MPP/PER/P阻燃PP的阻燃及热裂解行为

采用聚磷酸密胺(MPP)/季戊四醇(PER)/磷(P)三元膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)阻燃PP。测定了阻燃PP的极限氧指数(LOI)、UL94V阻燃性及热稳定性,以傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了阻燃PP热分解残余物的特征,以锥形量热仪(CONE)测定了阻燃PP诸多与火灾有关的阻燃参数,包括释热速度、质量损失速度、整释热量、有效燃烧热、比消光面积及点燃时间等,还以扫描电镜(SEM)观测了阻燃PP燃烧残炭的形态。     

聚磷酸蜜胺系膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃PA6的燃烧行为及热裂解研究

采用以聚磷酸蜜胺(MPP)为基的三元膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃聚酰胺6(PA6)，测定了阻燃PA6的氧指数(LOI)、UL94V阻燃性及热稳定性，以傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT—IR)分析了阻燃PA6的热分解残余物，以锥形量热仪(CONE)测定了阻燃PA6的诸多与火灾有关的阻燃参数(包括释热速度、质量损失速度、有效燃烧热、比消光面积等)，并以光电子能谱(XPS)测定了阻燃PA6残炭表面的元素组成及XPS曲线拟合数据。     

TBC对EPDM/PP阻燃化的影响

用氧指数(LOI)测定、力学性能测定、热失重分析(TGA)方法研究了TBC对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)／聚丙烯(PP)阻燃耐热性和力学性能的影响。结果表明，使用TBC，EPDM／PP的阻燃效果较好，TBC主要发挥气相阻燃作用。5％TBC的加入增加了共混体系的拉仲强度和断裂伸长率；但随着TBC用量的继续增加，拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都有所降低。加入TBC后，共混物的起始失重温度明显降低，但对EPDM／PP的热稳定性没有多大的影响，不影响EPDM／PP的正常使用。     

APP/PER阻燃SEBS/PP共混物的研究

采用APP/PER(IFR)复合膨胀阻燃剂阻燃SEBS/PP体系.通过热重分析、扫描电镜、氧指数和万能拉力试验机等研究IFR对SEBS/PP的阻燃及力学性能的影响.IFR的加入可使体系的残炭量显著增加,当IFR的质量分数为30%时,600℃下SEBS/PP体系的残炭量由未加IFR的1.84%增至14.84%.经IFR阻燃的SEBS/PP在燃烧时形成内部多孔,外部致密的炭层,能有效地抑制聚合物的进一步燃烧.添加30%IFR时,SEBS/PP阻燃体系的氧指数可达27%,并通过UL94V-O测试,其拉伸强度为12.5 MPa,断裂伸长率达到492.6%.     

无卤膨胀阻燃PP/PA6合金性能研究

研究了以聚磷酸铵（APP）、三聚氰胺（MA）和层状复合金属氢氧化物（LDH）复配得到的膨胀阻燃剂（IFR）对聚丙烯／尼龙6（PP／PA6）合金性能的影响，分析了不同阻燃体系对PP／PA6合金的阻燃性能、力学性能、热性能和微观形态的影响。结果表明，当APP／MA／LDH为21．0／7．5／1．5（质量比）时，PP／PA6合金具有较好的阻燃性能并能保持较高的力学性能。LDH可以提高阻燃材料的热稳定性和残炭量，而且SEM照片显示炭层微观形态为“面包”状的膨松状。     

十溴二苯醚与赤磷对EPDM/PP的阻燃化研究

用氧指数(LOI)测定、力学性能测定、热失重分析(TGA)方法研究了十溴二苯醚(FR—10)、赤磷及其配合使用对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)／聚丙烯(PP)阻燃性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明，单独使用FR—10或赤磷对EPDM／PP有一定的阻燃作用，但效果不明显；FR-10与赤磷配合使用具有明显的协同阻燃作用，阻燃效果较好。阻燃剂的加入会使共混体系的力学性能下降。加入FR—10及其与赤磷的配合物虽然降低了EPDM／PP的起始失重温度，但不影响其正常使用。     

