Emerging Web graphics standards and technologies

Migrating computer graphics to the Web poses several problems, but with new standards and technology advances, graphics applications can balance latency and bandwidth constraints with image quality. The paper discusses Web graphics standards, distributed virtual environments and virtual humans.     

Towards object-oriented graphics standards

The introduction of powerful object-oriented systems, such as Smalltalk-80 and ZetaLisp Flavors, offers a number of potential benefits to the field of computer graphics. This paper examines the potential for marrying object-oriented programming languages to emerging graphics kernel standards definitions. Examples of object-oriented hierarchies of graphics structures are provided, and modifications and extensions to kernel standards are suggested in order to both simplify the standards and more readily embrace the object-oriented approach.     

Standards in computer graphics

GKS, which recently became the International Standards Organization (ISO) standard for computer graphics programming, is the first of a set of interlocking graphics standards. This paper outlines the important ideas behind GKS, describes its relationship with other standards and discusses the benefits of standardization.     

Standard Graphics Software for High-Performance Applications

Software tools packages based on graphics standards can aid the developers of high-performance graphics systems?but require careful evaluation.     

The ARGOSI Classification Scheme for Graphics and Networking Applications

ARGOSI is a project concerned with the relationship between standards for graphics and networking, as rejected in its full title: Applications Related Graphics and OSI Standards Integration. It is a collaborative project between eleven European organizations and is funded under the Esprit-Il programme of the Commission of the European Community. In order to achieve integration of graphics and OSI standards and to meet the requirements of applications, it is necessary to understand the needs of applications to transfer graphical information and the networking services required to support this. A major part of the ARGOSI project has been to derive a classification framework for applications based on a set of metrics describing their use of graphics and networking. Once classified, a study is to be made to determine the set of graphics and OSI standards that will satisfy the requirements of each group of applications or to identify deficiencies or omissions in the set of current standards that prevent the requirements being met. The classification scheme is believed to be a major stepforward in the field.     

Interactive Computer Graphics: Flying High-Part I

The growth of computer graphics is remarkable even by computer industry standards. This first of a two-part article views some of the latest hardware available from leading graphics manufacturers.     

Standards: past tense and future perfect? [graphics]

The author discusses what has been accomplished in the graphics standards area in the last decade and what lies in store in the decade ahead. He discusses issues that affect the development, implementation, and end users of graphics and data exchange standards in general. They concern scope, target, size and complexity, technology, understanding of interchange formats, automation, and the nature of the end users     

Computer graphics and displays

A review is given of recent developments in computer graphics, with emphasis on displays. The principles of refresh, storage and raster-scan technologies are outlined, followed by an examination of developments in intelligent raster graphics terminals, displays for 3D computer graphics, and the emergence of powerful personal graphics workstations. Colour hardcopy is needed to complement today's colour raster displays, and ink-jet and electrostatic devices are described. A summary is given of the current status of international standards for computer graphics, and the paper concludes by pointing out some likely areas for future development.     

矢量图形技术与X3D的应用

对当前Web图形技术应用面临的问题进行了探讨，分析了矢量图形的优势与SVG技术得以广泛应用的原因。指出在现有的文件格式与标准优势基础上新标准制定的必要性，对X3D体系结构的特点、浏览器结构及Web应用进行了探讨，在功能上同VRML97进行了比较，最后基于X3D-Edit给出了三维场景模型实例。     

An example of a pragmatic approach to portable interactive graphics

Standards for graphics subroutines would encourage the coding of portable programs using graphics. However such standards do not yet exist. In this paper a small set of generally available primitive subroutines, and fortran, are used to pragmatically provide a degree of portability for a second level graphics package. This package consists of only nine subroutines and yet provides considerable power for coding interactive graphical numerically oriented programs.     

