广州地区奶牛场生鲜牛乳的质量安全及其影响因素

为了解广州地区规模化奶牛场生鲜牛乳的质量安全水平，选取6家不同规模的奶牛场对2006年全年的生鲜牛乳进行抽样分析，检验指标包括理化指标、卫生指标和体细胞数等。结果表明，感官评价、酸度、相对密度、抗残、农残、黄曲霉毒素M1和重金属残留等检测结果令人满意。生鲜牛乳脂肪含量较高，而蛋白质与非脂乳固体含量总体偏低。菌落总数控制较好，但体细胞数总体远高于5×10^5mL^-1的推荐上限标准。牧场规模、季节气候、饲料饲草、管理水平等都会影响生鲜牛乳的质量安全水平。大型奶牛场的生鲜牛乳总体品质优于小型奶牛场。建议在广州地区有必要发掘更多的饲料牧草资源，并进一步加强奶牛场饲养和管理的规范化。     

云南省不同地区生鲜水牛乳滴定酸度的比较

按GB 4789.18-2010《乳与乳制品检验》标准采集了云南省4个主要奶水牛养殖小区79户养殖户的272个生鲜水牛乳,并按GB 5413.34-2010《乳和乳制品酸度测定》、GB/T 5409-85《牛乳检验方法》和GB/T 5009.46-2003《乳与乳制品卫生标准的分析方法》对生鲜水牛乳进行酸度测定、酒精阳性检测及掺碱试验,以期为乳企收购生鲜水牛乳提供参考,并为制定生鲜水牛乳酸度标准提供依据。结果表明,云南省272个生鲜水牛乳中83%的滴定酸度低于13°T,其中10~13°T的占62%,大于14°T的占17%;酒精阳性率为10.6%;排除人为掺碱的因素,云南省生鲜水牛乳滴定酸度偏低是由于品种、气温、粗饲料质量及日粮水平之间的协同作用而导致。     

四种生鲜乳营养成分的比较分析

目的:对牛乳、山羊乳、水牛乳、骆驼乳四种生鲜乳的营养成分进行比较分析。方法:采集牛乳、山羊乳、骆驼乳、水牛乳各50份,按照国家标准测定四种生鲜乳中蛋白质、脂肪、18种氨基酸和10种脂肪酸含量,并对数据进行方差分析、主成分分析和判别分析。结果:不同哺乳动物来源生鲜乳的营养成分差异显著,具有各自的指纹特征,其判别分析的交叉检验正确判别率为99.5%。结论:上述营养成分含量可作为鉴别牛乳、山羊乳、骆驼乳、水牛乳的指纹信息指标。     

16S rDNA克隆文库法分析生鲜牛乳中细菌种群的多样性

目的利用16S rDNA基因文库分析法,对生鲜牛乳中微生物的种群多样性进行研究。方法提取生鲜牛乳中总微生物基因组DNA为模板,将扩增到的生鲜牛乳样品的16S rDNA的PCR产物与pMD~18T载体连接,构建其菌群的16S rDNA文库。对随机选取的56个阳性克隆子进行序列测定和BLAST比对。结果文库序列分析表明,有53个克隆子分属3个不同的类群,即厚壁菌类群、变形菌类群和异常球菌-栖热菌类群,其余3个克隆子属于未知类群。其中,优势细菌类群为厚壁菌类群(86%),在该类群中,尤以无乳链球菌为主要代表,约占所有克隆子的82%;其他类群为γ~变形菌类群(7.1%)和异常球菌-栖热菌门类群(1.8%)。系统发育分析表明,未知类群在分类地位上更接近与厚壁菌类群。结论生鲜牛乳中微生物具有多样性,无乳链球菌为其中的优势种群,同时生鲜牛乳中还存在葡萄球菌等致病菌,或不动杆菌和肠道菌等条件致病菌。     

