FEM study on the influence of air gap and specimen thickness on the detectability of flaw in the yoke method

The yoke method is usually used as a magnetic testing method of welds. In this paper, we study the influences of the air gap between the magnetic pole and the specimen surface on the average magnetic flux density passing through the specimen, and the specimen thickness on the leakage magnetic flux density from a flaw using finite element method (FEM). When the air gap increases the average magnetic flux density at the center of the specimen length decreases. We can estimate the intensity of the magnetic field on the specimen surface by extrapolating the magnetic flux density in space to that at lift-off being zero. Moreover, the maximum leakage magnetic flux density from a flaw decreases with increase in the specimen thickness even if the average magnetic flux density passing through the specimen is the same.     

一种永磁同步电主轴转矩脉动和电磁力波的抑制方法

针对磁极为平行充磁且两边平行的表面式永磁同步电主轴存在转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的问题,提出一种磁极结构优化方法以抑制转矩脉动和径向电磁力波。基于等效面电流法建立磁极表面半径为任意值的永磁同步电主轴转子气隙磁场的解析模型;综合研究转子气隙磁场对定子开槽电主轴转矩脉动、径向电磁力波的影响;在最小气隙长度不变的前提下,确立优化目标(气隙磁通密度的谐波和幅值),并通过迭代计算的方式得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案(方案一结构和方案二结构);最后,通过有限元法验证转子气隙磁场解析模型的有效性,并对原结构电主轴、方案一结构电主轴和方案二结构电主轴的转子气隙磁场谐波、转矩脉动、齿槽转矩、平均转矩和径向电磁力波进行对比分析。结果表明:该优化方法可以得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案,实现原电主轴指定阶次磁通密度谐波、转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的综合抑制。     

Nonlinear model of flaw detection in steel pipes by magnetic flux leakage

A numerical model of crack detection by magnetic flux leakage that takes into account the saturation of the induction flux density with the applied field is developed. The model contains no free parameters and is validated with detailed measurements of materials properties and magnetic fields reported by Förster. It is then used to discuss the dependence of signals on the tube wall thickness, crack depth and width, and the strength of the applied field. An estimate of the noise level is used to analyse the signal-to-noise ratio and calculate the optimal applied field for crack detection. Difficulties arising in internal crack detection of shallow cracks in thick-walled pipes are also discussed.     

脉冲漏磁检测中的涡流效应

为了解脉冲漏磁检测中涡流效应的特点,奠定进一步分析脉冲漏磁检测信号的基础,建立了脉冲漏磁检测的有限元仿真模型,观察了检测中瞬态磁场和感生涡流的分布,分析了感生涡流特征量的特点及影响因素。结果表明,脉冲漏磁检测中,瞬态磁场和感生涡流总体上符合集肤效应并相互影响,其中感生涡流具有渗透深度浅、感应强度大的特点,涡流密度峰值时间在深度方向上有较强的分辨率。电导率和磁导率影响感生涡流的渗透深度和密度峰值时间在深度方向上的分辨率;脉冲激励上升时间常数只影响感生涡流的渗透深度,而和密度峰值时间在深度方向上的分辨率无关。     

激光熔覆层宽度对汽轮机转子表面综合跳动特性的影响

为解决大型汽轮机转子轴轴颈磨损的修复问题,基于同轴送粉半导体激光熔覆再制造系统,采用激光熔覆再制造方法,以汽轮机转子轴材料为基体,利用激光熔覆再制造专用粉末作为实验材料,针对不同激光熔覆层宽度对汽轮机转子综合跳动的影响进行实验研究与机理模拟验证。结果表明,综合跳动特性与探头直径和激光熔覆层宽度相关,激光熔覆层宽度决定了汽轮机转子表面磁力线、电涡流密度与磁通量密度分布。当激光再制造层宽度小于8mm时,由于磁力线与表面电涡流密度受基体的干扰,磁通量密度在激光熔覆层的边缘出现突变,实际综合跳动的测量值为基体与激光熔覆层综合作用的结果,造成测量结果偏大。根据数值模拟计算被测金属体表面磁通量密度分布结果,激光熔覆层宽度的临界值为9.82mm。     

