用于膜蒸馏苦咸水淡化的PTFE疏水膜实验研究

利用目前国内生产的PTFE疏水膜,以自来水、盐水溶液作工质进行了多层并接气隙式膜蒸馏实验,比较了几种膜的分离性能,研究了料液温度、料液流量、浓度对膜渗透通量的影响,各种膜的通量稳定性及污染情况.实验结果表明:4#膜在长期自来水、盐水实验中通量、电导率都较稳定,特别是在后期实验中,通量最大;而孔径大、涂层薄的1#膜在前期实验中通量较大,而随运行时间增长,通量有所下降,特别是盐水实验中,截留率低,电导率高,因此不适合淡化苦咸水用,综合来看4#膜性能较好.实验后各种膜表面的污染情况较严重,都有黄色沉积物.     

膜吸附和膜吸收研究进展

近年来,膜集成过程备受研究者关注,探究传统分离技术与膜技术的结合,充分发挥膜的高效率、易于在线放大等优势,以期促进膜集成过程以低成本实现放大应用。其中,吸附膜、吸收技术兼具膜技术和吸附、吸收技术的优势,在提纯、分离、净化等众多场合获得了日益广泛的应用。本文针对膜吸附、吸收方面的研究,阐述该膜过程研究进展和发展趋势,为相关领域研究人员提供借鉴。     

嵌镶离子交换膜的研究进展 Ⅰ基本原理及制备方法

嵌镶膜是一类阴、阳离子交换单元交替排列成的离子交换膜,对它的研究有助于提高离子交换膜的分离性能及开发节能,简易的分离技术。本文介绍了嵌镶离子交换膜的结构特点,分离原理。在此基础上总结了简单物理拼合,辐照、共混、宏观嵌镶池及嵌段法制备嵌镶膜的特点及膜的性能,比较了它们的优缺点。     

纳米材料改进传统正渗透膜性能的研究进展

<正>渗透膜是正渗透技术的核心,改进正渗透膜材料性能是正渗透技术发展的必要环节。回顾了正渗透膜的研发历程,总结了传统正渗透膜在结构和性能上的局限性。整理、分析了添加纳米材料对醋酸纤维素正渗透膜、TFC正渗透膜(包括支撑层和分离层)结构和性能的改进效果,重点分析了纳米材料内部和外部"纳米通道"作用对正渗透膜渗透性能的影响,指出纳米材料微观尺寸、结构、取向性以及分散性是影响膜性能的重要因素。最后展望了纳米复合正渗透膜的研发前景和发展方向,为开发新品种正渗透膜提供了参考。     

聚偏氟乙烯膜的研究进展

探讨和介绍了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜、超滤膜、共混膜和改性膜近来的研究情况，提出开发高性能的疏水性微孔膜和小孔径亲水性超滤膜，并解决亲水性PVDF膜的耐污染问题，成为PVDF膜的主要研究方向、     

膜-生物反应器的研究及其在废水处理中的应用

综述了废水处理领域中的膜-生物反应器的基本特点、应用现状、存在的问题以及国内外研究的进展；重点阐述了膜-生物反应器运行工艺、新型膜材料与器件以及影响膜污染形成的因素与防治措施；并对今后的研究方向进行了展望．     

膜污染试验装置的研究及其应用

研制了用于膜污染与膜清洗研究用的平板膜,使用该平板膜对沧州炼油厂热电厂水处理车间反渗透设备的膜污染、膜的清洗液配方和清洗方法进行了研究。快速恢复了设备的膜通量,说明平板膜的设计是合理的。     

膜蒸馏技术及其应用进展

引用近期发表有关文献，较全面地介绍了膜蒸馏过程的基本概念、特征、研究的现状、应用研究情况，同时包括了与膜蒸馏相关的膜过程，并对膜蒸馏技术的发展趋势作了简要的评述．     

膜材料在污水回用中的成本分析

为促进膜技术的应用推广,针对膜分离工艺的特点,引进工程寿命周期成本分析方法,提出了吨水膜折旧成本参数,并给出其计算方法.讨论了吨水膜折旧成本在膜工程设计、操作、维护中的实践意义,也为膜丝、组件、系统的研制开发提供了一个明确的指导原则.     

