped SrTiO3ceramics with Sr deficiency”

With this contribution,as a comment to the publication in Journal of Mate rials Science&Technology 44(2020)54,reporting giant dielectric response,structural characterization and numerical simulations in Sr_(1-1.5 x)Bi_xTiO₃ceramics,we show that the re ported results are rather contradicting and not well analysed,while the suggested mechanism for the giant permittivity response is not valid or doubtful and has to be reconsidered.Moreover,many details and data are missing making impossible not only to call the obtained results very suitable for practical application but even to reproduce them.     

Relaxor ferroelectric like giant permittivity in PrCrO3 semiconductor ceramics

The electrical behavior of PrCrO₃ ceramics prepared by citric acid route and sintered at 1200 °C has been characterized by a combination of permittivity measurements, and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The effective permittivity obtained in frequency range 100 Hz to 1 MHz and temperature range 80–300 K, exhibits giant permittivity value of 3 × 10⁴ near room temperature. The response is similar to that observed for relaxor ferroelectrics. IS data analysis revealed the ceramics to be electrically heterogeneous semiconductor with room temperature resistivity <10² Ω m consisting of semiconducting grains with permittivity ?′ ∼ 100 and more resistive grain boundaries with effective permittivity ?′ ∼ 10⁴. We conclude, therefore that grain boundary effect is the primary source for the high effective permittivity in PrCrO₃ ceramics.     

Effect of holding time on the dielectric properties and non-ohmic behavior of CaCu3Ti4O12 capacitor-varistors

Giant dielectric ceramics CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ (CCTO) with non-ohmic electrical properties were prepared by a sol–gel processing method. Crystal structure and microstructure of the ceramics have been characterized using X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy. The effects of sintering duration and cooling rate on electrical properties of the ceramics were investigated by measuring the properties of permittivity, I–V and grain-boundary barriers. Prolonging holding time led to substantial improvement in permittivity, furthermore, the quenched sample showed larger dielectric permittivity than the furnace-cooling one. The non-ohmic behavior relating current density (J) to the applied electric field (E) at different temperatures was characterized. A low-voltage and giant dielectric permittivity CCTO varistor with breakdown voltages in the range of E _b = 0.2–3 kV cm^?1, nonlinearity coefficient α = 2–6 and dielectric permittivity ε = 4,000–30,000 was obtained. A linear relationship between ln(J) and E ^1/2 indicated that a Schottky barrier should exist at the grain boundary.     

Strong nonlinear current-voltage behaviour in perovskite-derivative calcium copper titanate

The discovery of a giant dielectric constant of 10(5) in CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) has increased interest in this perovskite-type oxide. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to high permittivity, CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) has remarkably strong nonlinear current-voltage characteristics without the addition of any dopants. An intrinsic electrostatic barrier at the grain boundaries is responsible for the unusual nonlinear behaviour. The nonlinear coefficient of CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) reaches a value of 900, which is even greater than that of the varistor material ZnO. As a result, CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) may lead to efficient switching and gas-sensing devices.     

Permittivité effective dans l'infrarouge des métaux à l'état divisé en vue du calcul des forces intergranulaires de coalescence

In this work we have studied the effective permittivity of granular metal films under the influence of an electromagnetic field in the light of the theories of Drude and Nordheim. We have shown that thin metallic films with an island structure possess an effective permittivity in the infra-red very much different from that of the bulk metal.     

Giant dielectric response and charge compensation of Li- and Co-doped NiO ceramics

Dielectric properties and charge compensation of Li and Co co-doped NiO (LCNO) ceramics prepared by a simple sol–gel route have been investigated. The concentration of Co makes a great influence on microstructure, dielectric properties and charge compensation mechanism of the LCNO ceramics. Grain size of the ceramics increases from 5.6 μm to 7.2 μm with dependence on Co concentration. By using a complex impedance analysis at different temperatures, the samples exhibit an electrically heterogeneous structure, which is responsible for a giant dielectric permittivity. The relationship between the activation energies of dielectric relaxation and conduction and charge compensation mechanism in this system were discussed.     

Tb-Ni-Fe超磁致伸缩材料的研究

从超磁致伸缩材料的定义出发,介绍了超磁致伸缩材料的研究现状及应用,阐述了Tb-Ni-Fe超磁致伸缩材料的制备方法及简要分析了实验结果,并根据实验结果推导出成分对超磁致伸缩材料性能的影响,指出了Tb-Ni-Fe超磁致伸缩材料的研究方向.     

