DeNOx process in flue gas combined with nonthermalplasma and catalyst

Catalysts were used to enhance NO_x removal reactions by the nonthermal plasma from room temperature to high temperature (500°C). The NO_x removal rate was significantly affected by the type of the catalyst or the gas temperature. When the conventional three-way catalyst for automobiles was activated at 500°C, nonthermal plasma was not effective in removing NO_x. When hydrocarbons (ethylene) were added to the synthetic flue gas, zeolite catalyst became very active at high temperature, The combination effect of nonthermal plasma and catalyst was confirmed below 200°C. More than 80% of NO_x was removed from synthetic flue gas by the combination of zeolite catalyst and hydrocarbons without nonthermal plasma discharge at 500 °C. Nonthermal plasma treatment could be useful even at high temperatures, where catalytic reactions were dominant     

Effect of water vapor and hydrocarbons in removing NOxby using nonthermal plasma and catalyst

Removal of NO_x in flue gas was investigated by using nonthermal plasma with catalysts. In this experiment, flue gas contained 5%-15% water vapor and hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Catalysts tested in this paper were copper- and sodium-coated zeolite (CuZSM-5, NaZSM-5) and a conventional three-way catalyst (Pt-Rh, alumina cordierite). The simulated flue gases had from 0% to 15% water vapor, 70% NO removal was achieved with NaZSM-5 catalyst at 200°C-500°C, with 10% moisture and the power to the reactor turned off. High-temperature removal of NO_x was the result of plasma chemical reactions and adsorption in the catalyst. However, nonthermal plasma degrades the NO_x removal with CuZSM-5 catalyst, when the gas temperature is 300°C or above. When the gas temperature was 100°C, the nonthermal plasma process was enhanced by the combination of nonthermal plasma with any type of catalyst. The catalysts investigated in this paper do not work at lower temperatures by themselves. Adsorption characteristics were also investigated and only NaZSM-5 catalyst showed significant adsorption     

NOx removal process using pulsed discharge plasma

Nonequilibrium plasma can be used to promote chemical reactions that reduce the emission of gaseous pollutants, such as NO_x, produced by coal-burning power plants or by diesel engines. Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the decrease of NO_x in simulated flue gases (initial concentration of NO: 200-800 ppm, O₂ : 10%, N₂-balance gas) by means of a pulsed discharge plasma generated in a cylinder type reactor (outer electrode: 20-mm diameter). A rotating spark gap provided square wave high-voltages up to 25-kV, at a frequency of 250 Hz, to corona electrodes of 0.1-, 3.3-, and 6.4-mm diameter. The tests were performed at various temperatures (ambient to 220°C) and constant residence time (0.6 s). The removal performance depended on the size of the discharge electrode and was better at room temperature. The addition of C₂H₄ significantly enhanced the removal performance, concentration of NO_x decreased from 800 ppm to 300 ppm in the discharge. The by-products of this process were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. No traces of toxic gases could be detected     

Pulsed plasma promoted adsorption/catalysis for NOx removal from stationary diesel engine exhaust

A detailed laboratory study on the removal of oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) from the exhaust of a stationary diesel engine was carried out using pulsed electrical discharge promoted adsorbent/catalytic processes. In this study, the filtered exhaust from the diesel engine is made to pass through a combination of plasma reactor and adsorbent/catalytic reactor connected in series. This combination is referred to as cascaded process. In the cascaded plasma-adsorbent process, the plasma treating filtered exhaust was cascaded with adsorbents (MS-13X/Activated alumina/Activated charcoal). The cascaded plasma-adsorbent process exhibits a superior NO_x removal characteristic compared to the individual processes-plasma or adsorbent processes. In the cascaded plasma-catalyst process, the plasma treating filtered exhaust was cascaded with activated alumina catalyst. For the purpose of investigation, both two-stage and four-stage cascaded plasma-activated alumina catalyst processes were separately studied. The synergy effect and limitation of two-stage process and improved performance of four-stage process are explained. Further, experiments were conducted at room temperature as well as at higher temperatures     

Industrial experiments on pulse corona simultaneous removal of NOx and SO2 from flue gas

The corona-induced simultaneous removal of NO_x and SO ₂ from flue gas is based on the application of narrow voltage pulses to an electrode structure similar to that of an electrostatic precipitator. The free electrons of the corona discharge, having energy up to 20 eV, originate active radicals which lead to the transformation of NO_x and SO₂ into their acids which can be neutralized to salt particulate by adding to the gas a basic compound such as ammonia and calcium hydroxide. The process has been investigated with a test rig installed in the slipstream of the flue gas duct of a coal-fired thermal power plant. The experiments were performed with three reactor modules of different geometries. Further experiments are necessary to assess the effect of different electrode geometries of the reactor, the efficiency of the process attainable with an improved coupling of narrow pulse power set to the reactor, and the practical ways for integrating the DeNO_x and DeSO₂ corona process with the solid particle collection system     