16S rDNA克隆文库法分析生鲜牛乳中 细菌种群的多样性

目的 利用16S rDNA基因文库分析法, 对生鲜牛乳中微生物的种群多样性进行研究。方法 提取生鲜牛乳中总微生物基因组DNA为模板, 将扩增到的生鲜牛乳样品的16S rDNA的PCR产物与pMD~18T载体连接, 构建其菌群的16S rDNA文库。对随机选取的56个阳性克隆子进行序列测定和BLAST比对。结果 文库序列分析表明, 有53个克隆子分属3个不同的类群, 即厚壁菌类群、变形菌类群和异常球菌-栖热菌类群, 其余3个克隆子属于未知类群。其中, 优势细菌类群为厚壁菌类群(86%), 在该类群中, 尤以无乳链球菌为主要代表, 约占所有克隆子的82%; 其他类群为γ~变形菌类群(7.1%)和异常球菌-栖热菌门类群(1.8%)。系统发育分析表明, 未知类群在分类地位上更接近与厚壁菌类群。结论 生鲜牛乳中微生物具有多样性, 无乳链球菌为其中的优势种群, 同时生鲜牛乳中还存在葡萄球菌等致病菌, 或不动杆菌和肠道菌等条件致病菌。     

生鲜羊乳脂肪酶活力研究

脂肪酶可使羊乳中脂肪发生脂解反应产生游离脂肪酸,进而影响羊乳风味变化。乳中脂肪酶分为内源性脂肪酶和外源性脂肪酶。内源性脂肪酶主要是脂蛋白脂肪酶,外源性脂肪酶主要是微生物脂肪酶。通过对不同品种、不同泌乳阶段生鲜山羊乳脂肪酶活力比较,确定对生鲜羊乳风味变化起主要作用的脂肪酶来源;通过对羊乳和牛乳中脂肪酶活力的比较,分析牛羊乳风味差异的原因。方法:以关中常乳、关中初乳、萨能常乳和荷斯坦牛常乳为研究对象,用脂蛋白脂肪酶酶联免疫试剂盒测定羊乳中脂蛋白脂肪酶活力,并采用分光光度计法测定微生物脂肪酶活力。结果:关中常乳和萨能常乳脂蛋白脂肪酶活力差异不显著;关中初乳和关中常乳脂蛋白脂肪酶活力差异显著;山羊乳中内源性脂肪酶活力显著高于外源性脂肪酶活力;羊乳常乳和牛乳常乳中脂蛋白脂肪酶活力在脂肪相和脱脂乳相的活力分布不同。结论:对生鲜山羊乳风味变化起主要作用的脂肪酶是内源性脂肪酶。羊乳与牛乳中脂蛋白脂肪酶活力在脂肪相和脱脂乳相中的差异,可能是导致牛羊乳风味差异的因素之一。     

基于高通量测序技术分析青藏高原牦牛和犏牛乳中微生物多样性的研究

为探究牦牛和犏牛生鲜乳中微生物的组成和多样性,采用高通量测序技术分析两种生鲜乳的16S rDNA V4区域,并进行生物信息学对比分析。结果显示:97%的一致性共得到5516个OTUs,微生物门水平的比较表明变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）及放线菌门（Actinobacteria）为牦牛乳和犏牛乳共同的优势菌门,牦牛乳三种微生物的相对丰度分别为29.80%、35.99%及8.41%,犏牛乳为45.36%、25.79%及7.39%;在属水平上,牦牛乳的优势菌属为未分类的蓝藻细菌属（unidentified-Cyanobacteria）,相对丰度为9.32%,犏牛乳的优势菌属为慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）,所占比例为11.53%;在种水平上,埃尔坎尼中慢生根瘤菌种（Bradyrhizobium elkanii）和Kosakonia oryzae为牦牛乳和犏牛乳中共有的优势菌种,两种菌种在牦牛乳中分别占比2.42%、3.36%,在犏牛乳中分别占比11.53%、5.53%;Alpha多样性分析表明不同牛乳丰度估计值存在显著差异（P<0.05）,且犏牛乳的丰富度及多样性较高。     