Modeling of the yoke-magnetization in MFL-testing by finite elements

The yoke-magnetization is very popular in magnetic particle testing of welds. The detectability of a flaw by using this method largely depends on the magnetic flux density passing through a specimen to be examined or on the intensity of magnetic field acting in/on the specimen. In Japan inspectors have to check and confirm the appropriate magnetizing situation of the specimen by using an A-type standard test specimen specified in the standard JIS G 0565-1992. The development of indications by magnetic particles on the standard specimen is influenced by the air gap between the standard specimen and the specimen surface to be examined. Since the height and breadth of an artificial flaw in the standard specimen also influence the leakage of the magnetic flux density from the flaw, the information about the magnetizing situation is complex.In this paper we first identify influences of some factors on the magnetic leakage flux density from an artificial flaw in the standard specimen by using FEM modeling. Since the check with the standard specimen gives not a unique information to the magnetization state we investigate the technique, in which intensity of magnetic field acting on the specimen surface is used to characterize the magnetization. A finite element approach is applied to model the magnetization situation. The effectiveness of the modeling is confirmed by an experiment.     

圆坯连铸机电磁搅拌磁场特性研究

采用CST-11A型数字特斯拉计、扭矩仪测量对某圆坯连铸机结晶器与末端电磁搅拌的磁场、电磁扭矩进行测试研究,研究了磁感应强度和扭矩与电流、频率的变化规律及磁场的空间分布特点。研究表明：电磁力与磁感应强度的平方成正比关系,频率和磁感应强度成反比关系。结晶器内磁感应强度轴向最大位置在距结晶器上口900 mm位置,向两侧陡降;径向分布不均匀,由搅拌器内表面向中心逐渐减小;高频率的磁场经结晶器铜管后衰减更大。结晶器、末端电磁搅拌的电磁扭矩随着电流强度和频率的增加而增大,频率对结晶器电磁扭矩影响较电流影响更为平缓,而末端电磁扭矩与频率的变化趋势受频率范围影响,研究结果对合理制定及优化电磁搅拌工艺参数提供了理论依据。     

连铸恒温出坯电磁感应加热温度场分布与演变

连铸恒温出坯是实现连铸直轧的有效手段,为了实现圆坯恒温出坯的目的,依据感应加热原理提出在连铸坯切割段变功率感应加热恒温出坯的方法,通过数值模拟研究了恒温出坯方法的可行性。研究发现,通有交流电的感应线圈在铸坯内部产生磁场和感应电流,上述物理场主要集中在铸坯表面。此外,感应电流产生的焦耳热对连铸坯起到均温作用,均温效果随着电流频率或铸坯移速的增大先增强后减弱。研究表明,变功率感应加热实现圆坯连铸恒温出坯的方案是可行的。为了优化感应加热功率,建立了感应线圈加热功率计算模型。根据感应线圈加热功率计算模型,实现恒温出坯的加热功率与连铸坯几何尺寸、物性参数、初始温度、运动速度和线圈长度密切相关。     

大圆坯连铸M-EMS参数对磁场和流场分布的影响

采用有限元法和有限体积法对φ250mm大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌(M-EMS)磁场和流场进行耦合计算。分析了不同电磁搅拌电流和频率下磁场和流场的分布。研究表明,数值模拟结果与实测结果基本一致。钢液中心面的磁感应强度在角部要明显大于中心。电磁力在横截面周向上分布均匀,流动呈涡旋状。当频率相同时,磁感应强度、电磁力和流速随着电流的增加而增加。当电流相同时,沿拉速方向,磁感应强度随频率增加而减小,电磁力和流速随频率的增加而增加。沿搅拌器中心径向,磁感应强度和电磁力随频率增加而减小,频率对切向流速的影响不大。对于φ250mm大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌,在电流和频率为480A,3Hz时能起到良好的搅拌效果。     

焊接裂纹磁场模拟及磁光成像检测

研究交变磁场下的焊缝裂纹磁化规律,针对碳钢（Q235）焊缝裂纹,进行交变电磁场励磁下焊缝磁光成像无损检测的仿真和试验. 基于交变励磁下焊缝励磁规律的仿真模型,研究裂纹间隙分别为0.03,0.05,0.07和0.1 mm的焊缝表面磁通密度（磁感应强度）模曲线分布差异. 钢板对接间隙分别限定为0.03,0.05,0.07和0.1 mm后,通过激光焊接钢板两端来模拟仿真试验中的裂纹. 进行磁光成像无损检测试验,并将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比. 结果表明,在仿真试验与工艺试验中,焊接裂纹感应磁场的变化规律基本相同,磁感应强度不会因采样起始点不同出现较大的差异.     