NOx removal by a pipe with nozzle-plate electrode coronadischarge system

The effects of additional gas composition on the corona discharge characteristics in a pipe with nozzle electrode system and the NOx removal characteristics for flue gases are experimentally investigated. The additional gas consists of a mixture of Na+O₂+NH₃ and a small amount of Ar or CO₂, and is introduced to the flue gas stream from the pipe electrode through the corona discharging zone at the tip of nozzles. The results show that corona discharge characteristics and modes are significantly influenced by the composition of the additional gas mixture. Both NO_x reduction rate and energy yield of NO_x removal increase with decreasing corona discharge input power. NO reduction rate and energy yield can be optimized by the type of the additional gas mixture and the flow rates     

Diesel engine exhaust treatment with a pulsed streamer coronareactor equipped with reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes

Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) has been shown to be useful for high-voltage and ground electrodes in gas-phase pulsed streamer corona reactors. RVC disks with large macroscopic porosity are placed perpendicular to the gas flow and the main axis of a cylindrical corona reactor. This electrode geometry produces streamers that propagate in the direction of the gas flow and are uniformly distributed in the cross section of the reactor. This highly electrically conductive material has large macroscopic porosity, thus allowing for gas flow through the electrodes with low pressure drop. Previous work has considered the effects of RVC electrodes on NO/NO_x removal from various test gases containing air, water vapor, and ethylene. The present studies show removal of NO/NO_x from the exhaust of a 5 kW diesel engine. Under cold reactor operating conditions (12°C) 81% NO and 53% NO_x could be removed at an energy yield of 4.8 g/kWh (based on NO). Furthermore, experiments with the combination of TiO₂ or γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst particles placed in the region between the high-voltage and ground electrode disks gave NO removal at energy yields of 29 g/kWh and 9 g/kWh, respectively, at about 100°C, and significant fractions of the nitrogen were recovered as NO₃^- deposited on the catalyst surface. The RVC electrode system without catalysts was found to lead to efficient ozone production (55-70 g/kWh) in dry air at room temperature     

A novel plasma reactor for NOx control usingphotocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide injection

The authors have developed a new type of plasma reactor combining discharge plasma with a photocatalyst (TiO₂) which improves the performance of NO_x removal. This reactor is designated as a plasma-driven catalyst (PDC) reactor. The authors found that hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a very effective additive in this PDC reactor and the formation of undesirable by-product (such as O ₃, N₂O) was reduced significantly. Comparative test results showed that the combination of discharge plasma with TiO ₂ catalyst is a very effective method in NO_x, removal over a conventional wire-cylinder reactor. NO_x was effectively oxidized to HNO₃ on the TiO₂ catalyst and trapped on the catalyst surface. Specific energy consumption of this de-NO_x process is significantly reduced, in particular, with the injection of H₂O₂     

Time dependence of NOx removal rate by a corona radicalshower system

In this paper, the effects of flue gas flow rate and seed gas on the dynamics of corona discharge current-voltage characteristics and NO _x removal characteristics are experimentally investigated for a corona radical shower system. The corona discharge current-voltage characteristics have two operating modes which have a significant influence on NO_x removal characteristics, where the threshold value of the treatment gas to seed gas flow rate ratio is about 8. The hysteresis of corona current-voltage characteristics is observed in this system. For longer operational time, corona current and NO_x removal rate significantly changes with time. When the operation of the apparatus starts at relatively low applied voltage, the corona current under constant applied voltage increases with time to reach a maximum value, then decreasing with time to reach a steady state. At this condition, high NO_x removal efficiency can be achieved     

富氧燃烧模拟烟气一体化压缩脱硫脱硝试验研究

富氧燃烧是能够大规模商业化捕集CO₂的主流技术之一,为进一步探讨富氧燃烧压缩过程捕集CO₂性能、并同时一体化脱硫脱硝技术的能力,在搭建的50 kg/h规模的试验平台上,通过调整不同的参数,采用液体CO₂洗涤混合气体技术,表明压缩过程可同时脱除NO_x和SO_x等污染物,通过试验进一步研究液气比对NO_x和SO_x脱除的影响。结果表明,整体脱硫率、脱硝率可达98%以上,尾气中SO₂体积分数低于50×10^-6,NO_x体积分数小于30×10^-6,富氧燃烧系统中压缩纯化过程具备实现一体化脱硫脱硝的潜力。     

Reduction of NOx from combustion flue gases bysuperimposed barrier discharge plasma reactors