纳米双羟基复合金属氧化物协同聚磷酸铵阻燃尼龙-6/聚丙烯燃烧及热降解行为的研究

将纳米双羟基复合金属氧化物 (LDH)与聚磷酸铵 (APP)在一定范围内复配 ,用于尼龙 6/聚丙烯 (PA 6/PP)共混体系可产生良好的协同阻燃效果。实验表明 ,LDH参与了共混阻燃体系的热分解反应 ,催化了PA 6/PP/APP体系的交联、成炭 ;LDH协同阻燃体系的残炭形态致密、光滑、残炭微孔呈闭合状态。协同阻燃作用的机理与LDH和APP热降解过程中产物间的化学与物理作用有关。     

ADP协效APP/PER阻燃PP的制备及性能

以二乙基次膦酸铝(ADP)为协效剂,与聚磷酸铵(APP)/季戊四醇(PER)传统膨胀型阻燃体系复配,通过熔融共混制备了膨胀阻燃聚丙烯(PP)。采用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热仪、扫描电子显微镜和热重分析研究了阻燃PP的性能及相关作用机制。结果表明,ADP和APP/PER具有很好的协同阻燃作用,它不但可以同时提高阻燃体系的残炭量和炭层质量,有效抑制熔滴,还可以降低燃烧过程中的生烟量,是更加绿色的阻燃体系。当阻燃体系的总添加量为24%,APP/PER和ADP的质量比为6∶1时,阻燃PP的LOI可达到29.8%,垂直燃烧等级为V–0级,且生烟性比不添加ADP的体系下降了76.9%。阻燃机理研究表明,该体系是以凝聚相为主的凝聚相和气相协同阻燃机制。     

MOS阻燃动态硫化PP/EPDM性能研究

结合碱式硫酸镁晶须（MOS）的补强和阻燃功能，以微胶囊红磷（MRP）为协效剂，制备了无卤阻燃型PP（聚丙烯）／EPDM（三元乙丙橡胶）／MOS／MRP共混物，并与PP／EPDM／Mg（OH）2／MRP共混物进行比较。氧指数（LOI）及垂直燃烧（UL-94）测试表明MOS的阻燃效果优于Mg（OH）2。力学性能测试表明，MOS对PP／EPDM热塑性雌性体具有一定的增强作用，PP／EPDM／MOS／MRP阻燃体系的力学性能明显优于PP／EPDM／／MRP阻燃体系。而PP／EPDM热塑性弹性体的动态硫化进一步提高了PP／EPDM／MOS／MRP阻燃体系的力学与阻燃性能。     

ALPi/MPP/FeCo-MOF协效阻燃PBT/PP复合材料的研究

制备了一种双金属协效阻燃剂(FeCo-MOF),研究了二乙基次膦酸铝(ALPi)/三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐(MPP)/FeCo-MOF协效阻燃聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯/聚丙烯(PBT/PP)复合材料的性能。结果表明：当ALPi/MPP/FeCo-MOF的质量比为13.00∶6.50∶0.60时,阻燃PBT/PP复合材料的极限氧指数为32%,UL-94垂直燃烧阻燃等级为V-0级,800℃时残炭率达8.97%。     

纳米SiO2与RDP协同阻燃PC/ABS的研究

采用间苯二酚双（二苯基磷酸酯）（RDP）及其与纳米SiO2复配制备双酚A聚碳酸酯/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（PC/ABS）阻燃材料,测定了阻燃PC/ABS的极限氧指数、UL94V阻燃性能及热稳定性,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了阻燃PC/ABS于600 ℃热分解残余物的形态,采用锥形量热仪测定了阻燃PC/ABS的释热速率峰值（p-HRR）、释热速率平均值（av-HRR）、总释热量（THR）、平均有效燃烧热（av-EHC）和平均质量损失速度（av-MLR）。结果表明,纳米SiO2与RDP添加量分别为5 %和9 %时,PC/ABS的阻燃性能达UL94V-0级,极限氧指数为29.0 %,且阻燃PC/ABS的p-HRR、av-HRR、THR、av-EHC以及av-MLR分别下降了16.12 %、58.82 %、40.83 %、17.91 %和36.90 %,同时也证明了纳米SiO2与RDP具有非常好的协同阻燃效应。     