Effect of harmonic magnetic field and pulse magnetic field on microstructure of high purity Cu during electromagnetic direct chill casting

The effects of two types of magnetic fields, namely harmonic magnetic field (HMF) and pulse magnetic field (PMF) on magnetic flux density, Lorentz force, temperature field, and microstructure of high purity Cu were studied by numerical simulation and experiment during electromagnetic direct chill casting. The magnetic field is induced by a magnetic generation system including an electromagnetic control system and a cylindrical crystallizer of 300 mm in diameter equipped with excitation coils. A comprehensive mathematical model for high purity Cu electromagnetic casting was established in finite element method. The distributions of magnetic flux density and Lorentz force generated by the two magnetic fields were acquired by simulation and experimental measurement. The microstructure of billets produced by HMF and PMF casting was compared. Results show that the magnetic flux density and penetrability of PMF are significantly higher than those of HMF, due to its faster variation in transient current and higher peak value of magnetic flux density. In addition, PMF drives a stronger Lorentz force and deeper penetration depth than HMF does, because HMF creates higher eddy current and reverse electromagnetic field which weakens the original electromagnetic field. The microstructure of a billet by HMF is composed of columnar structure regions and central fine grain regions. By contrast, the billet by PMF has a uniform microstructure which is characterized by ultra-refined and uniform grains because PMF drives a strong dual convection, which increases the uniformity of the temperature field, enhances the impact of the liquid flow on the edge of the liquid pool and reduces the curvature radius of liquid pool. Eventually, PMF shows a good prospect for industrialization.

     

电磁搅拌法制备半固态浆料过程中电磁场的数值模拟

建立了电磁搅拌法制备半固态金属浆料电磁场的计算模型,采用商用ANSYS软件对电磁场分布进行了数值模拟,分析了线圈和坩埚间的缝隙、坩埚材质、电流和频率对磁感应强度的影响规律,并进行了相应的试验验证.研究结果表明,电磁场模拟结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性,验证了计算模型与软件算法的可行性.在电磁力的作用下,铝合金熔体在水平方向上产生旋转运动,由于感应电流的集肤效应,合金熔体中的电磁力由外向内依次减小;磁感应强度随频率的增大而依次减小,随电流的增大而依次增大;在选用不锈钢坩埚,坩埚和线圈间缝隙为5 mm时可以使铝合金熔体获得的磁感应强度最大;在电流为50 A,频率为10 Hz时电磁搅拌法可以获得更加细小均匀的半固态组织.     

高频磁场制备复合材料组织及性能研究

利用高频磁场制备Al-Si、Al-Fe复合材料,研究了试样长度对Al-24%Si复合材料显微组织及磁场强度分布的影响,以及在一定条件下改变磁场对Al-2%Fe复合材料的作用时间对其微观组织的影响。研究发现：两种复合材料的心部组织与表层组织明显不同,表层的显微硬度比基材要高出2~3倍;并且,试验材料形成了很好的过渡层,使初生相和基材得到很好的结合。     

Theoretical and experimental analyses of continuous casting with soft-contacted mould (Ⅱ)—EMF calculation and experimental analyses

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Modeling and Experimental Research of Four-Strand Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Casting Aluminum Alloy

With the aid of ANSYS software, the effect of different mould external part materials on magnetic flux density in the aluminum melt and magnetic field interaction of four coils applied with same currents were investigated. Calculating results showed that magnetic flux density in the aluminum melt was greatly improved and the magnetic field interaction among different coils was decreased when external part of mould is made of soft magnetic material. Based on the finding, a four-strand low-frequency electromagnetic casting 6063 aluminum alloy experiment was carried out in the laboratory. The experiment showed that the surface of the billet was smooth and had no exudations and cold shuts, the as-cast microstructures were fine, uniform, equiaxed, net-globular or globular under low-frequency electromagnetic field. The microstructure becomes finer with increased current value.     