NO_x reduction from combustion flue gases by superimposed barrier discharge plasma reactors is experimentally investigated. The experiments are conducted for applied voltages from 0 to 28 kV, flue gas rates from 0.5 to 2 L/min, ammonia mixture concentrations from 0.7 to 2.65 stoichiometry, and applied voltage phase differences from 0° to 180°, where two 60-Hz AC power supplies are used. The results show the following: (1) NO_x reduction rate decreases with increasing discharge power for surface discharge operations, however, NO_x reduction rate increases with increasing discharge power for silent and superimposing discharge operating modes; (2) NO_x reduction rate increases with increasing discharge power, gas flow rate and ammonia stoichiometry under in-phase operations; (3) NO_x reduction rate for out-of-phase operations is much higher compared with in-phase operations, however, NO_x reduction rate has an optimum condition on ammonia stoichiometry, discharge power, and gas flow rate; and (4) energy efficiency of NO_x reduction increases with increasing ammonia mixture and gas flow rate and decreases with increasing discharge power     

Performance evaluation of nonthermal plasma reactors for NO oxidation in diesel engine exhaust gas treatment

The discharge plasma-chemical hybrid process for NO/sub x/ removal from the flue gas emissions is an extremely effective and economical approach in comparison with the conventional selective catalytic reduction system. In this paper we bring out a relative comparison of several discharge plasma reactors from the point of NO removal efficiency. The reactors were either energized by AC or by repetitive pulses. Ferroelectric pellets were used to study the effect of pellet assisted discharges on gas cleaning. Diesel engine exhaust, at different loads, is used to approximately simulate the flue gas composition. Investigations were carried out at room temperature with respect to the variation of reaction products against the discharge power. Main emphasis is laid on the oxidation of NO to NO/sub 2/, without reducing NO/sub x/ concentration (i.e., minimum reaction byproducts), with least power consumption. The produced NO/sub 2/ will be totally converted to N/sub 2/ and Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ using Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/. The AC packed-bed reactor and pelletless pulsed corona reactor showed better performance, with minimum reaction products for a given power, when the NO concentration was low (/spl sim/100 ppm). When the engine load exceeds 50% (NO>300 ppm) there was not much decrease in NO reduction and more or less all the reactors performed equally. The total operating cost of the plasma-chemical hybrid system becomes $4010/ton of NO, which is 1/3-1/5 of the conventional selective catalytic process.     

燃煤电厂烟气中SO3排放控制中试研究

燃煤电厂SO₃排放造成严重环境问题,本文利用某电厂污染物脱除中试平台对神华煤燃烧烟气中的SO₃的生成和脱除特性进行了系统研究。结果表明,采用选择性催化还原法（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）的脱硝反应器中烟气SO₂/SO₃的转化率随反应器入口烟气温度的增大而增大。低低温电除尘器（low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator,LLT-ESP）对SO₃的脱除效率随入口烟气温度的增加而减小;湿法脱硫系统（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）的喷淋量达到一定程度后,继续增加喷淋量对提升烟气中SO₃的脱除效果并不明显。当SCR反应器、LLT-ESP入口烟气温度分别为290℃和130℃,WFGD系统3层喷淋层运行时,SO₃的脱除效率稳定在75%~80%,此时,NO_x和SO₂排放浓度远低于超低排放要求。     

燃煤电厂烟气中SO3排放控制中试研究

燃煤电厂SO₃排放造成严重环境问题,本文利用某电厂污染物脱除中试平台对神华煤燃烧烟气中的SO₃的生成和脱除特性进行了系统研究。结果表明,采用选择性催化还原法（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）的脱硝反应器中烟气SO₂/SO₃的转化率随反应器入口烟气温度的增大而增大。低低温电除尘器（low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator,LLT-ESP）对SO₃的脱除效率随入口烟气温度的增加而减小;湿法脱硫系统（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）的喷淋量达到一定程度后,继续增加喷淋量对提升烟气中SO₃的脱除效果并不明显。当SCR反应器、LLT-ESP入口烟气温度分别为290℃和130℃,WFGD系统3层喷淋层运行时,SO₃的脱除效率稳定在75%~80%,此时,NO_x和SO₂排放浓度远低于超低排放要求。     

A study of NO removal by packed-beads discharge reactor

Recently, air pollution has become a serious problem; photochemical smog and acid rain are typical phenomena. NO_x is a serious air pollutant and a toxic gas. In spite of an attempt to reduce the amount of NO_x emitted, the density of NO_x in the atmosphere has remained on a stable level, or even become worse. Here, the authors propose a new reactor in which the gap area is filled as a single layer of glass plates and beads. They expect that surface and silent discharges are generated simultaneously in the same space. In this paper, the removal of NO_x from a dry NO/N₂ mixed gas by barrier discharge among glass beads in the reactor is experimentally investigated. The experiments are carried out for the frequency 50 Hz, with applied voltage from 0 to 20 kV_pp and a gas flow rate from 0.4 to 1.4 L/min. The results show that the NO and NO_x removal rates with glass beads are higher than those without glass beads at the same flow rate or residence time. Thus, the new reactor in which the gap area is filled with glass beads is more effective for NO_x removal     