Low temperature microwave characterisation of lithium fluoride at different frequencies

Precise knowledge of dielectric properties of materials is required to implement the material in high frequency devices and circuits. At microwave frequencies complex permittivity (dielectric constant and loss tangent) are the two mandatory parameters prior to any design. We have identified Lithium Fluoride as a potential candidate, which can be used in conjunction with superconducting and non-superconducting parts of several microwave communication devices. Even though dielectric constant of LiF is known at room temperature there only limited data presented at cryogenic temperatures. We have used a dielectric post resonator for the microwave characterisation of the rod shaped LiF crystal. In this paper, we have reported the dielectric constant (perpendicular component of the real part of complex permittivity) and loss tangent of two LiF crystals as a function of temperature (15–290 K) at frequencies of 8 and 16.5 GHz. We have also studied and reported the temperature coefficient of frequency and permittivity. The concept of using temperature coefficient of frequency as a standard is proved to be wrong in this paper. Microwave properties of other Fluorides are also compared with the LiF crystal.     

尖晶石结构磁介电材料的研究进展

随着通信技术的发展,对无限通信设备的集成度有了更高的要求,天线小型化成为目前重要的研究方向。等磁介电材料是一种既具有磁导率又具有介电常数,且磁导率和介电常数几乎相等的材料,使用等磁介电材料作为天线的基板,能有效的减小天线的尺寸,提高带宽,增加辐射效率。铁氧体是由Fe2O3和一种或多种金属氧化物复合而成,具有较高的磁导率和介电常数,由于其同时具有磁特性和介电特性,是一种潜在的等磁介电材料。综述了近几年尖晶石结构磁介电材料的国内外研究进展,着重讨论了掺杂改性对烧结温度、磁导率、介电常数、直流电阻等电磁特性的影响。最后指出目前研究中存在的问题,并展望了该材料在未来发展的方向。     

Appropriate truncation for photonic crystals

Effective properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals in the resonance domain are investigated. The obtained analytic expressions of effective permittivity and permeability lead to several results. Firstly, in the case of lossless materials, effective permittivity and permeability take, in general, complex values. It is shown that these values are governed by the truncation of the boundary layer. Considering the particular case of a symmetric unit cell, the effective permittivity and permeability become purely real and, by the way, coherent with physics. Finally, in this case with a symmetric unit cell, we show that effective permittivity and permeability can stay nearly constant in a wide range of wavevectors including propagating and evanescent waves.     

同轴传输反射法测量高损耗材料微波介电常数

同轴传输反射方法可以用来测量高损耗材料的微波介电常数。该方法将环形样品嵌入同轴线内,通过测量样品两端的散射系数来确定材料的微波介电常数。文中介绍了测量原理及测量系统,测量了一种石蜡基混合样品的微波介电常数,并通过改进的Bruggeman数学模型,推算出其中陶瓷材料的介电常数。     

陶瓷型铁电复合物厚片介电系数的电场依赖性

建立起高压介电测试装置和相应的数据处理方法。研究了PZT/P (VDF-T rFE) 和PT/P (VDF- rFE) 0-3型铁电复合物厚片介电系数的电场依赖性。对于陶瓷体积分数U> 0.3 的复合物, 介电系数随测试场强的升高明显增大。在U< 0.1 时, 可用M axw ell-Garnet t 方程拟合试验结果。B ruggeman 方程适合于低电场(< 1MV/m ) 下复合物介电系数的预测。通过L z 的变化, 用Yamada 模型可拟合复合物介电系数随电场变化的关系, 说明L z 是由复合物的组分维数、粒子形状以及粒子间静电相互作用所决定的参数。      

Dielectric characteristics of ore minerals in a 10–40 GHz frequency range

A new approach to investigation of the complex dielectric permittivity of both nonmetallic and ore minerals in the microwave frequency range is proposed. Using this approach, data on the complex permittivity of sphalerite, magnetite, and labradorite in a 10–40 GHz frequency range have been obtained for the first time. A method is proposed for calculating the complex permittivity from experimentally measured frequency dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients of a plane-parallel plate of a given mineral. Approximate expressions that can be used for calculations of the complex refractive index and permittivity of minerals are presented.     

Effect of Zn Substitution on the Structural and Physical Properties of Delafossite-Type Oxide CuCrO2

In this paper, we report the effect of non-magnetic Zn-doped CuCrO₂. The structure, Raman spectroscopy, magnetic properties, dielectric permittivity, and electric polarization have been investigated. The incorporation of Zn²⁺ generates very anisotropic microstrains in the structure. The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibly for all samples exhibits a magnetic dilution and paramagnetic behavior at high temperature. It is argued that non-magnetic substitution destabilizes the antiferromagnetic order of Cr³⁺ ions and modulates the spin configuration. The coupling between the magnetic order, dielectric permittivity and polarization is also characterized.     

