烤烟主要化学品质的遗传研究

选用6个不同类型的烤烟品种(系),按部分双列杂交设计P(P+1)/2配成一套包括亲本和F1 2个世代的供试材料.采用数量性状的加性-显性遗传模型和发育遗传模型进行遗传和相关分析.估算了烤烟总糖和烟碱含量在发育时间(0→13)或某一特定发育时间段(7|5、9 | 7、11 | 9、13|11)的遗传效应.结果表明:总糖和烟碱在非条件遗传方差分析中,加性效应和显性效应基因共同控制烤烟的动态变化,多集中在第7叶和第9叶表达;在条件遗传分析中,加性效应基因起微效作用,而显性效应基因起主要作用,且集中在第7～9叶和第9～11叶2个时段.     

烤烟几个重要植物学性状的遗传分析

利用“主基因+多基因”混合遗传模型的6个世代联合分离分析方法, 分析烤烟组合丸叶×Coker319几个重要植物学性状的遗传效应。结果表明, 烤烟的株高、叶数、叶面积和鲜叶重受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制, 株高与叶数遗传以加性效应及显性×显性上位性效应为主, 叶面积和鲜叶重各遗传效应相差不多, 其上位性效应>加性效应>显性效应, F₂世代的主基因遗传率分别为57.53%、42.63%、30.32%和44.26%。移栽至中心花开放天数受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制, 以加性×加性上位性效应、加性效应及显性×显性上位性效应为主, 主基因遗传率为64.79%。茎围和比叶重均受1对完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制, 茎围遗传以多基因为主, 其多基因加性效应和显性效应大小相当, 比叶重遗传主基因、多基因的加性效应和显性效应大致相当, 主基因遗传率分别为2.48%和38.71%。叶形指数受1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制, 主基因加性效应与显性效应基本相当, 主基因遗传率为49.64%。叶长、叶宽、节距和蒴果重受加性-显性-上位性多基因控制, 多基因遗传率分别为60.75%、62.14%、75.08%和82.34%。     

普通烟草栽培种内株高性状主基因加多基因遗传分析

以普通烟草栽培种烤烟类型品种分别与香料烟、白肋烟和名优晾晒烟类型品种组配的F1、F2及其亲本为研究对象,利用数量性状主基因+多基因遗传体系分离分析方法分析了3组合4世代株高性状的遗传规律.结果表明,3个组合的株高性状遗传均符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型(E1),同时均存在加性、显性遗传效应.各主基因和多基因遗传率计算结果,烤烟与晒晾烟、烤烟与香料烟组合的主基因遗传率较高,分别为71.60%和88.55%,可作为烟草株高性状早期世代选择的理论依据.     

烤烟若干农艺性状的杂种优势及其遗传分析

本文用5个烤烟品种按Griffing模型Ⅱ配组,分析了烤烟8个农艺性状的杂种优势表现及其性状遗传规律.研究表明,烤烟杂种优势表现因性状和杂交组合的不同而不同,节距、株高、叶长、叶宽具较强的杂种优势,茎围、叶数的优势较弱;开花至现蕾天数没有明显优势,但当双亲差距较大时F1有推迟现蕾现象;F1青枯病病指因组合不同存在优势大小和方向的明显差异,总体表现略高于中亲值而偏向于感病亲本,但优势较小.采用MINQUE法对8个性状的遗传分析表明,移栽至现蕾天数广义遗传率(HB)最高,其次为叶数、节距、株高和叶宽,叶长和青枯病病指HB较小,茎围则主要受环境影响;遗传方差组成分解结果,青枯病病指为简单的加性遗传,其余性状的遗传中加性和显性的作用也不同,狭义遗传率(HN)大小顺序为移栽至现蕾天数＞叶数＞节距、叶宽、青枯病病指＞株高＞叶长.5个烤烟亲本品种在不同性状上有显著不同的加性效应,表明它们在杂交育种中具有不同的利用价值,纯合显性效应的分析表明烤烟性状杂种优势多数表现正向优势.     

基于ADM模型的油用向日葵籽实含油率动态发育遗传研究

应用包括基因型×环境互作效应在内的加性-显性-母体遗传模型（ADM模型）及非条件和条件方差分析方法,分析不同环境下油用向日葵籽实含油率在发育时期的数据资料,估算油用向日葵籽实含油率在某一发育时间（0→t）或某一特定发育时间段（t-1→t）的发育遗传效应.结果表明,油用向日葵籽实含油率的表现主要取决于显性遗传效应和母体遗传效应.种子核基因、二倍体母体植株基因在粗脂肪积累的不同发育时期存在着表达水平上的差异,加性遗传效应和母体效应存在发育期间的间断表达现象.其主要表现为,开花后0 ～ 10d和30～40d的时段内未能检测到加性遗传效应,25d120d时段是加性效应表达的高峰期;显性效应在开花后的45d内均有极显著水平的表达,其中在开花后的15 ～ 30d的时段是显性微效多基因被激活及表达的活跃期,即杂种优势表现最为突出的时期;母体效应在开花后的35 ～ 45d内有较高水平的表达,其中最活跃期为开花后的40d135d时段;在开花后的20d内（开花后初期和中期）,基因效应的表达易受到环境条件的影响.     