膜结晶技术研究进展及应用前景

对一种新的分离技术——膜结晶进行了综述．介绍了膜结晶技术的产生、原理和优点，以及膜结晶的过程及膜结晶器的类型．概述了膜结晶在国内外的发展和应用状况，重点介绍了膜结晶在盐溶液结晶和生物高分子溶液结晶两个方面的研究与应用，并对膜结晶技术的前景作了展望．     

电厂锅炉补给水处理中的膜工艺系统

膜分离工艺作为一种绿色环保技术,具有先进、高效、低能耗的优点,在电厂锅炉补给水处理领域中得到了成功的应用。在具体工程实践的基础上,本文分析了超滤、反渗透和电去离子EDI等关键膜单元系统在电厂锅炉给水预处理、软化以及脱盐纯化中的原理与作用特点,并比较了相关工程应用中几种不同类型的商业化膜元件的性能。     

A New Process for Drug Loaded Nanocapsules Preparation Using a Membrane Contactor

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we describe a new process for the preparation of drug loaded nanocapsules using a membrane contactor which may be scaled up for industrial applications. Nanocapsules are prepared according to the nanoprecipitation method. The organic phase (solvent, polymer, oil, and drug) is pressed through the pores of an ultrafiltration membrane via the filtrate side. The aqueous phase (water and surfactant) circulates inside the membrane module, and sweeps away the nanocaspules forming at the pore outlets. Two model drugs are selected for the preparation of drug loaded nanocapsules: indomethacin and vitamin E. It is shown that indomethacin loaded nanocapsules with a mean diameter of 240 nm and vitamin E loaded nanocapsules with a mean diameter of 230 nm are obtained with a 150,000 daltons ultrafiltration membrane, a transmembrane pressure of 3 bar, and a crossflow rate of 1.7 m.s^{? 1}. High fluxes are also obtained (around 0.6 m³/h.m²), leading to the preparation of 1.8 10^{? 3} m³ drug loaded nanocapsules in 8 min. The advantage of this membrane contactor compared to other processes for drug loaded nanocapsules preparation is shown to be its scale-up ability.     

浅谈壳聚糖及壳聚糖膜

介绍了壳聚糖膜的成膜机理,以壳聚糖的结构和性质为基础,总结了壳聚糖膜的制备方法。其中关于化学改性方面主要介绍了酰化反应、烷基化反应、酯化改性、醚化反应、羧甲基化反应、季铵化反应等。用以下几种指标来表征壳聚糖膜的特征,包括机械性能、气体选择渗透性和阻湿性、润湿性能、抑菌性、可食用性与安全性等因素。最后,重点介绍了壳聚糖膜在果蔬保鲜方面的应用,为壳聚糖膜的发展指明了一定的方向。     

SMBR中不同膜组件形式的膜通量变化数学模型分析

以一体式膜生物反应器（SMBR）处理污水,对自行研制的两种膜组件形式的膜通量变化进行考察,运行结果表明：A和B两种组件均好于对照组件,且B种能有效防止端头污染,在一定程度上减缓膜通量的衰减。通过建立数学模型,提出求解的数值计算方法,并编程进行上机计算,从理论上说明B种优于A种及对照,证实膜组件形式优化的必要性。     

管状多孔炭膜的研究

介绍了管状多孔炭膜的制备方法及应用,探讨了不同材料制备支撑体炭膜和炭－炭复合膜的效果及影响炭膜孔结构性能的主要因素。研究表明,煤和酚醛树脂均是良好的制膜材料,制得的支撑体炭膜不仅具有较高的孔隙率和气体通量,而且孔隙结构均一,机械强度高。膜材料的种类,粒度及炭化工艺条件等因素对炭膜的孔结构性能影响较显著。以酚醛树脂等高分子聚合物及煤热解产物为涂膜液制得的炭－炭复合膜其孔径明显的变小,孔径分布变窄。炭     