利用GXML设计学科知识体系结构的灵活布局图

基于图像的建模语言GXML不同于以往的图像编码,它能够将图像的内容和样式分离,这使得图像能在网络上进行高速传输,并能适应不同的客户端浏览器。利用该特点对学科知识体系结构进行描述,可以得到一个图像的灵活布局。     

Language Bindings for Computer Graphics Standards

Standard user interfaces to the new graphics standards are being developed for Fortran, Pascal, Ada, and C, and will be entering the standards review process in the next year. One after another, and sometimes concurrently, these interfaces (bindings) will be circulated for commnent from the public. This article, written by two participants of the group developing the graphics language bindingns, describes some principles being used to generate these bindings. Comparisons are draw with examples from the various draft graphics language bindings to illustrate specific?and in some cases controversial?features. Major topics are the handling of standard language subsets, mapping algorithms for naming, appropriate data typing, mixed-language environments, error-handling methods, new versions of languages, and multitasking.     

计算机图形并行处理的研究与发展

本文概述了计算机图形并行处理研究的产生与发展,着重阐述了并行处理功能部件的研究和发展及多边形绘制、全局光照模型(光线跟踪与辐射度方法)、物理场数据与体介质数据绘制、动画、并行化图形标准等研究领域在并行处理方面的研究和发展.文中叙述了在这一领域的研究工作,并在最后展望了计算机图形并行处理的进一步发展方向.     

A New VLSI Graphics Coprocessor-The Intel 82786

Most graphics systems available today suffer from low performance, minimal flecibility, or high cost and high component count. Intel carefully looked at these problems and designed the 82786 chip to address them. The 82786 combines into a single of supporting today's graphics standards and a powerful display processor that supports windowing in hardware.     

The standardization of three-dimensional graphics systems

This paper is intended to provide a status report on the development of standards for three-dimensional computer graphics. A model is developed for the general problem of extension of a computer system to a more general case than that for which it was originally designed. The model is then applied to the standardization of computer graphics.     

The Input Model of Standard Graphics Systems Revisited by Formal Specification

This paper describes the specification of an input model for graphics systems. The initial aim of the work reported in this paper was to revise the input model adopted by graphics standards by means of formal specification techniques in order to acquire a deep knowledge of its capabilities, to eventually discover errors and to develop improvements. Taking into account similar works done in this area by others and considering a number of major issues related to input recently discussed within the graphics community, a new model is being proposed that addresses the very key concepts of parallelism, extensibility and reconfigurability. The model is based upon composition operations defined over basic components specified as a set of concurrent processes. Composition operations and process definitions have been formally specified by using the LOTOS notation and investigated by means of the LOTOS Interactive Tools Environment. In the first part of the paper, the input model of graphics standards is shortly examined in the light of the results so far achieved by related works on formal specification of computer graphics systems. Subsequently, an improved model is presented. Finally, its capability of simulating the traditional operating modes of logical input devices and a methodology for defining new operating modes is demonstrated.     

Web 2D Graphics File Formats

The earliest Web browsers focussed on the display of textual information. When graphics were added, essentially only image graphics and image file formats were supported. For a significant range of applications, image graphics has severe limitations, for example in terms of file size, download time and inability to interact with and modify the graphics client-side. Vector graphics may be more appropriate in these cases, and this has become possible through the introduction of the WebCGM and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) formats, both of which are open standards, the former from ISO/IEC and W3C and the latter from W3C. This paper reviews the background to Web graphics, presents the WebCGM file format, and gives a more detailed exposition of the most recent format, SVG. The paper concludes with reflections on the current state of this area and future prospects.     

A component-oriented framework for experimental computer graphics

This paper provides a report about a framework that uses a variety of standards. Readers interested in 3D computer graphics or component-oriented technology in C++ will find a report about the integration of various standards by relying on yet another standard for component-oriented software engineering. The highly successful Java standard called Open Services Gateway initiative (OSGi) is employed in a C++ implementation called Open Service Platform.The application of this standard, which is primarily focused on network-centric software and embedded systems, in the field of real-time 3D computer graphics, provides novel insights into the usability of the OSGi standard.     

Graphics Software-from Techniques to Principles

The history of graphics software mirrors that of computing in general: we work out basic techniques; we develop algorithms; we begin to search for standards.