重组牛乳铁蛋白N末端多肽对真空包装猪肉品质的影响

以Nisin和乳酸作为参照,采用本试验室获得的重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对生鲜猪肉进行保藏试验。生鲜猪肉浸沾并真空包装后置于4℃下存放,测定肉样的微生物数、抗氧化值(TBA)、pH值、肉的红度值(Huntera)及感官评价。结果显示,重组的牛乳铁蛋白肽保鲜效果优于Nisin组,接近乳酸组。其保鲜期可达到19d。     

鲜奶收购检验卫生状况初步调查

我国于1987年颁布实施GBG914《生鲜牛乳收购标准》,对提高收购生鲜牛乳质量起到了积极作用。为加强对生鲜牛乳的管理,了解掌握我省乳品加工企业执行GB6914情况和目前生鲜牛乳卫生质量水平,我们对二十个乳品加工企业的40个牛乳收购站,1990至1992年三年间收购生鲜牛乳验收检验情况进行了调查,现将情况整理报告如下: 1.材料与方法选取不同加工能力的乳品加工企业二十个从中选取40个生鲜牛乳收购站,调查各生鲜牛乳收购站的设施、设备、卫生条件、验收检验项目。同时按季度抽取各收奶站生鲜牛乳验收检验数据1923份,其中脂肪511份、酸度691份、比重641份、菌落总数80份。     

指纹图谱技术在生鲜乳掺假检测中的研究进展

生鲜乳是乳制品行业发展的主要原料,是决定乳制品质量的关键因素。然而近年来国内外在乳制品方面的食品安全事件频发,不法分子通过在生鲜乳中掺入虚假物质以获取经济利益的行为已经成为严重的安全问题,对人们健康以及整个乳制品行业造成不良影响。指纹图谱技术是对通过一定的分析工具产生的图像进行判别的一种检测技术,可以对生鲜乳的掺假进行更灵敏、准确和快速的检测。本文通过对生鲜乳的安全现状进行剖析,总结了电泳法、光谱法、色谱法和电子感官技术法4种指纹图谱技术在牛乳掺假检测中的应用,比较了4种技术的优点和局限性,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,为提高生鲜乳的品质与安全以及保证消费者健康提供理论依据与参考。     

陕西生鲜羊奶及其加工羊奶粉品质调研分析及相关性研究

为调查陕西省生鲜羊奶及羊奶粉品质随月份的变化规律,明确生鲜羊奶和羊奶粉品质之间的相关关系,该研究以2020年4月至11月某乳品企业在陕西不同地区的奶站收购的生鲜羊奶及其加工羊奶粉为试验样品,对其感官、理化和安全指标进行分析.结果表明,生鲜羊奶和羊奶粉在感官指标方面均符合国家标准要求;在理化指标方面,生鲜羊奶脂肪含量为3...     

The effect of using a whey protein fat replacer on textural and sensory characteristics of low-fat vanilla ice cream

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the texture of regular (12%), low fat (6%), and fat-free vanilla (0.5%) ice creams by sensory and instrumental analyses. The low fat and fat free ice cream were prepared using a whey protein based fat replacer (Simplesse ^® 100) as the fat replacement ingredient. Two processing trials with continuous commercial-like process conditions were undertaken. Sensory analyses disclosed that ice creams containing 6% of fat replacer in place of or with milk fat had no demonstrable effect on vanillin flavour. While the sensory attributes of the low fat samples were comparable to the regular vanilla ice cream, the trained sensory panel rated the fat free ice cream to have lower viscosity, smoothness and mouth coating properties. Instrumentally determined apparent viscosity data supported the sensory data. Compared with the fat replacer, milk fat significantly increased the fresh milk and cream flavours of the ice cream. Results emphasized the importance of fat as a flavour modifier and the improvement of texture by addition of Simplesse ^® 100.     