Electrolytic magnetic abrasive finishing

Electrolytic magnetic abrasive finishing (EMAF) is a compound finishing process, involving traditional magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) and an electrolytic process. The aim of including the electrolytic process into the EMAF system is to produce a passive film (or oxide film), which is much easier to remove than the original metal surface during processing. Moreover, in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields, the negatively charged ions move toward the anode surface along a cycloid curve by the action of the Lorentz force. Under appropriate operating conditions, this phenomenon promotes electrolytic effects, resulting in a further increase in finishing efficiency, yielding a superior surface. This study describes the principles of the process, the finishing characteristics of surface roughness and material removal, and the associated mechanisms. Experimental results show that the EMAF process yields quite excellent finishing characteristics, better than those obtained by MAF, especially with a high electrolytic current. The process parameters such as electrolytic current, electrode gap, magnetic flux density, and rate of workpiece revolution must be appropriately fitted to obtain a superior refined surface with high efficiency.     

Eddy current analysis for ECT by BEM utilizing induced currents at 90° edge

In this paper, we study a method to analyze eddy current testing (ECT) by using surface integral equations. When the skin depth is small, the surface integral equations with surface electric and magnetic currents, J_s and K_s, as unknowns give accurate solutions. However, the equations are singular at the sharp edge and so, we can’t expect accurate solutions. In ECT, the skin depth is thick, and so the electromagnetic fields are affected strongly by those around the edge. Some edges and corners of the crack are so close that it is difficult to get accurate solutions, moreover, as the width of the crack becomes narrower compared with its depth, the surface integral equations become ill conditioned and so it is more difficult to get accurate results. In order to overcome these problems and get accurate solutions for studying how to get better ECT system, we utilize electromagnetic fields produced by eddy currents at 90° edge in formulating the eddy current. It is assured that the magnetic field is formulated by the surface integral equation for J_s even at the edge and corner. To meet boundary condition for K_s at the edge, a semi-linear edge element and a loop magnetic current are introduced in discretization of the surface integral equation. So as to check adequacy of the proposed method, we have solved a typical eddy current problem and confirmed that eddy current problems with a narrow crack can be solved accurately.     

Magnetic flux leakage by adjacent parallel surface slots

This paper clarifies the relation between the magnetic flux leakage signals caused by two adjacent parallel slots on a metal surface and the distance between the two. The depth of smaller slot can be evaluated by considering an effect that the amplitude of leakage flux decreases as the depth ratio of two slots and the slot-to-slot distance increase. A new method is proposed as an alternative to analysing the waveform: it is based on the analysis of locus of the vector consisting of tangential and normal components of the magnetic flux leakage signals.     

软接触结晶器电磁连铸保护渣道的动态压力

通过模型实验，测量了在不同强度高频电磁场作用下液态金属弯月面形状，计算了保护渣道宽度及在结晶器振动一个周期内保护渣道动态压力变化情况．结果表明，高频电磁场能够显著减小保护渣道内动态压力的变化，这是软接触结晶器电磁连铸技术改善铸坯表面质量的一个可能机理．计算还表明，磁场强度的增加并不能无限制地减小保护渣道内动态压力，为获得最佳的铸坯表面质量，存在一个最合适的磁感应强度．     

阳极电流对纯铜裂尖表面形变和总体形变影响的对比

采用微机控制激光散斑干涉技术，对多晶纯铜平板预裂纹试样在空气及在３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中外加阳极电流条件下的裂纹张开位移进行了原位测量，并对比了这两种条件下，裂尖表面应变场的变化，研究了阳极溶解对裂尖材料总体形变和表面形变的影响。结果表明：加阳极电流后，裂尖表面应变量和应变范围都明显增大，而反映裂尖总体形变的张开位移变化很小。阳极溶解对金属内部材料的形变没有直接的影响，只能缓解金属表面的变形硬化，促进金属的表面变形．