官地水电站大坝碾压混凝土抗冻性能试验研究

结合官地水电站的实际,对大坝碾压混凝土的抗冻性能进行的试验研究结果表明:在大坝碾压混凝土中掺用6.0/万的引气剂,使得碾压混凝土的含气量为2.5%-3.0%时,大坝碾压混凝土的抗冻等级可以满足F50-F100的设计要求.     

严寒地区双曲拱坝混凝土配合比设计及试验研究

某大坝为混凝土双曲拱坝,坝址处的严寒气候特点对混凝土材料的抗冻耐久性等性能指标提出了较高要求。为达到混凝土高性能化和较好抗裂性的设计目标,进行了混凝土三级配、四级配和抗冲磨混凝土配合比试验,最后确定了大坝混凝土推荐配合比,成型试件的各项性能指标均满足设计要求。试验结果表明,含气量是发挥混凝土高性能的关键控制参数,含气量在4.5%～5.5%时可满足F400以上抗冻要求。     

骨料对混凝土拌合物含气量影响的试验研究

 混凝土的抗冻性在很大程度上与混凝土的含气量有关,而其原料中的骨料是影响含气量的因素之一。通过对混凝土拌合物含气量的试验研究,讨论了骨料对混凝土拌合物含气量的影响。结果表明：骨料对混凝土拌合物含气量的影响主要由骨料性质决定,就试验选定的2个料场骨料而言,其颗粒级配、石粉含量、炭质含量是影响混凝土拌合物含气量的主要因素。可通过控制骨料质量、调整引气剂掺量等措施提高混凝土拌合物含气量,保证混凝土的抗冻性能。      

水工混凝土抗冻性能影响因素研究

影响水工混凝土抗冻性能的因素较多,主要包括含气量、水胶比、骨料粒径及种类、掺和料及人工砂石粉含量等。本文按照《水工混凝土试验规程》对影响混凝土抗冻耐久性的各种因素做了系统的试验研究,试验结果表明:含气量对混凝土抗冻性影响最为显著,其次骨料种类及粒径、水胶比等都不同程度地影响着混凝土的抗冻性能,粉煤灰对混凝土抗冻性影响较为复杂,而人工砂石粉的含量则主要影响混凝土引气剂的掺量,在含气量相同时石粉含量对硬化混凝土抗冻耐久性没有显著的影响。     

北疆严寒地区某双曲拱坝混凝土配合比实验研究

根据北疆某水库大坝混凝土配合比试验的双掺减水剂和引气剂、高掺粉煤灰、低水胶比、较低用水量、高含气、较低坍落度控制,达到高性能化和较好抗裂目的的设计要求,进行了混凝土配比参数试验。通过三级配、四级配和抗冲磨混凝土配合比试验,选定大坝混凝土推荐配合比,成型试件的各项性能指标均满足设计要求。配合比高性能化的设计要求决定混凝土含气量是关键控制参数,含气量在4.5%～5.5%时可满足F400以上抗冻要求。     

高原高寒地区泵送C20混凝土试配实践的分析与探讨

原材料是决定混凝土性能的主要因素,材料的变化将导致混凝土性能的波动。为满足混凝土设计强度、抗冻性、抗渗性等要求和施工和易性的需要,混凝土施工配合比必须进行优选试验。详细介绍了吉沙水电站混凝土配合比设计的原则、原材料的检测、外加剂的选用及混凝土配制强度等,可供以后混凝土配合比设计参考。     

观音岩电站右岸大坝碾压混凝土配合比优化设计

云南观音岩水电站碾压混凝土大坝施工前,为了保证混凝土质量,在选定水泥、粉煤灰、外加剂和骨料等材料的基础上,进行了配合比试验。主要试验内容包括：最佳砂率、骨料级配、外加剂掺量、VC值以及混凝土极限拉伸值、抗冻抗渗性能、线膨胀系数、自生体积、比热、导热系数、绝对温升等。根据试验结果,最终选定了大坝碾压混凝土配合比。实际施工效果表明,混凝土砂浆骨料包裹均匀,泛浆良好,抗冻、抗渗、温升等指标均满足设计要求。      

构皮滩电站拱坝抗冲磨混凝土研究

研究了构皮滩水电站拱坝掺磷矿渣粉抗冲磨混凝土的配合比设计,对掺磷矿渣粉混凝土的力学性能、抗冲磨性能、抗冻性能、抗渗性能等进行了试验研究.通过大量试验,从强度、抗渗等角度考虑,抗冲磨混凝土可选用0.3的水胶比;采用超塑化剂、引气剂、磷矿渣粉、硅粉、聚丙烯纤维复掺的方法,所配制的抗冲磨混凝土的工作性能良好、含气量为4.7%、强度等级达到C50、28 d极限拉伸值达97×10-6、90 d抗渗等级大于W12、90 d抗冻等级达到F200.试验结果说明,配制的抗冲磨混凝土的各项性能指标均满足设计要求,能用于构皮滩电站拱坝工程建设.     

轻烧氧化镁对水泥混凝土性能影响研究

为提高水工混凝土抗裂性能,往往在混凝土中适量掺入轻烧氧化镁。以溪洛渡水电站工程混凝土原材料为例,对掺轻烧氧化镁的低热和中热水泥混凝土性能展开了试验研究。试验结果表明,掺入轻烧氧化镁后,低热水泥混凝土凝结时间缩短、早期坍落度和含气量经时损失降低,混凝土抗冻和抗渗性能达到设计要求;且随着掺量的提高,混凝土强度降低,但自生体积变形和抗裂性均提高。在工程应用中,应根据实际情况,通过试验确定轻烧氧化镁最优掺量,确保硬化后的混凝土性能稳定。     

渠道衬砌混凝土抗冻耐久性试验研究

选择C25、C30混凝土配制了8种含气量的浮石轻骨料混凝土,进行了立方体抗压强度试验及抗冻耐久性试验.试验结果表明:随着含气量的增加,浮石轻骨料混凝土立方体抗压强度逐渐减小,并且比普通混凝土减小得快;抗冻耐久性并不一定是含气量越大抗冻性越强,抗冻性还与强度有关.4组C25试件中,含气量越大,抗冻性越好;4组C30试件中,随着含气量的增加,抗冻耐久性先降低后提高.因此,要想提高浮石轻骨料混凝土的抗冻耐久性,必须加入足够量的引气剂,使其在强度下降的同时,抗冻耐久性能提高.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。