笼型八苯基硅倍半氧烷对阻燃三元乙丙橡胶性能的影响

以聚磷酸铵和季戊四醇为膨胀阻燃体系(IFR),研究了笼型八苯基硅倍半氧烷(OPS)对阻燃三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)力学性能及其阻燃性能的影响,并对燃烧残炭进行了表征。结果表明,与单独加入30份的IFR相比,同时加入20份OPS后,EPDM阻燃材料的综合性能得到改善,拉伸强度为2.47MPa,极限氧指数为24.2%,热释放速率峰值降低到331.2kW/m2,但生烟量增加到1058m2,且该材料的燃烧残炭结构相对致密均匀。     

Expanded polystyrene foams containing ammonium polyphosphate and nano-zirconia with improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) foams were flame retarded using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and nano-zirconia (nano-ZrO₂) by means of phenolic resin as a binder. It is found that the incorporation of a small amount (5 phr) of nano-ZrO₂ into the APP flame-retarded EPS foams leads to 19% increase in flexural strength and 38% increase in compressive strength. Flame-retardant properties of the flame-retarded EPS foams were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 and cone calorimetry test (CCT). The LOI of the APP flame-retarded EPS foams in presence of nano-ZrO₂ is above 31%, and the UL 94 V-0 rating can be reached. The CCT test results indicate that the APP flame-retarded EPS foams containing nano-ZrO₂ have lower peak heat release rate, average effective heat of combustion and average specific extinction area. Moreover, thermal decomposition of the flame-retarded EPS foams was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the TGA results illustrated clearly that the addition of nano-ZrO₂ into the APP flame-retarded EPS foams leads to an increase in the residual char yield. The reason for the increase is possibly because ZrO₂ may react during combustion process with pyrophosphoric acid produced from the thermal decomposition of APP to form zirconium pyrophosphate (ZrP₂O₇) confirmed by XRD studies of the char, which is helpful to improve the formation of the char. The XPS results showed that the ratio of oxidized carbons in the char increases with the presence of nano-ZrO₂.     

聚磷酸铵与次磷酸铝的共微胶囊制备及其在阻燃聚丙烯中的应用

以三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂（MF）为囊材、聚磷酸铵（APP）和次磷酸铝（AHP）为芯材,制备出共微胶囊化阻燃剂M（A-A）。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及溶解度测试等方法来表征MF的包覆效果;采用垂直燃烧测定仪、极限氧指数仪和锥形量热仪等设备考察M（A-A）对聚丙烯（PP）的阻燃效果;通过冲击和拉伸实验对复合材料的力学性能进行表征。结果表明,MF树脂成功包覆并有效提高了A-A的耐水性能;添加相同质量的M（A-A）和A-A,前者明显降低热释放速率（R_HRR）和总热释放量（H_THR）,对PP的阻燃效果更好。添加阻燃剂后,复合材料的冲击强度先提高后降低,经过微胶囊化处理的阻燃剂对材料的拉伸性能损伤更小。     

Co‐microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate and aluminum hydroxide in halogen‐free and intumescent flame retarding polypropylene

In this article, co‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) [M(A&A)] was prepared by using 4,4'‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and melamine (MEL) via in situ surface polymerization method. The chemical composition of M(A&A) was confirmed by Fourier transform‐infrared spectra (FT‐IR). Thermal behavior and surface morphology of M(A&A) were systematically analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. Water solubility tests indicate that water solubility of M(A&A) decreases greatly than un‐microencapsulated ones. Besides, flame retardant properties of polypropylene (PP) compositing with M(A&A) were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL‐94) and cone calorimeter. The results demonstrate the LOI value of PP composites is improved after combining with co‐microencapsulated flame retardants. Compared with PP/A&A, the peak heat release rate of PP/M(A&A) decreases from 210 to 120 kW/m² at the same flame retardant loading level. Moreover, in order to investigate the flame retardant mechanism, the char residue of PP composites after combustion was studied by optical photos, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra and FT‐IR. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:715–729, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Improving the flame retardant properties of polyester-cotton blend fabrics by introducing an intumescent coating via layer by layer assembly