Analysis of rotating membrane emulsification performance for oil droplet production based on the Taylor vortices approach

Membrane emulsification processes generally employ a cross flow of the continuous phase in order to produce shear stress. Modification of membrane emulsification for the o/w emulsion using the rotating system has been introduced such as the use of stirred cells or a rotating tubular membrane in a stationary liquid. This paper presents an examination of membrane rotation speed on droplet characteristics. The performance of rotating membrane emulsification on o/w droplet size, the coefficient of variation, and size distribution was investigated. In addition, the operated flow regime in the rotating membrane emulsification is addressed. It has been found that overall the droplet size decreased with the increase of membrane rotation speed. The droplet size below the pore size could be produced when operating at a high rotation speed (1500?rpm). The decrease of droplet size was believed due to the action of Taylor vortices on droplet detachment. Analysis of membrane rotation speed proposed that action of Taylor vortices facilitates droplet detachment. Calculation of Taylor numbers (having a value of 0–629) confirmed that the rotating membrane emulsification produced laminar flow with vortices.     

Simultaneous methane production and wastewater reuse by a membrane-based process: evaluation with raw domestic wastewater

In this study, a membrane-based process was applied to simultaneously reclaim methane and generate reused water from raw domestic wastewater. The system was comprised of up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed bed (UAFB), anoxic sink (AS) and aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR). The hydraulic retention time of UAFB (HRT(U)) was gradually shortened from 8h to 6h, 3h and to 1h, while the HRT of AS and MBR kept at 8 h. It is found that HRT(U) of 3h was more suitable for the balancing production of biogas and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the VFAs served as carbon source for denitrification. The trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of the MBR kept lower than 0.04 MPa without wash or change of membrane sheet, however, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that microbes attached to the inner-surface of membrane, causing irreversible fouling after 133-day operation. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments proved that more functional bacteria and higher microbial diversity emerged at HRT(U) of 3h and 1h. Most bacteria belonged to Betaproteobacteria and were responsible for carbon and nitrogen removal.     

Fabrication of defect-free Pd/α-Al2O3 composite membranes for hydrogen separation

Hydrogen production and separation are two important chemical processes. The development of membrane technology has opened up a new possibility for in situ separation of hydrogen from a reaction mixture at elevated temperature in an energy effective way. The availability of a membrane with adequate hydrogen permselectivity and good thermal and mechanical stability is the key for the successful application of membrane technology in hydrogen production and separation. In this paper, a thin-film, defect-free Pd/α-Al₂O₃ composite membrane was fabricated by the electroless plating technique combined with osmosis. The hydrogen permeation performance of the fabricated Pd/α-Al₂O₃ composite membrane was investigated using pure hydrogen at various temperatures from 320–577°C. The hydrogen separation performance was studied using a hydrogen/nitrogen mixture at 467°C. The influence of sweep gas was also investigated.     

高分子纳滤膜材料研究进展

纳滤膜是介于反渗透膜和超滤膜之间的一种新型分离膜,其截留分子量范围相对较窄（200-1000）且孔径较小,膜材质的选择日益成为制备出高性能纳滤膜的关键。本文综述了国内外高分子纳滤膜材料发展、应用和改良的最新研究进展,并在此基础上展望了纳滤膜材料未来发展趋势。     

膜材料技术在锅炉补给水处理中的应用

作为一门新兴的材料科学技术,膜分离技术具有高效、快速、低能耗的优点,在锅炉补给水中得到了广泛的应用。本文综述了膜分离的原理、相关膜材料和膜过程的特点以及膜技术在锅炉给水预处理、深度处理中的应用现状,展望了膜材料科学和技术在锅炉给水处理中的应用前景。