High dielectric permittivity in silica-polyaniline nanocomposites

Complex impedance and dielectric permittivity of wide band gap silica-conducting polyaniline nanocomposite have been investigated as a function of frequency and temperature at different compositions. Grain and grain boundary contributions are observed in impedance spectra. The results are interpreted in terms of two series connected equivalent circuit. The large dielectric permittivity approximately 7500 is found. Large value of permittivity is well described by Maxwell-Wagner polarization. Broad and asymmetric dielectric spectra are analyzed by Havriliak-Negami relaxation function.     

Complex permittivity and moisture measurements of oil palm fruits using an open-ended coaxial sensor

An open-ended coaxial sensor for the determination of complex permittivity and moisture content of oil palm fruits is presented in this paper. The measurement system consisting of the sensor and a PC-controlled vector network analyzer have been tested successfully on a range of oil palm fruits of various degrees of ripeness. The initial values of the complex permittivity were estimated using the admittance model of the sensor. The amount of moisture content was found by matching the values of permittivity from the quasistatic model with the permittivity of a dielectric mixture model using the moisture content values obtained from the standard oven drying method.     

Permittivity of ice at radio frequencies: Part I. Coaxial transmission line cell

At radio-frequencies, measurements of the permittivity of ice are sparse and with unknown or large uncertainty. Coaxial transmission lines have been established for frequency-dependent permittivity determination for a broad variety of materials. Here we present a coaxial transmission line setup originally designed for soil samples, now adapted for measuring ice samples between 10 MHz and 1.5 GHz. Measured scattering parameters are assessed for artifacts against a forward calculation based on transmission line theory. A Debye-type relaxation function for the complex permittivity is assumed to obtain the permittivity of ice from the measured full set of four scattering parameters by means of a genetic optimization algorithm. The algorithm is successfully validated against quasi-analytical and iterative computation techniques with reference measurements of a low-loss Teflon standard. Based on the forward calculation and the Teflon standard, the total uncertainty for measuring the real part of the permittivity is estimated to be around 1%. Additional measurements of reference materials air, water, ethanol and methanol are used for validation. The real part of the permittivity of eight artificial pure ice samples is found frequency-independent between 10 MHz and 1.5 GHz at − 20 °C, with a mean value of 3.18 ± 0.01.     

Capacitance probe measurements of brine volume and bulk salinity in first-year sea ice

First-year sea ice plays an important role in the global climate system. It changes the physical properties of the surface of the polar oceans, and modifies the energy and mass transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere. An understanding of the way sea ice affects ocean–atmosphere exchange requires detailed knowledge of the evolution of ice physical properties, which are governed by its temperature and bulk salinity. To this effect, we assessed the utility of commercially available capacitance probes in determining the salinity evolution of first-year sea ice. Measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity, ε = ε′ − iε″, at 50 MHz were carried out in land-fast ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and in the Chukchi Sea near Barrow, Alaska. For comparison, we also deployed the probes in artificial, young sea ice in an outdoor tank experiment in Fairbanks, AK. The dielectric permittivity data compare well with predictions from a dielectric mixture model.We have derived a simple relation that allows for the derivation of brine volume fraction and bulk salinity in columnar first-year sea ice from the real part of the complex dielectric permittivity. For ice at temperatures below the percolation threshold, the error in the derived bulk salinity is less than 15%. The dependence of dielectric permittivity on brine inclusion morphology needs to be taken into consideration, and measurements indicate that changes in pore morphology are recorded in the capacitance measurements.In this paper we use the real part, ε′, of the complex dielectric permittivity to study the bulk salinity of bubble-free columnar ice. Further investigations, using the imaginary part of the complex dielectric permittivity, ε″, will make it possible to use the same probes to measure the bulk salinity and pore morphology of other types of ice, e.g., frazil, platelet, and multi-year ice.     

Magnetic-type resonance in nonmagnetic line wire excited by surface plasmons in microwave range

A magnetic resonance microwave response has been detected and identified in a structure of parallel nonmagnetic wires or a single line wire perpendicular to the electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave in the case where the wires are arranged near an array (grating) of resonant surface-plasmon-generating elements and oriented along the direction of wave propagation. A giant resonance is observed for a definite (resonance) length of the wire(s) in a certain frequency range corresponding to the existence of surface plasmons (below the resonance frequency of the plasmon-generating array). It is suggested that the magnetic response of the wire(s) is due to the excitation of resonance currents by the magnetic field of surface plasmons. Using the observed phenomena, it is possible to obtain new magnetic metamaterials (in particular, those possessing simultaneously negative effective dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability) tunable in a broad frequency range.