机械调层找堵水管柱的研制与应用

针对液压调层找堵水工艺管柱因层间差异大导致开关换向的问题,以及后期无法洗井的采油管理难题,研制了一种适合大层间差异油田找堵水的机械调层找堵水管柱。详细介绍了该管柱结构及其关键配套工具;机械滑轨式调层开关和开关控制器的结构、原理和技术参数。这种找堵水管柱用于现场找堵水施工5井次,管柱工艺成功率100%,开关密封可靠,性能稳定,堵水效果明显。     

智能测控找堵水技术在沈阳油田的应用

该技术采取丢手管柱形式,将封隔器、智能井下开关工具下到预定层位,采用丢手方式将管柱悬挂在套管内壁,每一个井下开关工具对应一个目的层段,找堵水过程中开关工具能按照预先设定的生产时间和开关顺序进行生产,油井经过一个周期的生产,通过采液和含水分析,确定出水层段和采油层段,在通过地面打压控制各个层段的开关和开关度,实现油井找水、堵水、分层采油一体化作业,大幅度降低了现场施工成本。     

可换向找水开关在找堵水工艺中的应用

找水开关是找堵水技术的关键工具之一,找水开关性能的优劣直接决定着找堵水工艺的成功率。一种新型的找堵水工具,使现场施工成功率达到100％。利用这种找水开关与堵水工艺管柱配套使用,可使一趟管柱实现堵水功能的同时进行找水,从而简化了施工工艺、节约了作业费用。     

过环空配产技术在萨北油田的应用

油井堵水、封堵、配产措施是缓解层间矛盾,降低油井产液含水率、增油降水的技术手段,其中配产技术可以通过调节配产层段油嘴大小控制产层液量,较堵水、封堵技术具有更高的灵活度与可控性。萨北油田自2014年以来,开展过环空配产技术的现场试验与推广应用,解决常规配产工艺无法实现单层数据测控、精确找堵水等问题。历经5年时间,检验可调效果,跟踪生产、测试数据,统计分析该技术的应用效果与推广前景,截止至2019年末累计降水18.65×104m3。有效实现萨北油田增油降水,为油田开发提供了确切的原始数据支持。     

可环空测试机械堵水工艺研究及应用

针对常规机械堵水工艺不具备引入功能,并且堵后油套环形空间被封隔器胶筒所占据,无法实现对堵层上部生产层段进行产液剖面测试的问题。开展了可环空测试堵水工艺技术的研究与优化,该技术是在认真分析目前堵水工艺管柱结构及功能的基础上,开发研制了引入式丢手接头和测试底阀。通过现场试验表明,该堵水工艺技术的应用,可以在不动管柱的情况下,实现对堵层上部生产层段的环空测试,对油田开发具有重要的意义,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

地面机械调层堵水技术研究

当前地下油、水分布复杂,高含水井出水层逐渐增多,致使层间矛盾和平面矛盾进一步突出,给油田的找、堵水工作带来很大困难。为解决这一难题,开展了依靠地面手动调节产层的地面机械调层堵水技术研究。该技术可实现不动管柱,仅通过井口手动操作即可调节产层,操作成本较低,能够实现简易快捷的分层配产。     

机械找堵水一体化工艺技术的推广应用

针对濮城油田在开发中存在的实际问题,引进、研究并现场应用了找堵水一体化工艺技术。该技术是将找水、堵水、生产溶于一体,一次下入不动管柱就能完成生产层和堵层的转换,不受次数限制,同时也为地质上提供各生产层的准确资料,从而为制定大型措施提供可靠的依据,避免了更大的投入,是一种既简便、直观又经济的找堵水方法。     

葡萄花油田水平井机械分层找堵水工艺技术探讨

葡萄花油田水平井全部为多段压裂投产,针对近年含水逐渐升高,高含水井比例逐年增大,出水层段认识不清的情况,深入分析水平井高含水现状及类型,提出相应治理对策,本文介绍了一种水平井找、堵水一体化工艺管柱的结构、工艺原理及特点,通过物性对比、分段验证为主要手段的找堵水技术,以此准确找出水平井的出水层段,对不同位置的出水层段进行机械封堵。     

压电控制开关找堵水技术

随着各个油田企业生产任务的日渐加重,我国有很大一部分油田企业进入了高含水期开采阶段,针对这一开采条件,压电控制开关找堵水技术是十分有效的工艺,借助于机电一体化设备,实现了分层开采和分层堵水,具有操作简单、成本低廉的优势,是最为可行、实用的开采工艺,未来在油田开采领域有着巨大的发展潜力。基于此,本文详细分析了压电控制开关找堵水技术的工艺原理及其具体应用,对油田开采实践具有重要的指导意义。     