烟草几个主要农艺性状的基因效应分析

用三个烤烟杂交组合的P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、B_1和B_2六个群体的平均数及其方差,估算了烟草株高、叶数、叶长、叶宽和茎围五个性状的基因效应。结果表明,这五个性状的遗传,除有加性、显性效应外,尚有不可忽略的上位效应,但组合间、性状间有差异。株高以加性效应为主,显性效应和上位效应也明显存在。叶数主要是加性×加性效应,其次是加性、显性和加性×显性效应。茎围以显性效应和加性×加性效应为主,加性×显性、显性×显性效应次之。叶长多数组合主要效应是加性效应。叶宽基因效应组合间差异较大。烟草的主要农艺性状多属数量性状,分析其基因效应,以期对今后的烟草育种工作有所帮助。     

白肋烟主要农艺性状的杂种优势及其遗传分析

选用6个白肋烟品种,采用Griffing II双列杂交模型设计21个基因型处理,利用加-显模型研究分析白肋烟7个主要农艺性状的杂种优势及其遗传特性.结果表明,白肋烟杂种优势在性状间及杂交组合间的表现存在差异,其中株高具有较强的群体平均优势表现,群体平均优势结果与纯显性效应△值的分析结果一致,这表明除叶长外的6个农艺性状表现为正向杂种优势;7个农艺性状均未表现出明显的群体超亲优势,仅株高、节距表现出较小的正向群体超亲优势.7个性状的广义遗传率(HB)在0.18～0.58之间,表明白肋烟主要农艺性状的表型变异受环境及随机误差的影响较大;狭义遗传率(HN)大小顺序为,叶数＞节距＞叶宽＞株高＞茎叶角度＞茎围、叶长.遗传效应方差分量估算结果表明,叶长的遗传变异主要表现显性效应,其余性状的遗传变异由加性效应和显性效应控制,性状叶数、叶宽、节距的基因型加性效应相对较高(P<0.01).     

烤烟叶绿素含量遗传分析

应用主基因+多基因6个世代联合分析方法对烤烟丸叶×Coker319组合的总叶绿素含量性状进行了分析。结果表明:丸叶×Coker319组合的总叶绿素含量受1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,主基因加性效应为-5.89,主基因显性效应为-3.47;B1、B2和F2世代总叶绿素含量的主基因遗传率分别为3.61%、46.11%和48.94%;多基因遗传率分别为52.04%、8.25%和0.00%,说明F2世代总叶绿素含量表现出较高的主基因遗传率,并受环境影响。对烤烟总叶绿素含量的改良要以主基因为主,同时注意环境的影响。     

烟草品种GDSY-1的青枯病抗性与遗传分析

为比较广东地方晒烟品种GDSY-1和传统抗源DB101的青枯病抗性与遗传规律,于2011—2016年在温室和大田、苗期和成株期共7次对GDSY-1、DB101和长脖黄(感病品种)等3个品种的青枯病病情进行调查,并配制组合GDSY-1×长脖黄、DB101×长脖黄和GDSY-1×DB101,对其P1、P2、F1和F2代群体的青枯病发生情况进行比较,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型联合分析方法进行遗传分析。结果表明,GDSY-1的青枯病抗性优于DB101;DB101的抗性遗传以加性效应为主,符合2对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型(E-4),主基因遗传率低;GDSY-1的抗性遗传表现为部分显性,符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(E-0),第1对主基因的加性效应值和显性效应值分别为-2.690 9和-2.690 9,抗病对感病完全显性,第2对主基因的加性效应值和显性效应值分别为-1.219 4和-0.230 7,抗病对感病呈部分显性,2对主基因存在互作效应,主基因遗传率高,为85.02%。GDSY-1的抗性遗传显性程度高、主基因遗传率高,具有较大的育种利用价值。     

烤烟主要农艺性状基因效应的分析

对烤烟10个主要农艺性状基因效应的分析结果表明:叶数以加性效应为主,其次为显性效应;叶长包括下叶长、中叶长、上叶长均都存在显性×显性效应;叶宽包括下叶宽、中叶宽、上叶宽均都存在加性×加性效应;节距显性、加性×加性、显性×显性同等重要;茎围以显性林性×加性效应为主;株高以显性效应为主。      

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the