Layer by layer (LBL) assembly technique was used to deposit multilayer coating containing phosphorus-nitrogen onto the surface of fibers to improve the flame retardancy of polyester-cotton (PET-COT) blended fabric. Ellipsometer results confirmed that polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), melamine (MEL), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) grew linearly on silicon wafer during the LbL process. The LOI value of coated PET-COT fabric was increased from 20.8% of pristine fabric to 28.4% by the presence of about 9 wt% coating. Besides, this intumescent nanocoated PET-COT fabric was self-distinguished during the vertical burning test. Thermogravimetric analysis under both nitrogen and air atmosphere revealed that the initial degradation temperature of the coated sample was decreased and the char residue amount was significantly improved during combustion. The flame resistance performance evaluation by pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter indicated that this coating effectively reduced the peak heat release rate of PET-COT matrix. The scanning electron micrographs of char residue demonstrated that the char formation in the condensed phase and free radical caption in the gas phase was responsible for the improved flame retardancy. It is suggested this unique facile coating technology with low cycles and high efficiency has great potential to produce commercially available flame retardant polymeric-cotton blend fabrics.     

蜜胺-环氧树脂双层包覆聚磷酸铵及其阻燃PP的研究

针对聚磷酸铵(APP)耐水性不足、与聚丙烯(PP)等高分子材料相容性差等问题，采用甲醛-三聚氰胺(蜜胺树脂)和环氧树脂双层包覆了APP(EM-APP)，采用红外、扫描电镜、热重分析、溶解度测试等方式表征了包覆效果；采用水平垂直燃烧、氧指数仪和锥形量热仪、热重-红外联用等设备考察了包覆APP用于阻燃PP的效果，探讨了阻燃机理。结果表明：包覆操作不但有效提高了APP的耐水性，且将具有成炭功能的包覆层引入到APP表面；EM-APP相较APP，800℃时残炭量提高14.2%，在聚丙烯中加入同样质量份时，前者具有更高的阻燃效率，热释放速率、总热释放量、烟释放速率和总烟释放量都明显降低；包覆改善了APP与PP的相容性；燃烧过程中包覆层起到了协同成炭的作用。     

Butyltriphenylphosphine-based chelate borates influenced on flame retardancy of polystyrene composite containing self-expanded intumescent flame retardants

The polystyrene (PS) composite containing self-expanded intumescent flame retardant (polyphosphate ammonium and expandable graphite) was blended with three butyltriphenylphosphine-based chelate borates, respectively, to evaluate their effect on flame retardancy. The chemical structure of as-prepared three chelate borates was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). The flame retardancy of various PS composites was evaluated by vertical burning test (UL-94), limited oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter (CC). Flammability and combustion results suggested that one of chelate borates, named [BTP][BMB], made PS composite (PS4) obtain V-0 rating, 27.0 ± 0.3% LOI value, and reduction on heat release and smoke production with 17 wt% total flame retardants loading. The combustion residue was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and FTIR, and the pyrolysis gaseous products were investigated by TG-FTIR technique. Besides, complex viscosity of PS composites composed of various chelate borates from a rheology instrument indicated that the improvements of flame retardancy of PS composites depended on the temperature of construction of crosslinked network by expandable graphite, which the chelate borates showed distinctive influence. Accordingly, the flame-retarding mechanism about fast response to flame has been proposed.     

超支化芳胺三嗪聚合物的合成及其对聚丙烯阻燃性能影响的研究

以三聚氯氰和对苯二胺为原料,以丙酮为溶剂,采用一步法合成了一种具有超支化结构的新型芳胺三嗪聚合物,用红外光谱证实了其结构,将该产物与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),研究了其对聚丙烯(PP)阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,在氮气氛围下,合成的新型芳胺三嗪聚合物在600 ℃的残炭量为44.8 %,具有较好的成炭阻燃性能;添加该类新型IFR后,PP的极限氧指数从17.5 %提高到27.0 %,热释放时间延后625 s,热释放速率峰值降低85.7 %。