随泵丢手堵水工艺技术的应用

随着油田开发进入高含水后期以及三次采油规模的逐年扩大,堵水井数将会不断增加,目前堵水所采用的悬挂工艺管柱必须在验封、丢手结束后方可下入生产管柱,施工工序较多、操作繁琐、作业时间较长。为此,在原有堵水管柱的基础上,研究了随泵丢手接头,并利用已经成型的自验封封隔器和单向堵水开关,组成了随泵丢手堵水工艺管柱。通过该项技术的应用,解决了常规堵水工艺验封时需反复投捞堵塞器,操作繁琐的问题,并减少了施工工序,节省了作业时间,取得了较好的应用效果。     

佛山市顺德新城区降水中污染物的监测和分析

为掌握佛山市顺德新城区降水中污染物的情况,2015年7月至8月,文章作者分别在雨天进行了降水取样,对降水中的pH、电导率、常见阴离子(F-、Cl~-、NO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-))及部分重金属(铅和镉)进行监测分析。选择有相关数据的珠江三角洲和石家庄、厦门等地的降水中污染物的情况进行对比。结果表明,顺德新城区降水中的p H和部分阴离子浓度优于珠江三角洲平均值,酸雨类型属于硫酸和硝酸混合型;其水体洁净程度略差于石家庄;铅和镉的浓度也高于厦门,甚至部分超出了人体能直接接触的安全范围。     

Metabolism of trideuterated iso-lignoceric acid in rats in Vivo and in human fibroblasts in culture

Saturated very long chain fatty acids (fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms; VLCFA) accumulate in peroxisomal disorders, but there is little information on their turnover in patients. To determine the suitability of using stable isotope-labeled VLCFA in patients with these disorders, the metabolism of 22-methyl[23,23,23-²H₃]tricosanoic (iso-lignoceric) acid was studied in rats in vivo and in human skin fibroblasts in culture. The deuterated iso-VLCFA was degraded to the corresponding 16- and 18-carbon iso-fatty acids by rats in vivo and by normal human skin fibroblasts in culture, but there was little or no degradation in peroxisome-deficient (Zellweger’s syndrome) fibroblasts, indicating that its oxidation was peroxisomal. Neither the 14-, 20-, and 22-carbon iso-fatty acids nor the corresponding odd-chain metabolites could be detected. In the rat, the organ containing most of the iso-lignoceric acid, and its breakdown products, was the liver, whereas negligible amounts were detected in the brain, suggesting that little of the fatty acid crossed the blood-brain barrier. Our data indicate that VLCFA labeled with deuterium at the ω-position of the carbon chain are suitable derivatives for the in vivo investigation of patients with defects in peroxisomal β-oxidation because they are metabolized by the same pathways as the corresponding n-VLCFA. Moreover, as iso-VLCFA and their β-oxidation products are readily separated from the corresponding n-fatty acids by normal chromatographic procedures, the turnover of VLCFA can be more precisely measured. A preliminary report of part of this work (Reference 18) was presented at the 5th International Symposium on the Synthesis and Applications of Isotopes and Isotopically Labelled Compounds, Strasbourg, France, June 20–24, 1994.     

高效液相色谱法分析化妆品中微量成分的研究进展

综述了高效液相色谱法在化妆品中防腐剂、防晒剂中紫外线吸收剂以及性激素的检测等几个方面的应用;同时,介绍了分析所用的色谱柱、流动相、使用的检测手段以及样品的提取方法;最后针对目前存在的问题,提出了高效液相色谱用于化妆品中微量成分分析的研究方向和发展前景。     

Denitrification in shallow groundwater in a coastal agricultural area in Japan

In a coastal agricultural area in the central part of Japan (Shizuoka), we found decreasing nitrate concentration with depth in a shallow groundwater, where the depth to water table varied between 0.6 and 1.2 m below ground surface. High nitrate concentrations (5–29 mg N L^–1) were often observed in the upper layer (0–2 m) of the groundwater, but the concentration decreased to less than 1 mg N L^–1 in the deeper layer. Ammonium was scarcely detected, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen was usually low (< 1 mgO₂ L^–1) in the groundwater. Nitrate in the groundwater often had very heavy nitrogen stable isotope ratios (>20{}). There was a negative relationship between nitrogen stable isotope ratio of nitrate and its concentration. When nitrate was injected into the groundwater with acetylene and bromide (a conservative tracer), nitrate concentration decreased to 20% of the initial level within 5 days, accompanied by the increase in nitrite and nitrous oxide concentration and a little change in bromide concentration. These results indicate that microbial denitrification plays a potential role in the decrease of nitrate in shallow groundwater at the study site.     

我国硝酸工业生产技术新进展

系统叙述了我国硝酸工业2000-2007年生产现状及主要技术成果,尤其指出了国产"四合一"机组的成功投运,使我国硝酸国产化装置取得较大的进步,表现在吨酸的铂耗、氨耗和能耗等方面接近国外引进装置水平,同时介绍了国外双加压法硝酸生产技术的进展.我国已成为硝酸生产大国,仍需以先进的技术改造和发展我国硝酸工业,确保我国硝酸工业健康有序地发展,加快从硝酸生产大国向强国迈进的步伐.