Effect of inulin addition on the sensorial properties of reduced‐fat fresh cheese

A reduced‐fat fresh cow's milk cheese with inulin (3%) was compared with both full‐fat and reduced‐fat cheeses without the prebiotic. The pH and microbiological quality of cheeses were not affected by the presence of inulin. Cheeses produced with inulin were less hard, springy, cohesive and chewy than reduced‐fat cheeses, and more similar to cheeses made from whole milk. Cheeses produced with inulin had the lowest lightness and the highest yellowness values, although these colour differences were not detected by the panellists. The sensory panel described the reduced‐fat cheese with inulin as more acceptable than its counterpart without inulin.     

Influence of defined milk products on the flavour of white coffee beverages using static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry and sensory analysis

The influence of milk processing and ingredients on the sensory properties of white coffee beverages has, as yet, not been thoroughly investigated, so in this study analysed milk products processed in a defined manner were added to a standardized, fresh coffee beverage; the resulting odour, taste and retronasal odour perception were measured by intensity tests, and selected volatiles were analysed by static headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. After adding pasteurized consumers’ milk, the effects of a different fat content (3.5 and 1.5%) and fat dispersion were studied. The milk with the lower fat content and with smaller fat globules, resulting from double homogenization (each 250/50 bar), induced a more intense coffee-related retronasal odour perception, whereas the milk-related impression was nearly the same. The addition of casein increased the creamy and milky retronasal odour perception and reduced the coffee-related taste and retronasal odour. These correlations may result in a custom-made development of milky coffee beverages controlled in their nasal and retronasal odour and taste by the defined processing of the milk component. With instrumental analysis it was observable that the effect of the addition of twice-homogenized, twice-pasteurized low-fat milk and of the addition of whole milk was similar. In both cases more volatiles were released from the beverage than with the addition of low-fat milk that was homogenized once. This is an unexpected result, because the whole milk has a higher fat content than the low-fat milk and therefore a greater retention of the flavour compounds was expected. Is it possible that the flavour compounds are not dissolved in fat and that interactions happen only with fat globule membrane constituents?     

Potential of functional strains, isolated from traditional Maasai milk, as starters for the production of fermented milks

The purpose of this research was the evaluation of technological features and of the ability of functional LAB strains with desirable sensory characteristics, to produce fermented milk. Eight strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactococcus lactis, isolated from Maasai traditional fermented milk in Kenya and previously tested for their probiotic properties, were selected for this investigation. Technological features such as growth kinetics in fresh heat-treated whole milk medium and survival in the final product during storage at 4 degrees C, were studied. The strains Lb. acidophilus BFE 6,059, Lb. paracasei BFE 5,264 and Lc. lactis BFE 6,049 showed the best potential and were thus selected for use as starter cultures in further trials with the objective to improve their technological performance and to optimise the sensory features of fermented milk obtained. The effects of fat (F), non-fat milk solids (S) and fermentation temperature (T), modulated according to a Central Composite Design, on fermentation rates and viability losses during refrigerated storage of the chosen starters, and on product texture parameters, were studied. From the data analysis, it was possible to select optimum conditions for enhancing positive sensory traits of final products and for improving the survival of these potentially probiotic cultures.     

红茶小米复合型发酵乳的研制

以牛乳、小米和红茶为主要原料,以保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaria）和嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermopiles）为发酵剂,经混合发酵制成一种新型固态发酵乳,并以红茶小米混合发酵乳的酸度和感官评分为评价指标,利用正交设计和模糊数学评价法确定产品最优配方为：小米浆添加量18%,红茶添加量5%,糖粉添加量12%、羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）添加量1.5%。在此优化配方条件下,红茶小米发酵乳的感官评分为93.6分,酸度为78.8 °T,蛋白质含量为2.45 g/100 g,脂肪含量为2.63 g/100 g;乳酸菌数为1.72×106 CFU/g,未检出致病菌,符合相关国家标准;成品风味清新,口感醇厚,是一种营养和美味兼具的发酵乳制品。