燃煤烟气超低排放全流程协同削减三氧化硫效果分析

烟气三氧化硫（SO₃）是形成雾霾的前驱体之一,研究火电厂烟气污染物控制流程中SO₃的形态、浓度、排放水平以及影响因素很有必要。对容量300~1000MW的燃煤机组超低排放设施进行实测,并对1 000 MW机组开展了全流程测试,同时与常规污染物控制流程进行比较,表明超低排放设施对SO₃具有更好的控制效果,SO₃综合脱除效率可达到90%。对烟气流程各设备脱除SO₃机理与减排效果进行分析,结果表明：（1）SCR脱硝装置具有将SO₂催化氧化成SO₃的作用。（2）空气预热器烟温降低过程间接消耗SO₃,低低温电除尘器、湿法脱硫吸收塔与湿式电除尘器对SO₃有削减作用,各设备对SO₃的削减份额分别占SO₃总量的30%、40%、15%、5%。（3）空气预热器、电除尘器运行温度对SO₃脱除率有较大影响。（4）高效脱硫协同除尘一体化吸收塔具有更好的脱除SO₃效果。     

CuO-WO3/TiO2催化氧化燃煤烟气中Hg0试验研究

提高燃煤电厂现有选择性催化还原（SCR）催化剂催化氧化单质汞（Hg⁰）的性能,能够有效增强燃煤电厂利用现有烟气污染物控制装置协同脱汞效率。采用分步浸渍法制备了一系列CuO-WO₃/TiO₂（CuWTi）催化剂,在温度150~350 ℃时模拟燃煤烟气条件,考察了催化氧化Hg⁰性能,并与商用脱硝催化剂进行了比较。探究了烟气中O₂、SO₂和NO等气体对Hg⁰氧化性能的影响规律。发现商用脱硝催化剂和WTi催化剂在不含HCl的模拟烟气中对Hg⁰氧化率均在30%以下,而Cu₂W₈Ti催化剂具有较好的Hg⁰氧化性能。采用X射线光电子能谱分析仪（XPS）对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明,CuO与WO₃的相互作用在催化剂表面生成了丰富的化学吸附氧,促进了Hg⁰的氧化。Hg⁰在Cu₂W₈Ti催化剂表面的氧化过程遵循Mars-Maessen机制。     

锅炉负荷变化对脱硝系统内烟气流动影响研究

为研究锅炉负荷变化对脱硝系统运行的影响,采用CFD方法对不同锅炉负荷时脱硝系统内烟气流动过程进行数值模拟,对比了50％,70％和100％三种锅炉负荷下,烟气NOx浓度分布、速度分布和温度分布差异,结果表明:负荷变化时,催化区域前后区域烟气流速会随之变化,但烟道内烟气流动规律基本相似;定量喷氨时,催化层入口区域内烟气各组...     

国电泰州电厂2×1 000 MW二次再热机组NOx、SO2超低排放技术应用

为使烟气中NO_x、SO₂排放达到超低水平,国电泰州电厂二期2×1 000 MW超超临界二次再热燃煤发电机组SCR脱硝系统采用了驻窝混合技术,烟气脱硫采用了单塔双循环湿法脱硫技术。简介驻窝混合技术机理和单塔双循环脱硫技术原理,介绍国电泰州电厂1 000 MW机组烟气脱硝脱硫设计方案及实施效果。实践结果表明,国电泰州电厂1 000 MW机组采用上述2项技术后,烟气中NO_x和SO₂实现了超低排放,NO_x和SO₂脱除效率分别达到90.3%和99.6%,其排放质量浓度分别为31 mg/m³和15 mg/m³,远低于国家超低排放限值,且优于燃气轮机排放水平。     

Removal of NF3 from semiconductor-process flue gases bytandem packed-bed plasma and adsorbent hybrid systems

A tandem hybrid gas cleanup system, consisting of a BaTiO₃ packed-bed plasma reactor and a CaCO₃ adsorbent filter, was used to study the removal of NF₃ from semiconductor-process flue gases. Plasma-chemical kinetics of N₂ -NF₃-O₂-H₂ gas mixtures suggested byproducts observed in the experiments. The laboratory-scale system showed NF₃ removal at atmospheric pressure. Typically, 100% NF₃ abatement was achieved with an inlet concentration of 5000 ppm and a gas residence time in the reactor less than 10 s